问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorfs assertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change. Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. 46){{U}}Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter.{{/U}} For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology: they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly got into a mess and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination. Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. 47){{U}}There are those who assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution.{{/U}} Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change. 48){{U}}It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.{{/U}} 49){{U}}In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication.{{/U}} The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and replaced some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. 50){{U}}It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.{{/U}}

问答题3. 我的观点。

问答题 (46)U. S. farmers are planting more acres of crops using soil building and pollution fighting farming systems than traditional methods that rely on the plow or intensive tillage, according to a report due to be released early next month. The report, titled " National Crop Residue Management Survey, " shows a 6 million acre gain for environmentally friendly farming systems this year. (47)It also shows traditional farming methods, which result in greater soil erosion and run off from fields, declined by 4 million acres. (48)The Survey, conducted on a county-by-county basis by USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), indicates that farmers in Iowa, Illinois, South Dakota, Kansas, and Indiana contributed the most to the increase ill acres grown with environmentally friendly farming systems known as conservation tillage systems. These states accounted for 5 million of the 6 million acre increase in conservation tillage this year. All conservation tillage systems, such as no-till, mulch-till, ridge-till, strip-till, and zone-till, rely on less tillage or less soil disturbance to plant and manage crops. Farmers who use these systems leave plant materials-stems, stalks, and leaves-on the surface of fields after harvest. The plant materials, also called crop residues, serve as a blanket to protect the soil from erosion. The crop residues slowly decompose to add organic matter to the soil much like mulching or composting adds organic matter to a garden. The survey results for 1997 indicate that conservation tillage systems now account for 109.8 million acres or fully 37 percent of the 294.6 million annually planted cropland acres in the United States. In the meantime, traditional systems that rely on the plow or intensive tillage fell to 107.6 million acres this year. The remaining acres are in an intermediate farming system known as reduced till. (49)The head of the nonprofit center that compiles and publishes the annual survey is calling on consumers and farmers alike to focus increased attention on conservation tillage systems. " (50)Independent research and practical application across the country show that these systems not only replenish and build organic matter in the soil for improved future food productivity but they will also protect water quality and enhance wildlife and the environment for future generations, " says John Hebblethwaite, executive director of the Conservation Technology Information Center. " There is also growing evidence that these systems can even help us combat the potential for global warming, " he adds.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. An awkward-looking character such as Cyrano de Bergerac might sniff at the suggestion, but recent scientific research shows beauty, brains and brawn may in fact all be allied, writes Dr Raj Persaud. (46) {{U}}Psychologists have concluded that we may be drawn to the stereotypically attractive because of what their faces reveal about their intelligence and success in later life{{/U}}. In American, research led by Professor Leslie Zebrowitz, of Brandeis University, has shown an association between facial attractive and IQ. Strangers briefly exposed to a target's face were able to correctly judge intelligence at levels significantly better than chance. The same team also researched how a person's attractiveness might bear relation to their intelligence. They found that good-looking people did better in IQ tests as they aged. (47) {{U}}Their research sought to prove that how a person perceived himself and was perceived by others predicted how intelligent he apparently became more accurately than his past intelligence{{/U}}. (48){{U}} Perhaps because the more attractive people were treated as more intelligent, they ended up having more stimulating and, therefore, intelligence-enhancing lives{{/U}}. Does this mean that your face really could be your destiny? Sociologists Dr Ulrich Mueller and Dr Allan Mazur, of the University of Marburg in Germany, recently analyzed the final year photographs of the 1950 graduates of West Point in the United States. Dominant facial appearances turned out to be a consistent predictor of later-rank attainment: Again, they believed there could be a self-fulfilling effect. (49) {{U}}Because some men looked more authoritative, they naturally drew respect and obedience from others which, in turn, assisted their rise through the ranks{{/U}}. A team at the Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin has been investigating the sensitive subject of links between physical and mental abnormalities. Led by Doctors Robin Hennessy and John Waddington, the team used a new laser surface-scanning technique to make a 3-D analysis of how facial shape might vary with brain structure. Their findings showed that in early fetal life, brain and face development are intimately connected. From this they concluded that abnormalities in brain elaboration probably also affect face development. This, according to them, explains the striking facial features of some one with Down's syndrome. (50) {{U}}Using similar techniques, the team also demonstrated how other disorders linked to brain aberrations could be associated with facial alterations{{/U}}. So the very latest scientific research suggests that nobody should try to look too obviously different from average.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions:Yourfriendhasbeentakingcareofyourhouseforayearwhileyouwereonbusinessatabroad.Writealettertohim/herwhichshouldincludethefollowingpoints:(1)thepurposeofwritingtheletter;(2)expressyourappreciationofhiscare;(3)invitehimtoadinnerasareward.Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.

