问答题There can be no doubt that the computer revolution has touched virtually every person in the country in some way or other. Nor can there be any doubt that it has brought tremendous improvements in productivity and efficiency. 46)Indeed, there are many tasks undertaken by computers that could not be done without them, and we have reached the point that the benefits of computerization are taken for granted. Having accepted that computers are here to stay, what is the downside? 47)The most obvious answer is that because of increased efficiency, less people are needed and the loss of jobs, particularly in the service industries, has been enormous, with more job losses yet to come. However, on a more insidious note, many users have not realized how computers have introduced vulnerability to their business. If computers are soon a boon, how do we cope when something goes wrong? Computers have many uses, varying from pure accounting or back-office systems to stock or production control, or computer-aided design or manufacturing. 48)In many instances, manual systems can quickly be introduced to ensure some continuity of the business; but in many cases if the computer is down, so is the business. The most probable causes of interruption in the past have been accidental damage or breakdown, and these can usually be dealt with expeditiously. However, in recent times the exposure causing most concern to insurers have been theft. 49)Initially the problem was the theft of PCs, and because most of these were based in offices which had not been targeted by thieves in the past, and thus had relatively poor security, losses mounted very quickly. It was common practice for a thief to make a fresh visit once the equipment had been replaced, as the new equipment would be more attractive due to rapid technological advances. The equipment would usually be covered by insurance, but problems could be experienced if there were no back-ups of date and/or programmes. The initial reaction by insurers was to step up requests for security improvements, including alarms and devices such as lock-down plates or cables. 50)However, the criminal fraternity quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiable, so even when caught the police have trouble proving the theft. This led to even greater demands for security, including encapsulation and computer safes.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Fatigue is one of the most common complaints brought to doctors, friends, and relatives. You'd think in this era of labor-saving and convenient transportation that few people would have reason to be so tired. The causes of modern-day fatigue are diverse and only rarely related to excessive physical exertion. Today, physicians report, tiredness is more likely a consequence of underexercise than of wearing yourself down with overactivity. Physical fatigue is the well-known result of overworking your muscles. (46) {{U}}Physical fatigue is usually a pleasant tiredness, such as that which you might experience after playing a hard set of tennis, chopping wood, or climbing a mountain.{{/U}} The cure is simple and fast: You rest, giving your body a chance to get rid of accumulated waste and restore muscle fuel. (47) {{U}}Illness induced fatigue is a warning sign or consequence of some underlying physical disorder, perhaps the common cold or flu or something more serious like cancer, while other symptoms are present that often suggest the true cause.{{/U}} Even after an illness passed, you're likely to feel dragged out for a week or more. (48) {{U}}Take your fatigue as a signal to go slow while your body has a chance to recover fully even if all you had was a cold.{{/U}} Pushing yourself to resume full activity too soon will certainly prolong your period of fatigue. Emotional problems and conflicts, especially depression and anxiety, are by far the most common causes of prolonged fatigue. When such feelings are not expressed openly, they often come out as physical symptoms, with fatigue as one of the most common manifestations. (49) {{U}}Understanding the underlying emotional problem is the crucial first step toward curing psychological fatigue and by itself often results in considerable lessening of the tiredness.{{/U}} Professional psychological help or career or marriage counseling may be needed. There is a great deal you can do on your own to deal with both severe prolonged fatigue and those periodic washed-out feelings. You might try to do moderate exercise. (50) {{U}}Contrary to what you may think, exercise enhances, rather than drains, engery and helps you to resist fatigue by increasing your body's ability to handle more of a workload.{{/U}} At the end of a day exercise can relieve accumulated tensions, give you more energy in the evening, and help you sleep more restfully.

