问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. As civilization proceeds in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying all the basic essentials of life--food, shelter, clothes, and warmth. 46) {{U}}Then we either raise our standard of living above the necessary for comfort and happiness or leave it at this level and work shorter hours. Mankind has probably chosen the latter alternative.{{/U}} Men will be working shorter and shorter hours in their paid employment. And the great majority of the housewives will wish to be relieved completely of the routine operations of the home such as washing the clothes or washing up. 47) {{U}}By far the most logical step to relieve the housewife of routine is to provide a robot slave which can be trained to meet the requirements of a particular home and can be programmed to carry out half a dozen or more standard operations, when so switched by the housewife.{{/U}} 48) {{U}}It will be a machine having no more emotions than a car, but having a memory for instructions and a limited degree of instructed or built-in adaptability according to the positions in which it finds various types of objects.{{/U}} It will operate other more specialized machines, for example, the vacuum cleaner or clothes-washing machine. There are no problems in the production of such a domestic robot to which we do not have already the glimmering of a solution. When I have discussed this kind of device with housewives, some 90 percent of them have the immediate reaction, "How soon can I buy one?" The other 10 percent have the reaction, "I would be terrified to have it moving about my house." 49) {{U}}But when one explains to them that it could be switched off or unplugged or stopped without the slightest difficulty, or made to go and put itself away in a cupboard at any time, they quickly realize that it is a highly desirable object.{{/U}} 50) {{U}}Now it is generally recognized that there is no greater pleasure than to go to bed in the evening and know that the washing up is being done downstairs after one is asleep.{{/U}} Most families are now delighted, no doubt, to have a robot slave doing all the downstairs housework after they were in bed at night. (376 words){{B}}Notes:{{/B}} glimmering 迹象。

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturebriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourpointofview.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions: Suppose that you cannot return the book to William in person for some emergency and will ask someone else to return it. 1) Give your suggestions, and explain the reasons. 2) Other recommendation. Write a note in about 100 words to inform him of it. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use" Zhang Wei"instead.

问答题 The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. 46){{U}}The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.{{/U}} 47){{U}}New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.{{/U}} For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world's population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. 48){{U}}The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.{{/U}} Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001? To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. 49){{U}}This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.{{/U}} It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home. In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. 50){{U}}Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food".{{/U}}

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Yobu have arranged tea party and have invited your friend Tom/Mary. But now you have something urgent and you have to put the tea party off and set a new date. Then you have to write a note to Tom/Mary to apologize and arrange another date. Imagine some details about the reason and the new arrangement. Write your note in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use" Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is distributed, by altering political campaigns, and changing citizens' patterns of response to politics. By giving citizen's independent access to the candidates, television dismissed the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By cantering politics on the person of candidates, television accelerated the citizen's focus on character rather than issues. Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. (47) The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were, the stump speech, a political speech given by travelling politicians and lasting 1.5 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30 second advertisement and then 10 second "sound bite" in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a clip of the speech on the news. In these abbreviated forms, much of what consisted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. (48) In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker can't establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In clips, politicians assert but do not argue. Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it required a changed political style that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us not analyze words and print. (49) However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills. Recognizing the power of television's pictures, politicians craft televisual and staged events, called pseudo-events, designed to attract media coverage. (50) Politicians, their speechwriters and their public relations advisers for televised consumption have crafted much of the political activity we see on television news. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.

问答题Directions: You are a college student in the English Department. Recently you have been made monitor in your class and you are going to make a speech in front of your classmates. You'll make preparations for the speech in which you should 1) express your pleasure, 2) state briefly your moves, 3) and give complimentary remarks. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}52.Directions:{{/B}}{{I}}Studythefollowingpiechartscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethepiecharts,2)analyzetheirmeaningand3)suggestcounter-measures.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2{{/I}}.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturebriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examples.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Thinking about nuclear terrorism. The realistic threats settle into two broad categories. 46)The less likely but far more ruinous is an actual nuclear explosion, a great hole blown in the heart of New York or Washington, followed by a toxic fog of radiation. This could be produced by a black-market nuclear warhead procured from an existing arsenal(军工厂), which might be in Russia, Pakistan or other countries or areas. Or the explosive could be a homemade device, lower in yield than a factory nuke (核武器)but still creating great suffering. 47) The second category is a radiological attack, contaminating a public place with radioactive material by packing it with conventional explosives in a "dirty bomb" by dispersing it into the air or water or by destroying a nuclear facility. By comparison with the task of creating nuclear fission, some of these schemes would be almost childishly simple, although the consequences would be less horrifying. Nothing is really new about these perils. The means to inflict nuclear harm on America have been available to rascals for a long time. Serious studies of the threat of nuclear terror dated back to the 1970's. 48) American programs to keep Russian nuclear ingredients from falling into murderous hands were hatched soon after the Soviet Union disintegrated a decade ago. When terrorists get around to trying their first nuclear assault, as you can be sure they will, there will be plenty of people entitled to say I told you so. 49) All Sept. 11 did was to turn a theoretical possibility into a felt danger All it did was to supply a credible east of characters who hate us so much that they would thrill to the prospect of actually doing it-and, most important in rethinking the probabilities, would be happy to die in the effort. All it did was to give our nightmares legs. And of the many nightmares animated by the attacks, this is the one with pride of place in our experience and literature—and, we know from his own lips, in Osama bin Laden's (奥萨马·本·拉登)aspirations. In February, Tom Ridge, the Bush administration's homeland security chief, visited The Times for a conversation, and at the end someone asked, given all the things he had to worry about--hijacked airliners, anthrax (炭疽热)in the mail, smallpox, germs in crop-dusters--what did he worry about most? He cupped his hands prayerfully and pressed his fingertips to his lips. "Nuclear," he said simply. My assignment here was to stare at that fear and the inventory of the possibilities. How afraid should we be, and what of, exactly? I'll tell you at the outset, this was not one of those exercises in which weighing the fears and assigning them probabilities laid them to rest. I'm not evacuating Manhattan, but neither am I sleeping quite as soundly. 50) As I was writing this one Saturday in April, the floor began to rumble and my desk lamp shook precariously(不稳定的,充满危险的). Although I grew up on the San Andreas Fault, the fact that New York was experiencing an earthquake was only my second thought.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are planning to study in a foreign university. Write a letter of application to ask for some materials. Write to tell them 1) your educational background and 2) what major you want to study. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You don't have to write the address.

