问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Therehasrecentlybeenadiscussioninthenewspaperontheissueofchoiceofwork.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow1)thecontentofthepicture2)themeaning/yourunderstanding2.giveaspecificexample/commentYoushouldneatlywrite160—200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Difficulties in intercultural communication arise when there is little or no awareness of divergent cultural values and beliefs.(46)In cross-cultural interaction, speakers sometimes assume that what they believe is right, because they have grown up thinking their way is the best. This ethnocentric assumption can result in negative judgments about other cultures. Another manifestation of ethnocentric attitudes is that people become critical of individuals from different cultures. (47)Sometimes negative reactions do not result from actual interaction but rather from the fixed, preconceived beliefs we have about other people. These over generalized beliefs or" stereotypes frequently shape people's perceptions of each other. Stereotypes originate and develop from numerous sources such as jokes, textbooks, movies, and television. Movies about cowboys and Indians portray cowboys as "civilized" and Indians as wild and "primitive". A child who knows about the American Indian only through watching these movies will have a distorted and false image of this group of people. (48) Stereotypes perpetuate inaccuracies about religions, racial, and cultural groups. (49)Stereotyped beliefs prevent us from seeing people as individuals with unique characteristics. Negative stereotypes lead to prejudice: suspicion, intolerance, or hatred of other cultural groups. Cultural conflicts occur as a result of misinterpretations, ethnocentrism, stereotypes, and prejudice. Preventing these conflicts is possible with increased awareness of our own attitudes as well as sensitivity to cross-cultural differences. (50)Developing intercultural sensitivity does not mean that we need to lose our cultural identities-- but rather that we recognize cultural influences within ourselves and within others.

问答题Directions: A freshman, Jean, who is your friend, wants to get some advice from you about how to live a meaningful life in university. You should write a letter to her to offer your suggestions. In the letter, you should 1) give your advice to her, and 2) encourage her in her future study. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题 {{U}}46. The classic difficulty felt with democracy arises from the fact that democracy can never express the will of the whole people because there never exists any such unchanging will (at least in any society that call itself democratic).{{/U}} The concept of government of the whole people by the whole people must be looked on as being in the poetry rather than in the prose of democracy; the fact of prose is that real democracy means government by some kind of dominant majority. {{U}}47. And the ever-present danger, repeatedly realized in fact, is that this dominant majority may behave toward those who are not of the majority in such a manner as to undermine the moral basis of the right of people, because they are people, to have some important say in the setting of their own course and in use of their own faculties.{{/U}} Other forms of government may similarly fail to respect human independence. But there is at least no contradiction in that; the underlying assumption of every kind of government by wiser and betters is that people on the whole are not fit to manage their own affairs, but must have someone else do it for them, and there is no paradox when such a treats its subjects without respect, or deals with them on the basis of their having no rights that the government must take into account. {{U}}48. But democracy affirms that people are fit to control themselves, and it cannot live in the same air with the theory that there is no limit to the extent to which public power -- even the power of a majority can interfere with the lives of people.{{/U}} Rational limitation on power is therefore not a contradiction to democracy, but is of the very essence of democracy as such. Other sorts of government may impose such limitations on themselves as an act of grace. {{U}}49. Democracy is under the moral duty of limiting itself because such limitation is essential to the survival of that respect for humankind which is in the foundations of democracy.{{/U}} Respect for the freedom of all people cannot, of course, be the only guide, for there would then be no government. Delicate ongoing compromise is what must be looked for. {{U}}50. But democracy, unless it is to deny its own moral basis, must accept the necessity for making this compromise and for giving real weight to the claims of those without the presently effective political power to make their claims prevail in elections.{{/U}}

问答题Directions:ThegraphbelowshowsthedifferentmodesoftransportusedtotraveltoandfromworkinoneEuropeancityin1950,1970and1990.Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationshownbelow.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. 21 Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts. Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. 22 The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations. The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modem explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments. 23 Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government. Economic issues have occupied people"s minds throughout the ages. 24 Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. 25 During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture. Economics as a subject of modem study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are required to write a memorandum on behalf of the Students' Union, encouraging all the students and teachers on your campus to make donations for people in flooded regions of our country. In your writing, you should cover the following points: 1) difficulties confronting people in flooded areas, 2) appeals to the readers, and 3) time and place to collect the donations. You should write about 100 words neatly on Answer Sheet 2.

