问答题Electronic or "cyber" warfare holds the promise of destroying an army's-or even a whole nation's--ability to function without hurting human life. The technology is reaching the point, however, where cyber warfare may be decisive in its own right. 46) In highly centralized military operations, communications and data management have become essential tools linking individual small units and the central command structure. The neutron bomb is one of the most horrid weapons ever devised: It doesn't damage property; it only kills higher life-forms. 47) Wouldn't the opposite be wonderful, a device like the robot's ray in The Day the Earth Stood Stills which melts down weapons but not soldiers? Electronic or "cyber" warfare--hacking into an enemy's computers, jamming radio transmissions, and tile like. The United States has very good electronic warfare capabilities, but has used them only to support conventional military operations. 48) Before we imagine what such a "cyberwar" scenario might be like, let's briefly look at how electronic warfare developed. During the Civil War, operations conducted by the Union army against the Confederate telegraph system foretold modern twentieth-century electronic warfare. Union operatives penetrated Confederate lines to tap into and read military traffic on the Confederate telegraph system. 49) Not only did these operations yield valuable intelligence information, but some operators even began sending bogus messages to sow confusion in the Confederate ranks. Just before World War I, radio communication seemed like a real boon to naval operations because it allowed ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications, especially in bad weather. Before this time, flags or light blinkers with limited range provided the only means of communication between ships. Naval ship captains, however, were aware that a sophisticated set of shore-based equipment could locate ships by their radio transmission. By listening to the transmissions, the enemy could ascertain the number and type of ships even if they could not decode actual messages. For this reason, the U. S. Navy was particularly resistant to using radio. However, U. S. military observers aboard British warships soon saw that the tactical advantages of radio outweighed the intelligence losses. Electronic warfare grew rapidly in World War II with the advent of radar. 50) Monitoring radar frequencies allowed spoofing or jamming of enemy radar and led to major units and equipment devoted solely to countermeasures and counter-countermeasures. Gathering intelligence from radio transmissions also increased greatly. Today, every modem nation has the capability to monitor, jam, or otherwise interfere with an adversary's radio communications. Most nations have also developed jam-resistant communications and intelligence-gathering equipment. Electronic or "cyber" warfare holds the promise of destroying an army's-or even a whole nation's--ability to function without hurting human life. The technology is reaching the point, however, where cyber warfare may be decisive in its own right. 46) In highly centralized military operations, communications and data management have become essential tools linking individual small units and the central command structure. The neutron bomb is one of the most horrid weapons ever devised: It doesn't damage property; it only kills higher life-forms. 47) Wouldn't the opposite be wonderful, a device like the robot's ray in The Day the Earth Stood Stills which melts down weapons but not soldiers? Electronic or "cyber" warfare--hacking into an enemy's computers, jamming radio transmissions, and tile like. The United States has very good electronic warfare capabilities, but has used them only to support conventional military operations. 48 ) Before we imagine what such a "cyberwar" scenario might be like, let's briefly look at how electronic warfare developed. During the Civil War, operations conducted by the Union army against the Confederate telegraph system foretold modern twentieth-century electronic warfare. Union operatives penetrated Confederate lines to tap into and read military traffic on the Confederate telegraph system. 49 ) Not only did these operations yield valuable intelligence information, but some operators even began sending bogus messages to sow confusion in the Confederate ranks. Just before World War I, radio communication seemed like a real boon to naval operations because it allowed ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications, especially in bad weather. Before this time, flags or light blinkers with limited range provided the only means of communication between ships. Naval ship captains, however, were aware that a sophisticated set of shore-based equipment could locate ships by their radio transmission. By listening to the transmissions, the enemy could ascertain the number and type of ships even if they could not decode actual messages. For this reason, the U. S. Navy was particularly resistant to using radio. However, U. S. military observers aboard British warships soon saw that the tactical advantages of radio outweighed the intelligence losses. Electronic warfare grew rapidly in World War II with the advent of radar. 50 ) Monitoring radar frequencies allowed spoofing or jamming of enemy radar and led to major units and equipment devoted solely to countermeasures and counter-countermeasures. Gathering intelligence from radio transmissions also increased greatly. Today, every modem nation has the capability to monitor, jam, or otherwise interfere with an adversary's radio communications. Most nations have also developed jam-resistant communications and intelligence-gathering equipment.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayofaround200wordsentitled"Responsibility"basedonthefollowingpicture.Youshouldinterpretthepictureanddiscusshowuniversitystudentscanhelpaclassmateaddictedtocomputergamesandhowwecanpreventyoungpeoplefrombecomingvictimsofexcessiveplaying.