问答题46. The classic difficulty felt with democracy arises from the fact that democracy can never express the will of the whole people because there never exists any such unchanging will (at least in any society that call itself democratic). The concept of government of the whole people by the whole people must be looked on as being in the poetry rather than in the prose of democracy; the fact of prose is that real democracy means government by some kind of dominant majority. 47. And the ever-present danger, repeatedly realized in fact, is that this dominant majority may behave toward those who are not of the majority in such a manner as to undermine the moral basis of the right of people, because they are people, to have some important say in the setting of their own course and in use of their own faculties. Other forms of government may similarly fail to respect human independence. But there is at least no contradiction in that; the underlying assumption of every kind of government by wiser and betters is that people on the whole are not fit to manage their own affairs, but must have someone else do it for them, and there is no paradox when such a treats its subjects without respect, or deals with them on the basis of their having no rights that the government must take into account. 48. But democracy affirms that people are fit to control themselves, and it cannot live in the same air with the theory that there is no limit to the extent to which public power -- even the power of a majority can interfere with the lives of people. Rational limitation on power is therefore not a contradiction to democracy, but is of the very essence of democracy as such. Other sorts of government may impose such limitations on themselves as an act of grace. 49. Democracy is under the moral duty of limiting itself because such limitation is essential to the survival of that respect for humankind which is in the foundations of democracy. Respect for the freedom of all people cannot, of course, be the only guide, for there would then be no government. Delicate ongoing compromise is what must be looked for. 50. But democracy, unless it is to deny its own moral basis, must accept the necessity for making this compromise and for giving real weight to the claims of those without the presently effective political power to make their claims prevail in elections.

问答题 Directions: You are supposed to write a letter to your university canteen, suggesting how to improve its service. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use 'Li Ming' instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on Answer Sheet 2. Washington, June 22--More than three decades after the Endangered Species Act gave the federal government tools and a mandate to protect animals, insects and plants threatened with extinction, the landmark law is facing the most intense efforts ever by the White House, Congress, landowners and industry to limit its reach. (46) {{U}}More than any time in the law's 32-year history, the obligations it imposes on government and, indirectly, on landowners are being challenged in the courts, reworked in the agencies responsible for enforcing it and re-examined in Congress.{{/U}} In some cases, the challenges are broad and sweeping, as when the Bush administration, in a legal battle over the best way to protect endangered salmon, declared Western dams to be as much. a part of the landscape as the rivers they control. (47) {{U}}In others, the actions are deep in the realm of regulatory bureaucracy, as when a White House appointee at the Interior Department sought to influence scientific recommendations involving the sage grouse(松鸡), a bird whose habitat includes areas of likely oil and gas deposits.{{/U}} Some environmentalists readily concede that the law has long overemphasized the stick (处罚)and provided fewer carrots(奖励) for private interests than it might. But some of them also fear that the law's defects will be used as a justification for a wholesale evisceration(修改法案使之失去效力). "There's an alignment of the planets of people against the Endangered Species Act in Congress, in the White House and in the agencies," said Jamie Rappaport Clark, executive vice president of Defenders of Wildlife, a lobbying group based in Washington. (48) {{U}}On the opposite side, Robert D. Thornton, a lawyer for developers and Indian tribes in Southern California, has argued for years that the government goes too far to protect threatened species and curtails(剥夺) people's ability to use their own land.{{/U}} "I've raised a child and sent him through college waiting for Congress to amend the Endangered Species Act," he said. "But I do think that a lot of forces are joining now." (49) {{U}}The Endangered Species Act of 1973 set out a goal that, polls show, is still widely admired: ensuring that species facing extinction be saved and robust populations be restored.{{/U}} Currently 1,264 species are considered threatened or endangered. Some, like the bighorn sheep of the Southern California mountains, have obvious popular appeal and a constituency, while others, like the Kretschmarr Cave mold beetle in South Texas, are an acquired taste. But in the past 30 years lawsuits from all sides have proliferated. (50){{U}}And more private land, particularly in the West, has been designated critical habitat for species, potentially subjecting it to federal controls that could limit construction, logging, fishing and other activities.{{/U}} A "critical habitat" designation gives the federal government no direct authority to regulate private land use, but it does require federal agencies to take the issue into account when making regulatory decisions about private development. The conflicts are becoming sharper as the needs of newly recognized endangered species are interfering more often with the demands of exurban development.