问答题Directions: You are Li Ming, chairman of the History Department. You want to invite Professor Swift, a scholar of Chinese history, to attend an international conference on Chinese history. Write him a letter to 1) invite him to attend the meeting and 2) ask him to make a speech during the conference. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You don't have to write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You have a close foreign friend. He asked you to subscribe to a copy of China Daily for him because he will leave away from China for one month. Now write a letter to the circulation department of the newspaper: 1) inquiry about detailed information, 2) and expressing complimentary remarks. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题What is it that brings about such an intimate connection between language and thinking? Is there no thinking without the use of language, namely in concepts and concept combinations for which words need not necessarily come to mind? Has not every one of us struggled for words although the connection between "things" was already clear? 1 We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete independence from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment. Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to what extent the same language means the same mentality. In this sense thinking and language are linked together. What distinguishes the language of science from languages as we ordinarily understand the word? How is it that scientific language is international? 2 What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration, let us take the language of Euclidean geometry and Algebra. They manipulate with a small number of independently introduced concepts, respectively symbols, such as the integral number, the straight line, the point, as well as with signs which designate the fundamental concepts. This is the basis for the construction, respectively definition of all other statements and concepts. The connection between concepts and statements on the one hand and the sensory data on the other hand is established through acts of counting and measuring whose performance is sufficiently well determined. 3 The super-national character of scientific concepts and scientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of all countries and all times. In solitude and yet in cooperative effort as regards the final effect they created the spiritual tools for the technical revolutions which have transformed the life of mankind in the last centuries. Their system of concepts has served as a guide in the bewildering chaos of perceptions so that we learned to grasp general truths from particular observations. What hopes and fears does the scientific method imply for mankind? I do not think that this is the right way to put the question. Whatever this tool in the hand of man will produce depends entirely on the nature of the goals alive in this mankind. Once these goals exist, the scientific method furnishes means to realize them. Yet it cannot furnish the very goals. 4 The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere, and it would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding. Perfection of means and confusion of goals seem—in my opinion—to characterize our age. 5 If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety, the welfare and the free development of the talents of all men, we shall not be in want of the means to approach such a state. Even if only a small part of mankind strives for such goals, their superiority will prove itself in the long run.

问答题In future, as newspaper fade and change, will politicians therefore burgle their opponents' offices without punishment? Journalism schools and think-tanks, especially in America, are worried about the effect of a collapsing journalism. Nobody should enjoy the disappearance of once-great newspapers. But the decline of newspapers will not be as harmful to society as some fear. 46. Denmocracy, remember, has already survived the huge television-led decline in circulation since the 1950s. It has survived as readers have evaded papers and papers have evaded what was in conservative times thought of as serious news. And it will surely survive the decline to come. 47. A few papers that invest in investigative stories which often benefit society the inost are in a good position to survive, as long as their owners do a comnpetent job of adjusting to changing circumstances. Publications like the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal should be able to put up the price of their journalism to compensate for advertising revenues lost to the internet—especially as they cater to a more global readership. 48. As with many industries, it is those in the middle—neither highbrow, nor entertainingly populist—that are likeliest to fall by the wayside. 49. The usefulness of the press goes much wider than investigating abuses or even spreading general news; it lies in holding governments to account--trying them in the court of public opinion. The internet has expanded this court. Anyone looking for information has never been better equipped. People no longer have to trust a handful of national papers or, worse, their local city paper. News-aggre-gation sites such as Google News draw together sources from around the world. The website of Britain's Guardian now has nearly half as many readers in America as it does at home. 50. Furthermore, a new force of "citizen" journalists is itc.hing to hold politicians to account. The web has opened the closed world of professional editors and reporters to anyone with a keyboard and an internet connection. Several companies have been chastened by amateur postings—of flames erupting from Dell's laptops or of cable TV repairmen asleep on the sofa. Each blogger is capable of bias and slander, but, taken as a group, bloggers offer the searcher after truth boundless material to chew over. Of course, the internet panders to closed minds; but so has much of the press.

问答题Directions: Your friend's grandpa, a famous scientist, has just passed away. Write a note of condolence to your friend. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the note. Use "Li Ming" instead.

问答题 {{U}}Genoa is on the Italian Riviera, but its steelworks, container parks and oil terminal are not the usual charms of a millionaires' playground.{{/U}} Even so. for many wealthy people it was the place to be last weekend, to see the Salone Nautico's fabulous display of luxury boats and yachts. (47){{U}} With some 350,000 visitors, the event is a shop-window for Italy's boatbuilders who lead the market in providing the super-rich with boats stretching beyond 24m (79ft){{/U}}. Italy's boatyards make more than a third of all the floating palaces around the world. At this year's show, Azimut-Benetti and Ferretti-Riva, the two leading producers, displayed their latest and most opulent models. Italy builds all kinds of pleasure craft and two-thirds, worth eurol.7 billion ($2.1 billion) last year, are exported. (48) {{U}}According to Paolo Vitelli, chairman of the Italian boatbuilders' association, the winning combination at the very top of the market is style fabrics, skilled carpenters, fashion, technology and innovation. {{/U}}"We are masters in these areas. The business is tailor-made for Italians." He is unconcerned by high oil prices and parts of the world sailing into economic doldrums. The market for luxury goods seems impervious to these. Three factors, says Mr Vitelli. have helped the market grow. (49){{U}} Boatbuilders have raised output by switching to modern production techniques: more marinas have been built, which makes life easier for owners; and the number of millionaires with money to splurge on pleasure craft has risen sharply.{{/U}} Their pockets have to be deep. Azimut-Benetti. which Mr Vitelli founded in 1969. offers a range of craft. At the top of its fibreglass-hulled Azimut range is a 35m (116 ft) motor yacht which costs euro8. 5m. A steel-hulled Benetti, however, might cost five times that. Mr Vitelli's business reported net profits of earo35m on sales of euro403m last year and it is expanding strongly. (50){{U}} Meanwhile, new markets, like China and Russia. are opening up and producing their own crop of boating millionaires.{{/U}}

问答题Directions: Suppose you have a friend, Paul, who is about to attend college. He wants you to advise him on which subject to major in—history, in which he is very interested, or computer science, which offers a better job prospect. You should write a letter to tell him your suggestion. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题1) state your purpose of writing 2) complain about the services 3) and make some suggestions. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the ad dress. (10 points)

问答题Directions:Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueofchallengeinanewspaper.Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturebriefly,2)explaintheintendedmeaning,giveaspecificexample,and3)giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytotreatchallenge.挑战如同大风，可能是阻力，但是对于风车便是动力。