问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethephotosbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examples.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. 46){{U}}A favourite prediction of environmentalism has bitten the dust—too many natural resources, rather than too few, are the cause of an increasing number of wars in the 21st century.{{/U}} 47){{U}}Many greens had predicted that the new century would see a rash of wars in countries where natural resources such as timber, water, minerals and fertile mils am running out.{{/U}} But far from it, says the 2002 State of the World report from the prestigious Washington-based think-tank, the Worldwatch Institute. In fact, says the report's co-author Michael Rennet, there are "numerous places in the developing world where abundant natural resources help fuel conflicts." More than a quarter of current conflicts are either being fought over, or are funded by, some lucrative natural resource. Examples cited by the Worldwatch Institute include: ·Diamond mines in Sierra Lame and Angola malting the two African nations ripe for plunder by warlords ·Profits from sapphires, rubies and timber arming the Khmer Rouge in their interminable jungle war in Cambodia ·Guerillas using the threat of sabotage to extort hundreds of millions of dollars from oil companies prospecting in Colombia ·Opium funding 20 years of war in Afghanistan ·The Congo's continuing civil war subsisting on the proceeds of elephant tusks and coltan, a vital mineral in the manufacture of mobile phones With the end of the cold war, superpowers no longer fund civil wars for their own geopolitical ends, says Rennet. Their place has been taken by the market—in the form of the plunder and sale of natural resources. 48){{U}}"Nature's bounty attracts groups that may claim they are driven by grievance, but which initiate violence not to overthrow a government but to gain and maintain control of lucrative resources," says Rennet.{{/U}} Such resource wars are being fought because of "greed rather than need." 49){{U}}According to David Keen at the London School of Economics: "We tend to regard conflict as pimply a breakdown in a particular system, rather than as the emergence of another, alternative system 9f profit and power, i.e.a 'conflict economy' with the looting of natural resources at its heart."{{/U}} Rennet warns that warlords in such conflicts have no interest in winning the war, because its continuance is more profitable. 50){{U}}And he says too many Western governments are happy to turn a blind eye as their own corporations reap the benefits in cheap no-questions-asked raw materials.{{/U}} Rennet argues the issue of resource conflicts should be added to the agenda of the forthcoming World Summit on Sustainable Development to be held in Johannesburg in August 2002.

问答题Scholasticthinkersheldawidevarietyofdoctrinesinbothphilosophyandtheology,thestudyofreligion.(1)WhatgivesunitytothewholeScholasticmovement,theacademicpracticeinEuropefromthe9thtothe17thcenturies,arethecommonaims,attitudes,andmethodsgenerallyacceptedbyallitsmembers.ThechiefconcernoftheScholasticswasnottodiscovernewfactsbuttointegratetheknowledgealreadyacquiredseparatelybyGreekreasoningandChristianrevelation.ThisconcernisoneofthemostcharacteristicdifferencesbetweenScholasticismandmodemthoughtsincetheRenaissance.ThebasicaimoftheScholasticsdeterminedcertaincommonattitudes,themostimportantofwhichwastheirconvictionofthefundamentalharmonybetweenreasonandrevelation.(2)TheScholasticsmaintainedthatbecausethesameGodwasthesourceofbothtypesofknowledgeandtruthwasoneofhischiefattributes,hecouldnotcontradicthimselfinthesetwowaysofspeaking.Anyapparentoppositionbetweenrevelationandreasoncouldbetracedeithertoanincorrectuseofreasonortoaninaccurateinterpretationofthewordsofrevelation.BecausetheScholasticsbelievedthatrevelationwasthedirectteachingofGod,itpossessedforthemahigherdegreeoftruthandcertaintythandidnaturalreason.Inapparentconflictsbetweenreligiousfaithandphilosophicreasoning,faithwasthusalwaysthesupremearbiter;thetheologiansdecisionoverruledthatofthephilosopher.Aftertheearly13thcentury,Scholasticthoughtemphasizedmoretheindependenceofphilosophywithinitsowndomain.(3)Nonetheless,throughouttheScholasticperiod,philosophywascalledtheservantoftheology,notonlybecausethetruthofphilosophywassubordinatedtothatoftheology,butalsobecausethetheologianusedphilosophytounderstandandexplainrevelation.ThisattitudeofScholasticismstandsinsharpcontrasttotheso-calleddouble-truththeoryoftheSpanish-ArabphilosopherandphysicianAverros.HistheoryassumedthattruthwasaccessibletobothphilosophyandIslamictheologybutthatonlyphilosophycouldattainitperfectly.Theso-calledtruthsoftheologyserved,hence,asimperfectimaginativeexpressionsforthecommonpeopleoftheauthentictruthaccessibleonlytophilosophy.Averrosmaintainedthatphilosophictruthcouldevencontradict,atleastverbally,theteachingsofIslamictheology.(4)Asaresultoftheirbeliefintheharmonybetweenfaithandreason,theScholasticsattemptedtodeterminetheprecisescopeandcompetenceofeachofthesefaculties.ManyearlyScholastics,suchastheItalianecclesiasticandphilosopherSt.Anselm,didnotclearlydistinguishthetwoandwereoverconfidentthatreasoncouldprovecertaindoctrinesofrevelation.(5)Later,attheheightofthematureperiodofScholasticism,theItaliantheologianandphilosopherThomasAquinasworkedoutabalancebetween

