问答题Our daily existence is divided into two phases, as distinct as day and night. We call them work and play. We work many hours a day and we allow the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping. 46) The rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations, an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure, but spend them in various forms of passive enjoyment or entertainment. We need to make, therefore, a hard-and-fast distinction not only between work and play but, equally, between active play and passive entertainment. 47) It is, I suppose, the decline of active play--of amateur sport--and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which have given rise to a sociological interest in the problem. If the greater part of the population, instead of indulging in sport, spend their hours of leisure "viewing" television programs, there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. In addition, we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. 48) There is, if we are optimistic, the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who have seen them. 49) It is only when entertainment is active, participated in, practiced, that it can properly be called play, and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work, and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work. Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living. Some of us work physically, tilling the land, minding the machines, digging the coal; others work mentally, keeping accounts, inventing machines, teaching and preaching, managing and governing. 50) There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations, except that they consume our time, and leave us little leisure. (356 words)

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheontheANSWERSHEET.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould1)describethedrawing,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题 Directions: One of your classmates will go to Canada to start his further study in the University of Toronto, which your friend David is attending. Write a letter to David to introduce him. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use 'Li Ming' instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Directions: Wang Yu, your best friend, is in the hospital. Write a letter to express your concerns, promise to visit him if you have time, and send your good wishes for his health. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ;use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题 Directions You are going to take a very important English test in a few months and are in bad need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookshop to ask for 1) detailed information about the books you want; 2) methods of payment; 3) time and way of delivery. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not have to write the address.

问答题 Directions: Yesterday, you received a letter of invitation from Angelo, one of your American friends. You are asked to attend his birthday party. But you cannot accept his invitation. Write a letter to Angelo, telling him your refusal, stating your reason(s), and making an apology. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use 'Li Ming' instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions: Suppose your friend Mike is elected as the monitor of his class. Write a letter to congratulate him, state your comments on the position, and express your best wishes and encouragement. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

问答题Directions.Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingsetofpictures.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturesbriefly,2)interprettheirintendedmeaning,and3)pointouttheirimplicationsinourlife.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题1) invite him on behalf of your department, 2) tell him the time and place of the conference. 3) promise to give him further details later. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Wang Ling" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

