问答题 A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically "proved" by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society.46){{U}}The opinions, which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance, lack of responsibility, are outdated.{{/U}} In all Western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence(生活维持费)in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist (维持生活), in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any "reason". 47){{U}}I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, let's say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses an), kind of social obligation.{{/U}} This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. 48){{U}}This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.{{/U}} 49){{U}}However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer.{{/U}} If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently interesting and attractive to induce one to accept it. Freedom of contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject it; in the present capitalist system this is not the case. 50){{U}}But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees; its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life.{{/U}}

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Tom, a friend of yours, would like to visit your part of China. Write a letter to give him advice about the following subjects: When and how to travel; what to bring; how long to stay; weather; health and medicine; which places to visit; what to buy. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题In this part, you are asked to write a letter of application for the position as director of a big computer training center. Try to make the letter interesting and show that you have enthusiasm for the job. Also state your qualification for the job and your work experience. Your letter should be no less than 100 words, write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Don't sign your name or address at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. (10 points)

问答题Directions:Lookatthefollowingpictureandwriteanarticleonamarketingstrategy:discountpromotion.Yourarticleshouldmeetthefollowingtworequirements:1)interpretthemessageconveyedbythepicture2)makeyourcommentsonthephenomenonYoushouldwrite160～200wordsneatlyonAnswerSheet2.

问答题You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayof160～200wordsinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbyit,and3)giveyourcomment.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You wish to study at a certain foreign university. Write a letter to the admissions office of the university to ask for: 1) accommodations, 2) fees, and 3) qualifications. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

问答题1. telling your book of two dictionaries;2. not receiving the books;3. complain for the delay and ask for reply.you should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Martin" instead. You do not need to write the address. ( 10 points)

问答题You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Mary" instead. You do not need to write the address .( 10 points)

问答题A market is commonly thought of as a place where commodities are bought and sold. Thus fruit and vegetables are sold wholesale at Covent Garden Market and meat is sold wholesale at Smithfield Market. But there are markets for things other than commodities in the usual sense. 21 There are real estate markets, foreign exchange markets, labor markets, short-term capital markets and so on; there may be a market for anything which has a price. And there may be no particular place to which dealings are confined. 22 Buyers and sellers may be scattered over the whole world and instead of actually meeting together in a market-place they may deal with one another by telephone, telegram, cable or letter. Even if dealings are restricted to a particular place, the dealers may consist wholly or in part of agents acting on instructions from clients far away. Thus agents buy meat at Smithfield on behalf of retail butchers all over England; and brokers on the London Stock Exchange buy and sell securities on instructions from clients all over the world. 23 We must therefore define a market as an area over which buyers and sellers are in such close touch with one another either directly or through dealers, that the prices obtainable in one part of the market affect the prices paid in other parts. 24 Modern means of communication are so rapid that a buyer can discover what price a seller is ask in, g, and can accept it if he wishes, although he may be thousands of miles away. Thus the market for anything is, potentially, the whole world. But in fact things have, normally, only a local or national market. This may be because nearly the whole demand is concentrated in one locality. These special local demands, however, are of quite minor importance. 25 The main reason why many things have not a world market is that they are costly or difficult to transport.

问答题Within the modern study of religion the division between philosophy of reli- gion and the histolw of religions-long regarded as a truism insofar as it reflects the distinction between universal and particular-has become increasingly blurred in recent years with the growing influence of" cultural and critical theory on the humanities and social sciences. Unlike the earaier paradigmatic split between theology and anthropology (or social science methodology) , cultural theory has helped not only to dismantle well worn dualisms such as religion/politics, theism/atheism, sacred/secular, but more importantly has helped to narrow the gap between academic practices and cultural practices such as religion that scholars seek to study. (47) That is to say, cultural theory has simultaneously problematized and challenged essentialist and theological tendencies (such as dreams of absolute principles, supernatural origins, ahistorical authorities, pure traditions etc. ) as well as scholars" claims to methodological objectivity and impartiality, since the academy far from being a site of neutral value-free analysis, is itself thoroughly implicated in cultural realities. Indeed in what might seen as a reversal of critical theory"s atheistic roots in the "masters of suspicion" contemporary cultural theory has been adapted by scholars not only to successfully dispute the atheistic presuppositions of modern secular thinking in the social sciences, thereby revitalizing religious and theological reflection in the Christian and Judaic traditions, but, more surprisingly perhaps, it has legitimized the use of phenomena from these particular traditions as resources for critical thinking about religion per se. (48) By contrast, however, the effects of critical theory on the study of nonWestern religions has not only been far more modest, in many cases it seems also to have had precisely the opposite effect. In the study of South Asian religions, for example, the effect of critical theory seems to have reinforced the priority of the secular. In his recent work "Provincialising Europe" Dipesh Chakrabarty points out the very different interventions of critical theory in the two traditions. (49) Whereas in the Western intellectual traditions fundamental thinkers who are long dead and gone are treated not only as people belonging to their own times but also as though they were our contemporaries, the thinkers and traditions of South Asia, once unbroken and alive in their native languages, are now matters of historical research. These traditions are treated as truly dead, as history. Few if any social scientists working in the history of religions would ever try to make the concepts of these traditions into resources for contemporary critical theory. (50) And yet "past Western thinkers and their categories are never quite dead for us in the same way. South Asian(ist) social scientists would argue passionately with a Marx or a Weber without feeling any need to historicize them or to place them in their European intellectual contexts".