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Title: {{B}}How to Make a Good Speech in English?{{/B}} {{B}}Outline:{{/B}} 1. The importance of speaking English well is known to all. 2. The chief thing about speaking in English is to be brave to speak it. 3. Sum up your points of view. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题In Benjamin Franklin's civic pride and his projects for the improvement of Philadelphia, we see another aspect of the philosophy of doing good. At the same time we may recognize the zeal for reform that has long been a characteristic of American life. In his attention to the details of daily living, Franklin shows himself as the observant empiricist. (46)As the successful engineer of ways to make the city he loved cleaner, safer and more attractive he continually sponsored new institutions that were proof that the applications of reason to experience were fruitful in the real world. (47) "Human bliss," observed Franklin, "is produced not so much by great pieces of good fortune that seldom happen, as by little advantages that occur every day. " Franklin typifies that aspect of the American character that is attentive to small details as well as over-all great plans. (48)The practical idealism of America lies in our capacity to work for our ideals step by step, to recognize that the perfect world is never achieved but that we may approach it gradually by a creative attentiveness to each aspect of life around us. In the American tradition Franklin stands as a man who preached thrift, frugality, industry and enterprise as the "way to wealth". (49)He grew to maturity in an American tradition that was older than he was, according to which such virtues as thrift and industry were not enough to bring a man success; he had also to practice charity and help his neighbor. Wealth was a token of esteem of the Divine Providence that governs men's affairs, and thus the accumulation of riches was not sought for its own sake alone. Furthermore, wealth and position, being marks of the divine favor, conferred an obligation; a successful man was a "steward", holding the world's goods in trust for the less fortunate. (50) Being an American meant for Franklin a passionate love of country and a devotion to a democratic point of view in which the rights and liberties of his fellow men were guaranteed and protected. As her foremost citizen in the eyes of the world, he was the champion of her cause in Britain for more than a decade before the Revolution and her representative in France during the years of conflict. America was fortunate in having a man of his stature and ability to serve her during those years; the skills he had acquired in mastery of life and the world's affairs were brought to bear on the issues of state in patriotic service. An old hand at presenting "causes" in the public press, he presented the case for America in British newspapers and magazines-under various pseudonyms, just as he had done at home in his Pennsylvania Gazette.

问答题Writeanessayof160-200worksbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouessay,youshouldfirstdescribethedrawing,theninterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (46) {{U}}That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth-century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture.{{/U}} Since Neolithic times, sculpture has been considered the prerogative of men, partly, perhaps, for purely physical reasons: it was erroneously assumed that women were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. (47){{U}}It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power. {{/U}}Their rise to prominence parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United States: (48){{U}}while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940's, it was only after 1945—when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world—that major sculpture was produced in the United States. {{/U}}Some of the best was the work of women. By far the most outstanding of these women is Louise Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work, "For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail." Her works have been compared to the Cubist constructions of Picasso, the Surrealistic objects of Miro, and the Merzbau of Schwitters. (49) {{U}}Nevelson would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century.{{/U}} Nevelson says, "I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere, except that it has to pass through a creative mind." (50) {{U}}Using mostly discarded wooden objects like broken pieces of furniture and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructions of great beauty and power.{{/U}} Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations. In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, but then neither Louise Nevelson nor her art fits into any neat category.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto1)describethepicture,2)deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepicture,3)giveyoursuggestionsastohowtocooperateinharmony.Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions: A. Title: Should There Be Compulsory Retirement Age? B.. Time Limit: 40 minutes C. Word limit: about 200 words D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below: (1) present state; (2) your explanations; (3) your suggestions.