问答题 1 He is one of the truly great war correspondents, a monumental figure who reported from Afghanistan (阿富汗) for 20 years and won almost every literary prize offered in Italy; he is a writer whose description of his country"s troubled history overthrows both official versions. They are some of the most important voices in the world today, honored intellectuals in their own countries. In the English-speaking world, in fact, major publishing houses are inexplicably resistant to any kind of translated material at all. The statistics are shocking in this age of so-called globalization. 2 In the United States and Britain, only 2 to 3 percent of books published each year are translations, compared with almost 35 percent in Latin America and Western Europe. But this is no mere national embarrassment. The dearth of translated literature in the English-speaking world represents a new kind of iron curtain we have constructed around ourselves. 3 We are choosing to block off access to the writing of a large and significant portion of the world, including movements and societies whose potentially dreadful political impact on us is made even more menacing by our general lack of familiarity with them. Publishers have their excuses, of course. 4 This is nothing but a publishing shibboleth (准则；教条) that leads to a chicken-and-egg question: Is a limited readership for translations the reason why so few are published in the English world? Or is that readership limited because English-language publishers provide their readers with so few translations? Certainly, the number of readers of literature—in any language-is on the decline, and serious, dedicated editors face real difficulties bringing good books to the marketplace. But that is not the fault of translation. 5 On the contrary, we need to ask what we lose as readers and as a society if we lose access to translated literature by voluntarily reducing its presence in our community or quietly standing by as it is drastically and arbitrarily reduced.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}A.Studythefollowingsetofpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160words.B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1)Interpretthefollowingpictures,2)analyzepossiblereasons,and3)predictthetendencies.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. An awkward-looking character such as Cyrano de Bergerac might sniff at the suggestion, but recent scientific research shows beauty, brains and brawn may in fact all be allied, writes Dr Raj Persaud. (46) {{U}}Psychologists have concluded that we may be drawn to the stereotypically attractive because of what their faces reveal about their intelligence and success in later life.{{/U}} In American, research led by Professor Leslie Zebrowitz, of Brandeis University, has shown an association between facial attractive and IQ. Strangers briefly exposed to a target's face were able to correctly judge intelligence at levels significantly better than chance. The same team also researched how a person's attractiveness might bear relation to their intelligence. They found that good-looking people did better in IQ tests as they aged. (47) {{U}}Their research sought to prove that how a person perceived himself and was perceived by others predicted how intelligent he apparently became more accurately than his past intelligence.{{/U}} (48) {{U}}Perhaps because the more attractive people were treated as more intelligent, they ended up having more stimulating and, therefore, intelligence-enhancing lives.{{/U}} Does this mean that your face really could be your destiny? Sociologists Dr Ulrich Mueller and Dr Allan Mazur, of the University of Marburg in Germany, recently analyzed the final-year photographs of the 1950 graduates of West Point in the United States. Dominant facial appearances turned out to be a consistent predictor of later-rank attainment. Again, they believed there could be a self-fulfilling effect. (49) {{U}}Because some men looked more authoritative, they naturally drew respect and obedience from others which, in turn, assisted their rise through the ranks.{{/U}} A team at the Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin has been investigating the sensitive subject of links between physical and mental abnormalities. Led by Doctors Robin Hennessy and John Waddington, the team used a new laser surface-scanning technique to make a 3-D analysis of how facial shape might vary with brain structure. Their findings showed that in early fetal life, brain and face development are intimately connected. From this they concluded that abnormalities in brain elaboration probably also affect face development. This, according to them, explains the striking facial features of some one with Down's syndrome. (50){{U}} Using similar techniques, the team also demonstrated how other disorders linked to brain aberrations could be associated with facial alterations.{{/U}} So the very latest scientific research suggests that nobody should try to look too obviously different from average.

问答题Directions: Write a letter according to the situation below: You are planning to have a farewell party at a restaurant. You write to the manager of the restaurant inquiring the size, the decoration and the equipment. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions: Write a letter to recommend your student, David Smith, who is hunting for a job and interested in the Sales Manager position. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题1) the thing you ask; 2) what you are going to do with it; 3)how long will you take it. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Wang Ling" instead. (10 points)

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} On your way from Beijing to Paris, you lost your luggage carried by the airline. Write a complaint letter to the service center of the Airline. In your letter, you should tell them 1) what happened to your luggage, 2) what your luggage is like, 3) what compensation you expect. You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to give a send-off speech at a farewell party given in honor of Prof. Kerry Stubbs. In your speech, you would 1) indicate the purpose of the party 2) acknowledge what Mr. Stubbs has done 3) invite Mr. Stubbs to speak You should write about 100 words on Answer Sheet 2.

问答题When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him; he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it. (46) Secrecy obviously evaporates once the invention is sold or used, and there is always the risk that in the meantime another inventor, working quite independently, will make and patent the same discovery. (47) A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by means of which inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. Once the monopoly period comes to an end, all those details of the invention pass into the public domain. Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the life-span of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events. (48) The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent's normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention. But even short extensions are normally extremely rare. Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducing a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor's right is to steal and use a dead patent. (49) Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on the idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security. (50)Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the availability of new technology. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.

问答题Directions: You are preparing an opening remark at a discussion on "Books are our best friends. " Your remark should cover: 1) the value of books and 2) what a good book may be. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Exactly where we will stand in the long war against disease by the year 2050 is impossible to say. (46) But if developments in research maintain their current pace, it seems likely that a combination of improved attention to dietary and environmental factors, along with advances in gene therapy and protein targeted drugs, will have virtually eliminated most major classes of disease. From an economic standpoint, the best news may he that these accomplishments could be accompanied by a drop in health-care costs. (47) Costs may even fall as diseases are brought under control using pinpointed, short term therapies now being developed. By 2050 there will he fewer hospitals, and surgical procedures will be largely restricted to the treatment of accidents and other forms of trauma. Spending on nonacute care, both in nursing facilities and in homes, will also fall sharply as more elderly people lead healthy lives until close to death. One result of medicine's success in controlling disease will he a dramatic increase in life expectancy. (48) The extent of that increase is a highly speculative matter, but it is worth noting that medical science has already helped to make the very old (currently defined as those over 85 years of age) the fastest growing segment of the population. Between 1960. and 1995, the U. S. population as a whole in creased by about 45%, while the segment over 85 years of age grew by almost 300%. (49) There has been a similar explosion in the population of centenarians, with the result that survival to the age of 100 is no longer the newsworthy feat that it was only a few decades ago. U.S. Census Bureau projections already forecast dramatic increase in the number of centenarians in the next 50 years: 4 million in 2050, compared with 37,000 in 1990. (50) Although Census Bureau calculations project an increase in average life span of only eight years by the year 2050, some experts believe that the human life span should not begin to encounter any theoretical natural limits before 120 years. With continuing advances in molecular medicine and a growing understanding of the aging process, that limit could rise to 130 years or more.