问答题 Electronic or "cyber" warfare holds the promise of destroying an army's-or even a whole nation's--ability to function without hurting human life. The technology is reaching the point, however, where cyber warfare may be decisive in its own right. 46){{U}} In highly centralized military operations, communications and data management have become essential tools linking individual small units and the central command structure.{{/U}} The neutron bomb is one of the most horrid weapons ever devised: It doesn't damage property; it only kills higher life-forms. 47){{U}} Wouldn't the opposite be wonderful, a device like the robot's ray in The Day the Earth Stood Stills which melts down weapons but not soldiers?{{/U}} Electronic or "cyber" warfare--hacking into an enemy's computers, jamming radio transmissions, and tile like. The United States has very good electronic warfare capabilities, but has used them only to support conventional military operations. 48){{U}} Before we imagine what such a "cyberwar" scenario might be like, let's briefly look at how electronic warfare developed.{{/U}} During the Civil War, operations conducted by the Union army against the Confederate telegraph system foretold modern twentieth-century electronic warfare. Union operatives penetrated Confederate lines to tap into and read military traffic on the Confederate telegraph system. 49){{U}} Not only did these operations yield valuable intelligence information, but some operators even began sending bogus messages to sow confusion in the Confederate ranks.{{/U}} Just before World War I, radio communication seemed like a real boon to naval operations because it allowed ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications, especially in bad weather. Before this time, flags or light blinkers with limited range provided the only means of communication between ships. Naval ship captains, however, were aware that a sophisticated set of shore-based equipment could locate ships by their radio transmission. By listening to the transmissions, the enemy could ascertain the number and type of ships even if they could not decode actual messages. For this reason, the U. S. Navy was particularly resistant to using radio. However, U. S. military observers aboard British warships soon saw that the tactical advantages of radio outweighed the intelligence losses. Electronic warfare grew rapidly in World War II with the advent of radar. 50){{U}} Monitoring radar frequencies allowed spoofing or jamming of enemy radar and led to major units and equipment devoted solely to countermeasures and counter-countermeasures. {{/U}}Gathering intelligence from radio transmissions also increased greatly. Today, every modem nation has the capability to monitor, jam, or otherwise interfere with an adversary's radio communications. Most nations have also developed jam-resistant communications and intelligence-gathering equipment. Electronic or "cyber" warfare holds the promise of destroying an army's-or even a whole nation's--ability to function without hurting human life. The technology is reaching the point, however, where cyber warfare may be decisive in its own right. 46) In highly centralized military operations, communications and data management have become essential tools linking individual small units and the central command structure. The neutron bomb is one of the most horrid weapons ever devised: It doesn't damage property; it only kills higher life-forms. 47) Wouldn't the opposite be wonderful, a device like the robot's ray in The Day the Earth Stood Stills which melts down weapons but not soldiers? Electronic or "cyber" warfare--hacking into an enemy's computers, jamming radio transmissions, and tile like. The United States has very good electronic warfare capabilities, but has used them only to support conventional military operations. 48 ) Before we imagine what such a "cyberwar" scenario might be like, let's briefly look at how electronic warfare developed. During the Civil War, operations conducted by the Union army against the Confederate telegraph system foretold modern twentieth-century electronic warfare. Union operatives penetrated Confederate lines to tap into and read military traffic on the Confederate telegraph system. 49 ) Not only did these operations yield valuable intelligence information, but some operators even began sending bogus messages to sow confusion in the Confederate ranks. Just before World War I, radio communication seemed like a real boon to naval operations because it allowed ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications, especially in bad weather. Before this time, flags or light blinkers with limited range provided the only means of communication between ships. Naval ship captains, however, were aware that a sophisticated set of shore-based equipment could locate ships by their radio transmission. By listening to the transmissions, the enemy could ascertain the number and type of ships even if they could not decode actual messages. For this reason, the U. S. Navy was particularly resistant to using radio. However, U. S. military observers aboard British warships soon saw that the tactical advantages of radio outweighed the intelligence losses. Electronic warfare grew rapidly in World War II with the advent of radar. 50 ) Monitoring radar frequencies allowed spoofing or jamming of enemy radar and led to major units and equipment devoted solely to countermeasures and counter-countermeasures. Gathering intelligence from radio transmissions also increased greatly. Today, every modem nation has the capability to monitor, jam, or otherwise interfere with an adversary's radio communications. Most nations have also developed jam-resistant communications and intelligence-gathering equipment.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. Everyone must have had at least one personal experience with a computer error by this time. Bank balances are suddenly reported to have jumped from 379 into the millions, appeals for charitable contributions are mailed over and over to people with crazy-sounding names at your address, department stores send the wrong bills, utility companies write that they're turning everything off, that sort of thing. 46){{U}}If you manage to get in touch with someone and complain, you then get instantaneously typed, guilty letters from the same computer, saying, "Our computer was in error, and an adjustment is being made in your account."{{/U}} These are supposed to be the sheerest, blindest accidents. Mistakes are not believed to be part of the normal behavior of a good machine. If things go wrong, it must be a personal, human error, the result of fingering, tampering, a button getting stuck, someone hitting the wrong key. The computer, at its normal best, is infallible. I wonder whether this can be true. 47){{U}}After all, the whole point of computers is that they represent an extension of the human brain, vastly improved upon but nonetheless human, superhuman maybe.{{/U}} 48){{U}}A good computer can think clearly and quickly enough to beat you at chess, and some of them have even been programmed to write obscure verse.{{/U}} They can do anything we can do, and more besides. It is not yet known whether a computer has its own consciousness, and it would be hard to find out about this. 49){{U}}When you walk into one of those great halls now built for the huge machines, and stand listening, it is easy to imagine that the faint, distant noises are the sound of thinking.{{/U}} And the turning of the spools gives them the look of wild creatures rolling their eyes in the effort to concentrate, choking with information. But real thinking, and dreaming, are other matters. On the other hand, the evidences of something like an unconscious, equivalent to ours, are all around, in every mail. 50){{U}}As extensions of the human brain, they have been constructed with the same property of error, spontaneous, uncontrolled, and rich in possibilities.{{/U}} Mistakes are at the very base of human thought, embedded there, feeding the structure like root nodules. If we were not provided with the art of being wrong, we could never get anything useful done. We think our way along by choosing between right and wrong alternatives, and the wrong choices have to be made as frequently as the right ones. We get along in life this way. We are built to make mistakes, coded for error.