问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (46) {{U}}A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend towards "directed" or "programmed" research; i.e. research whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government organizations rather than researchers themselves.{{/U}} Any scientist working for such organizations and investigating in a given field therefore tends to do so in accordance with a plan or program designed beforehand. At the beginning of the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there were no industrial research organizations in the modern sense: the laboratory unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two technicians. 47) {{U}}Nevertheless, the scientist, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms, was free to choose any subject for investigation he liked, since there was no predetermined program to which he had to conform.{{/U}} 48) {{U}}As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to be solved made it impossible, in many cases, for the individual scientist to deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment that were required for carrying out research accurately and efficiently.{{/U}} The increasing scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques and industrial processes led to the setting up of research groups or teams using highly-complicated equipment in elaborately-designed laboratories. 49) {{U}}Owing to the large sums of money involved, it was then felt essential to direct these human and material resources into specific channels with clearly-defined objectives.{{/U}} In this way it was considered that the quickest and most practical results could be obtained. This, then, was programmed (programmatic) research, One of the effects of this organized and standardized investigation is to cause the scientist to become increasingly involved in applied research (development), especially in the branches of science which seem most likely to have industrial applications. Private industry and even government departments tend to concentrate on immediate results and show comparatively little interest in long-range investigations. 50) {{U}}In consequence, there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to the applied field, where there are more jobs available, frequently more highly-paid and with better technical facilities than jobs connected with pure research in a university.{{/U}} Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this system, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of science--and not only pure science, but applied science as well. (409 words)

问答题You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Tang" instead. You do not need to write the address. ( 10 points)

问答题1. you are ready for the application for the passport;2. the time for you to leave U. S. A.;3. the necessity for your visa. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Martin" instead. You do not need to write the address. ( 10 points)

问答题Directions: You are planning to ask your friend to join an outing. Express your idea clearly as follows: 1) details about what you are going to do; 2) when and where you will go out. You should write no less than 100 words and on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould1)describethedrawing,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcommentonitYoushould'writeneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You want to apply for the following job. Write a letter to Mr Moore describing your previous experience and explaining why you would be suitable for the job. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwriteanarticle.Inyourarticle,youshouldcoverthefollow-ingpoints:1)describethephenomenon;2)analyzethephenomenonandgiveyourcommentonit.[]

问答题 In the past year, a lot has changed in the field of human spaceflight. (46){{U}}In January, President George Bush brushed aside the fact that America's entire space-shuttle fleet was grounded when he announced grandiose plans to put people back on the moon, and then to launch a manned mission to Mars. (47) In June, Burt Rutan, an American aeronautical engineer, showed that human spaceflight was no longer the preserve of governments by sending a man to the edge of space in Space Ship One, a privately financed vehicle that cost about the same to build as a luxury yacht. {{/U}}That was followed in September by Sir Richard Branson, the British entrepreneur behind the Virgin brand, announcing that he had signed a deal with Mr. Rutan to work on plans for a fleet of five suborbital vehicles developed from Space Ship One. (48) {{U}}Now, in the dying days of the year, America's Congress has passed a bill that unravels a tangle about who would be responsible for regulating the fledgling industry, and under what terms. (49) The bill also allows passengers to fly, on the understanding that this new generation of vehicles may not be as safe as taking a commercial flight between, say, New York and London. {{/U}} The official line from Virgin Galactica, as Sir Richard's latest venture is modestly named, is that this coming change in the law makes no practical difference to the firm's plans, since they do not intend to fly unless they can make their spacecraft as safe as a private jet. But it must surely come as some sort of relief. In any case, Will Whitehorn, director of corporate affairs at Virgin's headquarters in London, and soon to become the president of Virgin Galactica, says that work is under way on a mock-up of the interior of a new spacecraft that will hold five passengers. (50) {{U}}Virgin has already committed $20m towards licensing the SpaceShipOne technology from Mr. Rutan and his financial backer Paul Allen, a software billionaire. {{/U}}

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayof160-200wordsinwhichyoushould1)describethepicturebriefly,2)interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbyit,andthen3)giveyourcomments.

问答题A Frenchman, the psychologist Alfred Binet, published the first standardized test of human intelligence in 1905. (46)But it was an American, Lewis Terman, a psychology professor at Stanford, who thought to divide a_test taker's "mental age," as revealed by that score, by his or her biological age to derive a number that he called "IQ". It would be hard to think of a pop-scientific coinage that has had a greater impact on the way people think about themselves and others. (47)No country: embraced the IQ more thoroughly than the U.S., where millions of people have their IQ measured annually, many with a direct descendant of Binet's original test, although not necessarily for the purpose Bin et intended. He developed his test as a way of identifying public school students who needed extra help in learning, and that is still one of its leading uses. But the broader and more controversial use of IQ testing has its roots in a theory of intelligence—part science, part sociology—that developed in the late 19th century, before Binet's work and entirely separate from it. (48)Championed first by Charles Darwin's cousin Francis Galton, it held that intelligence was the most valuable human attribute, and that if people who had a lot of it could be identified and put in leadership positions, all of society would benefit. Terman believed IQ tests should be used to conduct a great sorting out of the population, so that young people would be assigned on the basis of their scores to particular levels in the school system, which would lead to corresponding socioeconomic destinations in adult life. The beginning of the IQ-testing movement overlapped with the eugenics movement—hugely popular in America and Europe among the "better sort". In 1958 a British sociologist named Michael Young coined the word "meritocracy" to denote a society that organizes itself according to IQ-test scores. Terman and many other early advocates of IQ testing had in mind the creation of an American meritocracy, though the word didn't exist then. (49)They believed IQ tests could be the means to create, for the first time ever, a society in which advantage would go to the people who deserved it rather than to those who had been born into it. In order to believe this, though, you have to believe that merit and a score on an IQ test are the same thing. (50)Long before IQ was invented, America prided itself on beinga country without a class system, in which people of talent and industry would rise and be rewarded. The advent of intelligence tests did not dramatically affect the degree of social mobility in the U.S.—at least not enough for any change to show up in the social-science data.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} The Students' Union of your university is planning art English Speaking Contest. Write an announcement which covers the following information: 1) the purpose of the contest, 2) time and place of the contest, 3) what is required of the candidates, 4) details of the judges and awards. You should write about 100 words neatly on Answer Sheet 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Students' Union at the end of the announcement.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} You are a freshman and planning to apply for a bank loan. Write a letter to the bank to{{/I}} 1) introduce yourself briefly, 2) explain the reasons of applying for a bank loan. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address.