问答题 Directions: Write a letter to the library in your university, making suggestions for improvement. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use 'Li Ming' instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In this part, you are required to write an essay on SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-- A BLESSING OR A CURSE? Your essay should be based on the information given below: 科学技术的发展使我们的生活发生了巨大的变化。请具体说明这些积极变化。另一方面，科技的发展也引起了许多麻烦，请举例说明。最后，请你谈谈为解决这问题人类所面临的任务。 You should write about 160--200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Directions: Suppose you are going to graduate from Shanghai University. Write a letter in about 100 words to a company to apply for a post of salesman. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled "On the Essential Responsibility of the Professor". In the essay, you should (1) describe the pictures; (2) interpret their meaning; (3) give your opinion about the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Going to the ballpark, visiting friends and playing bingo are simple diversions for many of us. But for the elderly, these social pastimes may play a critical role in preserving their physical and mental health. (46) {{U}}In fact, a new study suggests that the less time older people spend engaged in social activity, the faster their motor function tends to decline.{{/U}} "Everybody in their 60s, 70s and 80s is walking more slowly than they did when they were 25," says Dr. Aron Buchman, a neurologist at the Rush University Medical Center in Chicago and leading author of the study, which was published in the June 22nd issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine. (47) {{U}}"Our study shows the connection between social activity and motor function--and opens up a whole new universe of how we might intervene. "{{/U}} (48) {{U}}An increasing body of evidence has suggested that participating in mentally stimulating activity, socializing frequently and exercising may help protect against age-related decline-at least cognitive decline.{{/U}} As early as 1995, neuroscientist Carl Cotman, who studies aging and dementia at the University of California at Irvine, published a paper in Nature showing that physical exercise produces a protein that helps keep neurons from dying and spurs the formation of new neural connections in the brain. (49) {{U}}More recently, Cotman demonstrated in studies of elderly dogs and mice that enriching their social environment is associated with improvement in brain function.{{/U}} Researchers are also finding that social activity may be linked to the same protective effect in people. A recent study of 2 500 adults ages 70 to 79, published in the journal Neurology, found that those who were able to stay mentally sharp were also those who exercised once a week or more, had at least a ninth grade literacy level and were socially active. While further research needs to be done to establish the exact impact of social activity and exercise on specific age-related declines (50) {{U}}it's likely that a reduction in social activity may simply be a symptom of physical decline, since people may naturally withdraw from social engagement as they lose motor skills{{/U}}-most researchers would agree that it is not unreasonable to encourage seniors to get out there more. Only 10% of people over 65 get the recommended amount of exercise (at least 2. 5 to 5 hours a week), and given that seniors already tend to be more socially isolated than younger adults, it's difficult to motivate them to become more active. "If you are alone, you are less likely to follow recommendations," notes Verghese. It might help, though, if you visit Grandma more often and let her know that a regular pastime may just help her stay fitter and sharper longer.