问答题The energy contained in rock within the earth"s crust (地壳) represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems. As a result of the recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDE recovery systems—which involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust—are being developed. 1 In all attempts to retrieve energy from HED"s reservoir artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability (渗透性) or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock . 2 The HDR resource base is generally defined to include crustal rock that is hotter than 150℃, is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment . Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating; however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable. The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal (地热的) resources. 3 Temperature gradient (梯度) maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable (可开发的) high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however for which no temperature gradient records exist.) Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. 4 If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion B.T.U"s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten kilometer depth in the United States . If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percept is recoverable, we find a total that is comparable to the estimated resource base of all the coal remaining in the United States. 5 The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/or heat .

问答题As more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a by- product of their machines--namely, noise. Noise is nowadays in the news; it has acquired political status, and public opinions are demanding, more and more insistently, that something must be done about it. 46) To control noise is to demand much self-discipline (annoyance arises often from lack of common courtesy) a sense of proportion (there is usually a conflict of interest if a noise is to be stopped), the expenditure of money (and it is far more economical to do this early rather than late), and, finally, technical knowledge. Technical difficulties often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You can define the excessive speed of a motor-car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But can you define excessive noise in the same way? 47) You find that with any existing simple "noise-meter", vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter. Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many cases be impossible. The next remedy is to absorb it on the way to the ear. 48) Domestic noises may perhaps be controlled by forethought and courtesy, and industrial noises by good planning and technical improvement. But if we are going to allow fast motor-cycles and heavy diesel lorries to pass continuously through residential and business districts, the community must decide on the control it needs to exercise, for in the long run it has got to pay for it. 49) And if a nation is to take part in modern air trans port, it must enter into international agreements on the noise control measures it will impose at its airports-and here the cost of any real control is to be measured in millions of dollars. Jet engines may be modified to reduce their noise level, or insulation from air traffic noise may be provided by the purchase of land around airports or the insulation of buildings. 50) One estimate is that ＄5.7 billion would be required to equip all existing jet engines with noise control devices; however,, considering the current state of the art, even taking this step will not reduce noise levels at all points to acceptable values. Some combination of methods is probably necessary.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. The Theory of Continental Drift has had a long and turbulent history since it was first proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1910. (46){{U}}Vigorously challenged yet widely ignored, the theory had languished for half a century, primarily due to its lack of a plausible mechanism to support the proposed drift.{{/U}} With the discovery of sea-floor spreading in the late 1950's and early 60's, the idea was reinvigorated. Plate tectonics is now almost universally accepted. Many details of the mechanism are to be worked out. The surface of the Earth is divided into approximately six large plates, plus a number of smaller ones. The plates are bounded by an interconnected network of ridges, transform faults, and trenches. Ridges, also called spreading centers, occur where two plates are moving away from each other. As the plates separate, hot molten mantle material flows up to fill the void. (47) {{U}}The increased heat resulting from this flow reduces the density of the plates, causing them to float higher, thus elevating the boundaries by many thousands of feet above the colder surrounding sea floor.{{/U}} (48) {{U}}Ridges on the ocean floor form the longest continuous ranges of mountains on the planet, but only in a very few places on the Earth do these mountains rise above the ocean surface.{{/U}} New sea floor is constantly being created along spreading centers. Obviously somewhere else old sea floor must be going away. This occurs in trenches, also called subduction zones. Trenches occur along the boundary between two plates that are moving towards each other. (49) {{U}}Where this occurs, one plate is bent downwards at about a 40o angle and plunges under the other plate's leading edge, eventually to melt back into the liquid mantle below.{{/U}} As the suhducting plate is heated back up to mantle temperatures, certain minerals in the plate melt sooner than others. (50) {{U}}Minerals that melt at lower temperatures and are lighter than the surrounding material tend to rise, melting their way up through the overriding plate to erupt as volcanoes on the ocean floor.{{/U}} As these volcanoes grow, they rise above the ocean surface to form lines of islands along the leading edge of the overriding plate. Numerous islands of Micronesia and Melanesia in the western Pacific were created in this way.