问答题Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. 21 Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts. Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. 22 The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations. The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modem explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments. 23 Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government. Economic issues have occupied people"s minds throughout the ages. 24 Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. 25 During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture. Economics as a subject of modem study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are required to write a memorandum on behalf of the Students' Union, encouraging all the students and teachers on your campus to make donations for people in flooded regions of our country. In your writing, you should cover the following points: 1) difficulties confronting people in flooded areas, 2) appeals to the readers, and 3) time and place to collect the donations. You should write about 100 words neatly on Answer Sheet 2.

问答题Directions: You are preparing an opening remark at a discussion on "Books are our best friends." Your remark should cover: 1) the value of books and 2) what a good book may be. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions: On your way from Beijing to Paris, you lost your luggage carried by the airline. Write a complaint letter to the service center of the Airline. In your letter, you should tell them 1) what happened to your luggage, 2) what your luggage is like, 3) what compensation you expect. You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions: You were supposed to attend a conference yesterday but for some reason you could not go and failed to ask for leave of absence. Write a letter to John Smith, the manager of your company, explaining why and apologizing for your negligence of duty. Do not sign your own name. Sign "Wang Zhen" instead.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Studythefollowingpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayto1)describethepicture,2)deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepicture,3)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} Cheng Lin wants to apply for a new job. She asks her pre-supervisor, who is a department manager in Youda Trade Company, to write a letter of commendation. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.{{/I}}

问答题Directions: Now you are working as an apprentice in a working unit. Next week, you cannot go to work. Write a note to your manager, Mr. Li, asking for leave, stating your reason(s), and making an apology. Write your note with no less than 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the note; use "Li Ming" instead.

问答题You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

问答题{{B}}Directions{{/B}} Write a summary based on the follox4ing passage. You should write about 100 words. Remember to write clearly and use your own words as far as possible. It's very easy to acquire bad habits, such as eating too many sweets or too much food, or drinking too much fluid of any kind, or smoking. The more we do a thing, the more we tend to like doing it; and, if we do not continue to do it, we feel unhappy. This is called the Force of Habit, and the force of habit should be fought against. Things, which may be very good when only done from time to time, tend to become very harmful when done too often and too much. This applies even to such good things as work or rest. Some people form a bad habit of working too much, and others idling too much. The wise man always remembers that this is true about himself, and checks any bad habit. He says to himself, "I'm now becoming idle," or "I like too many sweets," or "I smoke too much," and then adds, "I will get myself out of this bad habit at once." One of the most widely spread bad habits is the use of tobacco. Tobacco is now smoked or chewed by men, often by women, and even by children, almost all over the world. It was brought into Europe from America by Walter Raleign four centuries ago, and has hence spread everywhere. I very much doubt whether there is any good in the habit, even when tobacco is not used to excess, and it is extremely difficult to get rid of the habit once it has been formed. Alcohol is taken in almost all cool and cold climates, and to a very much less extent in hot one. Thus, it is taken by people who live in the Himalaya Mountains, but not nearly so much by those who live in plains of India. Alcohol is not necessary in any way to anybody. Millions of people are beginning to do without it entirely; and once the United States of America has passed laws which forbid its manufacture or sale throughout the length and the breadth of their vast country. In hot countries it is not required by the people at all, and should be avoided by them altogether. The regular use of alcohol, even in small quantities, tends to cause mischief in many ways to various organs of the body. It affects the liver, weakens the mental powers, and lessens the general energy of the body.

问答题Tets of reaction times also seemed to back up the notion that the two hemispheres differed in their processing styles. A trick researchers use to ensure that an image goes to one hemisphere first, and then to the opposite side of the brain. (46) If the nature of the stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match up, then the person can respond slightly more quickly and accurately in identifying the local or global letter. Still more startling, researchers found that the same appears to hold for the brains of chimps (黑猩猩) and perhaps other primates (灵长类). (47) The assumption has always been that handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits—part of the great brain reorganization that allowed our ancestor to use tools, speak and perhaps even think rationally. But handedness is now widely claimed for primates and even birds, amphibians (两栖动物) and whales, and in the past few years, some psychologists have Tested chimps and baboons (狒狒) and suggested their two hemispheres also differ in processing style. (48) Now researchers have come to see the distinction between the two hemispheres as a subtle one of processing style, with every mental faculty shared across the brain, and each side contributing in a complementary, not exclusive, fashion. A smart brain became one that simultaneously grasped both the foreground and the background of the moment. The next problem was to work out exactly how the brain manages to product these two contrasting styles. Many researchers originally looked for the explanation in a simple wiring difference within the brain. This theory held that neurons (神经元) in the left cortex (脑皮质) might make sparser (稀少的), short-range connections with their neighbors, with cells on the other side would be more richly and widely connected. (49) The result would be that the representation of sensations and memories would be confined to smallish, discrete (离散的) areas in the left hemisphere, while exactly the same input to a corresponding area of the right side would form a sprawling even impressionistic, pattern of activity. Supporters of this idea argued that these structural differences would explain why left brain language areas are so good at precise resonation of words and word sequences while the right-brain seems to supply a wider sense of contest and meaning. A striking finding from some people who suffer right brain strokes is that they can understand the literal meaning of sentences—their left brain can still decode the words—but they can no longer get jokes or allusions. (50) Asked to explain even a common proverb, such as "a stitch in time saves nine", they can only say it must have something to do with sewing—an intact right brain is needed to make the more playful connections.

问答题In the past year, a lot has changed in the field of human spaceflight. (46)In January, President George Bush brushed aside the fact that America's entire space-shuttle fleet was grounded when he announced grandiose plans to put people back on the moon, and then to launch a manned mission to Mars. (47) In June, Burt Rutan, an American aeronautical engineer, showed that human spaceflight was no longer the preserve of governments by sending a man to the edge of space in Space Ship One, a privately financed vehicle that cost about the same to build as a luxury yacht. That was followed in September by Sir Richard Branson, the British entrepreneur behind the Virgin brand, announcing that he had signed a deal with Mr. Rutan to work on plans for a fleet of five suborbital vehicles developed from Space Ship One. (48) Now, in the dying days of the year, America's Congress has passed a bill that unravels a tangle about who would be responsible for regulating the fledgling industry, and under what terms. (49) The bill also allows passengers to fly, on the understanding that this new generation of vehicles may not be as safe as taking a commercial flight between, say, New York and London. The official line from Virgin Galactica, as Sir Richard's latest venture is modestly named, is that this coming change in the law makes no practical difference to the firm's plans, since they do not intend to fly unless they can make their spacecraft as safe as a private jet. But it must surely come as some sort of relief. In any case, Will Whitehorn, director of corporate affairs at Virgin's headquarters in London, and soon to become the president of Virgin Galactica, says that work is under way on a mock-up of the interior of a new spacecraft that will hold five passengers. (50) Virgin has already committed $20m towards licensing the SpaceShipOne technology from Mr. Rutan and his financial backer Paul Allen, a software billionaire.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethedrawing,theninterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

问答题Directions: A chemical plant should be responsible for the water pollution in a nearby river. Write a letter to the City Environment Protection Agency to 1) state the present situation, 2) suggest ways to deal with the problem and 3) express your sincere hope. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Studythefollowingsetofpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethepicturesbriefly,2)interprettheirintendedmeanings,and3)pointouttheirimplicationsinourlife.Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.