问答题 Directions: You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for 1) detailed information about the books you want, 2) methods of payment, 3) time and way of delivery. You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use 'Li Ming' instead. Do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation should be written deafly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) As I understand it, a human being cannot tell a lie, even a small one, without setting off a kind of smoke alarm somewhere deep in a dark part of the brain, resulting in the sudden discharge of nerve impulses, or the sudden outpouring of neurohormones of some sort, or both. (46) The outcome, recorded by the lie detector, is a highly reproducible picture of changes in the electrical conductivity of the skin, the heart rate, and the manner of breathing, similar to the responses to various kinds of stress. Lying, then, is stressful, even when we do it for protection, or relief, or escape, or profit, or just for the pure pleasure of lying and getting away with it. (47) It is a strain, distressing enough to cause the emission of signals to and from the central nervous system warning that something has gone wrong. It is, in a pure physiological sense, an unnatural act. (48) Now I regard this as a piece of extraordinarily good news, meaning, unless I have it all balled up, that we are a moral species by compulsion, at least in the limited sense that we are biologically designed to be truthful to each other. Lying doesn't hurt, mind you, and perhaps you could tell lies all day and night for years on end without being damaged, but maybe not—maybe the lie detector informs us that repeated, inveterate untruthfulness will gradually undermine the peripheral vascular system, the sweat glands, the adrenals, and who knows what else. (49) Perhaps we should be looking into the possibility of lying as a responsible agent for some of the common human discomforts still beyond explaining, recurrent head colds, for instance, or that most human of all unaccountable disorders, a sudden pain in the lower mid-back. (50) It makes a sort of shrewd biological sense, and might therefore represent a biological trait built into our genes, a feature of humanity as characteristic for us as feathers for birds or scales for fish, enabling us to live, at our best, the kinds of lives we are designed to live. Biologically speaking, there is good reason for us to restrain ourselves from lying outright to each other whenever possible. We are indeed a social species, more interdependent than the celebrated social insects; we can no more live in solitary life than can a bee; we are obliged, as a species to rely on each other. Trust is a fundamental requirement for our kind of existence, and without it all our linkages would begin to snap loose.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (46){{U}} U.S. farmers are planting more acres of crops using soil building and pollution fighting faming systems than traditional methods that rely on the plow or intensive tillage, according to a report due to be released early next month.{{/U}} The report, titled "National Crop Residue Management Survey," shows a 6 million acre gain for environmentally friendly farming systems this year. (47) {{U}}It also shows traditional farming methods, which result in greater soil erosion and run off from fields, declined by 4 million acres.{{/U}} (48) {{U}}The survey, conducted on a county-by-county basis by USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, indicates that farmers in Iowa, Illinois, South Dakota, Kansas, and Indiana contributed the most to the increase in acres grown with environmentally friendly farming systems known as conservation tillage systems.{{/U}} These states accounted for 5 million of the 6 million acre increase in conservation tillage this year. All conservation tillage systems, such as no-till, mulch-till, ridge-till, strip-till, and zone-till, rely on less tillage or less soil disturbance to plant and manage crops. Farmers who use these systems leave plant materials stems, stalks, and leaves—on the surface of fields after harvest. The plant materials, also called crop residues, serve as a blanket to protect the soil from erosion. The crop residues slowly decompose to add organic matter to the soil much like mulching or composting add organic matter to a garden. The survey results for 1997 indicate that conservation tillage systems now account for 109.8 million acres or fully 37 percent of the 294.6 million annually planted cropland acres in the United States. In the meantime, traditional systems that rely on the plow or intensive tillage fell to 107.6 million acres this year. The remaining acres are in an intermediate farming system known as reduced till. (49) {{U}}The head of the nonprofit center that compiles and publishes the annual survey is calling on consumers and farmers alike to focus increased attention on conservation tillage systems.{{/U}} "(50) {{U}}Independent research and practical application across the country show that these systems not only replenish and build organic matter in the soil for improved fu ture food productivity but they will also protect water quality and enhance wild life and the environment for future generations,"{{/U}} says John Hebblethwaite, executive director of the Conservation Technology Information Center. "There is also growing evidence that these systems can even help us combat the potential for global warming," he adds. Conservation tillage has long been credited for protecting water quality by reducing runoff from farm fields, according to Hebblethwaite. He notes the latest research also indicates that soil enriched by crop residues offers natural protection for groundwater. Conservation tillage systems save the farmer money by reducing trips through the field for planting and cultivation.

问答题Directions: You have trouble with reading and are in need of some advice from Professor Wang. Write a letter to him to 1) give him your personal information, 2) state your problems, and 3) ask for an interview with him. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Directions: You just spent your summer holidays in Tom's hometown, Tom's home is at a small and quiet countryside. Now, you are going to write him a letter of thanks for all he and his family did for you during your stay there. Imagine some details of the summary holidays. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it nearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address, (10 points)