问答题Nothing has come to embody corporate greed like executive perks: the corporate jets, chauffeured limousines and country-club memberships that bosses consume in a seemingly deliberate attempt to outrage public opinion. Not for nothing bas Warren Buffett. Omaha's celebrated investor, named his corporate jet "The Indefensible". The usual explanation for the perk is that it is a (rather enjoyable) way for corporate insiders to misappropriate shareholders' money. (46) Because perks are poorly disclosed shareholders have no way of knowing when the boss is living it up at their expense. This has led to the theory that perk-laden executives are likeliest to be found in firms with lots of cash. but few investment prospects. But in a recent paper, Raghuram Rajah, the IMF's chief economist, and Julie Wulf, of the Wharton School, looked at how more than 300 big companies dished out perks to their executives in 1986-99. (47) It turns out that neither cash-rich, low-growth firms nor firms with weak governance shower their executives with unusually generous perks. The authors did. however, find evidence to support two competing explanations. (48) First firms in the sample with more hierarchical organisations lavished more perks on their executives than firms with flatter structures. Why? Perks are a cheap way to demonstrate stares. Just as the armed forces ration medals, firms ration the distribution of conspicuous symbols of corporate status. Second, perks are a cheap way to boost executive productivity. (49) Firms based in places where it takes a long time to commute are more likely to give the boss a chauffeured limousine. Firms located far from large airports are likelier to lay on a corporate jet. So there it is. The boss needs his luxury pad on Fifth Avenue and his chauffeured stretch-limo because he might otherwise do less work. (50) Making it harder for the boss to consume conspicuously risks dangerous anarchy as, bereft of its symbols of corporate status, the firm's hierarchy collapses into a muddled heap. Perhaps, in light of these findings, Mr. Buffett should call his next jet "The Indispensable".

问答题Directions: You are required to write a memorandum on behalf of the Students' Union, encouraging all the students and teachers on your campus to make donations for people in flooded regions of our country. In your writing, you should cover the following points: 1) difficulties confronting people in flooded areas, 2) appeals to the readers, and 3) time and place to collect the donations. You should write about 100 words neatly on Answer Sheet 2.

问答题 Directions: Yesterday you were told that there was going to be a seminar sponsored by a newspaper. The discussion is centered upon juvenile psychology. You want to make your presentation during the seminar, and now write a letter to the editor-in-chief of the paper. Your writing should be based upon the following outline: 1) inquiry about relevant information, 2) a brief account of your expertise, 3) and expression of your interest. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead; Do not write the address.

问答题 (46)The climatic phenomenon that is being blamed for floods, hurricanes and early snowstorms also deserves credit for encouraging plant growth and helping to control the pollutant linked to global warming, a new study shows. E1 Nino—the periodic warming of eastern Pacific Ocean waters—causes a burst of plant growth throughout the world, and this removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, researchers have found. (47)The new study shows that natural weather events，such as the brief warming caused by E1 Nino, have a much more dramatic effect than previously believed on how much carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants and how much of the gas is expelled by the soil. Atmospheric carbon dioxide, or CO2, has been increasing steadily for decades. This is thought to be caused by an expanded use of fossil fuels and by toppling of tropical forests. Scientists have linked the CO2 rise to global warming, a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect. (48)Alarmed, nations of the world now are drawing up new conservation policies to reduce fossil fuel burning, in hopes of reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. But David Schimel of the National Center for Atmospheric Research，a co-author of the new study, says that before determining how much to reduce fossil fuel burning we should consider the effects of natural climate variations on the ability of plants to absorb CO2. Schimel said satellite measurements of CO2, plant growth and temperature show that natural warming events such as E1 Nino at first cause more CO2 to be released into the atmosphere, probably as the result of accelerated decay of dead plant matter in the soil. But later, within two years, there is an explosion of growth in forests and grasslands, which means plants suck more carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. " We think that there is a delayed response in vegetation and soil to the warming effects of such phenomena as E1 Nino, and this leads to increased plant growth, " said Schimel. (49)However, he said, it is not clear whether the warming by E1 Nino causes a net decrease in the buildup of CO2 over the long haul. " We don't really know that yet, " said Schimel. What the study does show, however, is that the rise and fall of CO2 in the atmosphere is strongly influenced by natural changes in global temperature, said B. H. Braswell of the University of New Hampshire, another co-author of the study. Braswell said that in years when the global weather is cooler than normal, there is a decrease in both the decay of dead plants and in new plant growth. This causes an effect that is the opposite of E1 Nino warming: CO2 atmosphere levels first decline and later increase. (50) " I think we have demonstrated that the ecosystem has a lot more to do with climate change than was previously believed," said Braswell, " Focusing on the role of human activity in climate change is important, but manmade factors are not the only factors. /