问答题Much has been written about poverty but none of the accounts seem to get at the root of the problem. It must be noted that the debilitating effects of poverty are not only the result of lack of money but are also the result of powerlessness. (1) The poor are subject to their social situation instead of being able to affect it through action, that is, through behavior that flows from an individual's decisions and plans. In other words, when social scientists have reported on the psychological consequences of poverty, it seems reasonable to believe that they have described the psychological consequences of powerlessness. The solution to poverty most frequently suggested is to help the poor secure more money without otherwise changing the present power relationships. This appears to implement the idea of equality while avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power. But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a large supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accompanied by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society. In order to reduce poverty—related psychological and social problems in the United States, the major community will have to change its relationship to neighborhoods of poverty in such fashion that families in the neighborhoods have a greater interest in the broader society and can more successfully participate in the decision-making process of the surrounding community. Social action to help the poor should have the following characteristics: First, the poor should see themselves as the source of the action. (2) Second, the action should effect in major ways the preconceptions of institutions and persons who define the poor; the action should demand much in effect or skill. (3) Third, the action should be successful and the successful self-originated important action should increase the feeling of potential worth and individual power of individuals who are poor. (4) The only initial resource which a community should provide to neighborhoods of poverty should be on a temporary basis and should consist of organizers who will enable the neighborhoods quickly to create powerful, independent, democratic organizations of the poor. (5) Through such organizations, the poor will then negotiate with the outsiders for resources and opportunities without having to submit to concurrent control from outside.

问答题The energy contained in rock within the earth's crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems. As a result of the recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDE recovery systems—which involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust—are being developed. (46) In all attempts to retrieve energy from HED's reservoir artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock. (47) The HDR resource base is generally defined to include crustal rock that is hotter than 150℃, is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating; however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable. The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. (48) Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tapable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however for which no temperature gradient records exist.) Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. (49) If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion B. T. U's of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percept is recoverable, we find a total that is comparable to the estimated resource base of all the coal remaining in the United States. (50) The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/or heat.

问答题Directions: You are going to take part in MBA exam. Write a letter of inquiry to the Dean of Management School to inquire about the subjects to be examed; the number of students to be enrolled; other things you should pay attention to. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Study the pictures above carefully and write an essay entitled "How to be a Healthy Modem Person". In the essay,' you should (1) describe the pictures; (2) interpret their meaning; (3) give your opinion about the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Directions: Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. "White pollution" is still going on. Write a letter to the editor of your local newspaper to give your opinions briefly and make two or three suggestions. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled "On the Interpersonal Relationship in the Modem World". In the essay, you should (1) describe the picture; (2) interpret its meaning; (3) give your opinion about the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Being a good parent is harder now that it has ever been before. In pressurized modern lives, demands to be a fulfilled individual, and a good partner and a good worker, take no account of being a good parent. (46)We haven't left space for the nurturing parents to care for their children and provide the kind of care that their children need, resulting in the fact that many families in the western world just don't work. Most of us have a bit of yearning for a table full of children descending neatly in size, the older ones helping the younger ones. Let's control our nostalgia: that" traditional family" had many faults, not least in the roles it imposed on females. (47) The problem is that in the last generation or so we've come to assume that women should be able and want to do everything that both men and women have done by tradition. And it's just not possible. Indeed since adopting a male agenda in life is probably only another form of the traditional ethics that men are superior to women, quite a number of highly educated and economically privileged women are now opting to take career breaks so as to be at home with their children for longer than the 18 weeks. Having children -- especially the first child -- puts a bigger strain on a couple's relationship than anything else they ever do. (48) Facing the ever-enormous stress caused by the kids, some who stay together emerge stronger and richer, but numerous couples never recover from the strain. Parents are often divided at many aspects of child nurturing, such as early education and habit forming. (49) So a future of smaller families and more people choosing not to have children at all could well leave couples closer than they are today; for many, the purpose of being together would be solely to pleasure and support each other --an interesting prospect. Let's hope people in the future will only have children if they really want them. And that should mean something that is seen as a much more positive commitment than it is now, and that parents are socially supported, and admired for doing a good job. (50) The whole point of marriage is that it imposes clear obligations, not just the right to pursue your own happiness, the main part of which is to provide both emotional and practical nurture for children. Children demand sacrifice and altruism, a long-term investment of parental time and money. Of course, the highest reward that parents expect is to see their children develop and become useful talents for the society.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} For this part, you are required to write a letter. Suppose you are Wang Kai. A former classmate of yours Zhao Yong is planning to visit you during the summer vacation. Write to him according to the following outline: 1) express your welcome; 2) tell him your arrangements for his visit; 3) mention something that your former classmate should pay heed to. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhao Yong' instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题1)showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow.2)giveaspecificexample/comment,and3)giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytotreattradition.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)