问答题Directions: You are preparing an opening remark at a discussion on "Books are our best friends." Your remark should cover: 1) the value of books and 2) what a good book may be. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions: On your way from Beijing to Paris, you lost your luggage carried by the airline. Write a complaint letter to the service center of the Airline. In your letter, you should tell them 1) what happened to your luggage, 2) what your luggage is like, 3) what compensation you expect. You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions: You were supposed to attend a conference yesterday but for some reason you could not go and failed to ask for leave of absence. Write a letter to John Smith, the manager of your company, explaining why and apologizing for your negligence of duty. Do not sign your own name. Sign "Wang Zhen" instead.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Studythefollowingpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayto1)describethepicture,2)deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepicture,3)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} Cheng Lin wants to apply for a new job. She asks her pre-supervisor, who is a department manager in Youda Trade Company, to write a letter of commendation. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.{{/I}}

问答题Directions: Now you are working as an apprentice in a working unit. Next week, you cannot go to work. Write a note to your manager, Mr. Li, asking for leave, stating your reason(s), and making an apology. Write your note with no less than 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the note; use "Li Ming" instead.

问答题You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

问答题{{B}}Directions{{/B}} Write a summary based on the follox4ing passage. You should write about 100 words. Remember to write clearly and use your own words as far as possible. It's very easy to acquire bad habits, such as eating too many sweets or too much food, or drinking too much fluid of any kind, or smoking. The more we do a thing, the more we tend to like doing it; and, if we do not continue to do it, we feel unhappy. This is called the Force of Habit, and the force of habit should be fought against. Things, which may be very good when only done from time to time, tend to become very harmful when done too often and too much. This applies even to such good things as work or rest. Some people form a bad habit of working too much, and others idling too much. The wise man always remembers that this is true about himself, and checks any bad habit. He says to himself, "I'm now becoming idle," or "I like too many sweets," or "I smoke too much," and then adds, "I will get myself out of this bad habit at once." One of the most widely spread bad habits is the use of tobacco. Tobacco is now smoked or chewed by men, often by women, and even by children, almost all over the world. It was brought into Europe from America by Walter Raleign four centuries ago, and has hence spread everywhere. I very much doubt whether there is any good in the habit, even when tobacco is not used to excess, and it is extremely difficult to get rid of the habit once it has been formed. Alcohol is taken in almost all cool and cold climates, and to a very much less extent in hot one. Thus, it is taken by people who live in the Himalaya Mountains, but not nearly so much by those who live in plains of India. Alcohol is not necessary in any way to anybody. Millions of people are beginning to do without it entirely; and once the United States of America has passed laws which forbid its manufacture or sale throughout the length and the breadth of their vast country. In hot countries it is not required by the people at all, and should be avoided by them altogether. The regular use of alcohol, even in small quantities, tends to cause mischief in many ways to various organs of the body. It affects the liver, weakens the mental powers, and lessens the general energy of the body.

问答题Tets of reaction times also seemed to back up the notion that the two hemispheres differed in their processing styles. A trick researchers use to ensure that an image goes to one hemisphere first, and then to the opposite side of the brain. (46) If the nature of the stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match up, then the person can respond slightly more quickly and accurately in identifying the local or global letter. Still more startling, researchers found that the same appears to hold for the brains of chimps (黑猩猩) and perhaps other primates (灵长类). (47) The assumption has always been that handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits—part of the great brain reorganization that allowed our ancestor to use tools, speak and perhaps even think rationally. But handedness is now widely claimed for primates and even birds, amphibians (两栖动物) and whales, and in the past few years, some psychologists have Tested chimps and baboons (狒狒) and suggested their two hemispheres also differ in processing style. (48) Now researchers have come to see the distinction between the two hemispheres as a subtle one of processing style, with every mental faculty shared across the brain, and each side contributing in a complementary, not exclusive, fashion. A smart brain became one that simultaneously grasped both the foreground and the background of the moment. The next problem was to work out exactly how the brain manages to product these two contrasting styles. Many researchers originally looked for the explanation in a simple wiring difference within the brain. This theory held that neurons (神经元) in the left cortex (脑皮质) might make sparser (稀少的), short-range connections with their neighbors, with cells on the other side would be more richly and widely connected. (49) The result would be that the representation of sensations and memories would be confined to smallish, discrete (离散的) areas in the left hemisphere, while exactly the same input to a corresponding area of the right side would form a sprawling even impressionistic, pattern of activity. Supporters of this idea argued that these structural differences would explain why left brain language areas are so good at precise resonation of words and word sequences while the right-brain seems to supply a wider sense of contest and meaning. A striking finding from some people who suffer right brain strokes is that they can understand the literal meaning of sentences—their left brain can still decode the words—but they can no longer get jokes or allusions. (50) Asked to explain even a common proverb, such as "a stitch in time saves nine", they can only say it must have something to do with sewing—an intact right brain is needed to make the more playful connections.