问答题Lie detectors are widely used in the United States to find out whether a person is telling the truth or not. 21 Polygraphers, the people who operate them, claim that they can establish guilt by detecting physiological changes that accompany emotional stress. The technique adopted is to ask leading questions such as: "Did you take the money?" or "Where did you hide the money?" mixed in with neutral questions, and measure the subject"s electrical resistance in the palm or changes in his breathing and heart rate. Such apparatus has obtained widespread recognition. Whether lie detectors will ever be adopted on a similar scale in Britain is still a matter of opinion. 22 At first sight, it appears obvious that any simple, reliable method of convicting guilty people is valuable, but recent research sponsored by the U.S. Office of Public Health not only raises doubts about how lie detectors should be used but also makes it questionable whether they should be employed at all. 23 The point is that, apart from many of the polygraphers being unqualified the tests themselves are by no means free from error, primarily because they discount human imagination and ingenuity. Think of all those perfectly innocent people, with nothing to be afraid of, who blush and stammer when a customs officer asks them if they have anything to declare. Fear, and a consequently heightened electrical response, may not be enough to establish guilt. It depends on whether the subject is afraid of being found out or afraid of being wrongfully convicted. 24 On the other hand, the person who is really guilty and whose past experience has prepared him for such tests can distort the results by anticipating the crucial questions or deliberately giving exaggerated responses to neutral ones! The success rate of up to 90% claimed for lie detectors is misleadingly attractive. If we refer such a figure to a company with 500 employees, twenty of whom are thieves, the lie detector could catch 18 of them but in doing so would place 32 innocent employees under suspicion. The problem for the management would therefore become one of deciding how much industrial unrest they are prepared to cause in order to eliminate theft. 25 What concerns research workers even more, of course, is the fact that a certain number of innocent people are bound to be convicted of crimes they have not committed.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160--200words.B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1.Describethedrawingandinterpretitsmeaning,2.Andpointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.

问答题Directions: You were knocked down by a taxi the other day; a passer-by sent you to the hospital. Write a letter to the person to express your gratitude. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address.

问答题The discovery last week of possible evidence of life on Mars has electrified debate over whether the universe is a barren void or a nursery pregnant with life. Scientists who have come stunningly close to repeating genesis, or the origin of life, in a test tube, say the building blocks for life exist everywhere. The challenge is putting them together. (46) "The origin of life is a relatively easy concept and there's a wide variety of conditions under which it will take place," said late Stanley Miller, a professor at the University of California and a pioneer in the field. "Perhaps the remarkable thing is that even though Mars is not a favorable environment, the origin of life took place. " Astronomers have found that the same gases present in our solar system are present throughout the universe. (47)Efforts to make microscopic life from these basic elements on Earth suggests the chance of life arising under similar circumstances is the same everywhere, say chemists, biologists and other experts. "It seems fairly likely that life similar to ours, if there is water available '" would evolve in other environments in our galaxy or our universe," said James Ferris, a leading researcher and editor of the journal "Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere." Underlying much of the research is the question.. Was the development of life on Earth unique, or did the universe's chemical elements naturally evolve into life? (48) The answer appears to be that at least the chemical reactions that set the stage for early life would be similar everywhere, but resultant living organisms would differ because of the genetic mutations in evolution. "If you've got the same starting materials and the same conditions, you're going to get the a me compounds, that's for sure," Miller said. "The real question is whether or not there are chance elements in the formation of life." (49) In a 1953 experiment, Miller mixed basic gases approximating the Earth's early atmosphere with an electric charge inside a glass chamber and produced amino acids, a primitive building block of life. He then suggested that life was a natural evolution. It seemed that science was on the verge of conjuring up creations in the laboratory, but the next 43 years were to present unexpected challenges. (50) "Making the amino acids made it seem like the rest of the steps would be very easy; it's turned out to be more difficult than I thought it would be," Miller said in an interview.

问答题Directions:Title: The Importance of Science and Technology in Modern LifeOutline:1. Science and technology are necessary nowadays.2. Many changes in people's life caused by the development of science and technology.3. Science and technology also play an important role in our socialist construction.You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Our daily existence is divided into two phases, as distinct as day and night. We call them work and play. We work many hours a day and we allow the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping. 46) The rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations, an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure, but spend them in various forms of passive enjoyment or entertainment. We need to make, therefore, a hard-and-fast distinction not only between work and play but, equally, between active play and passive entertainment. 47) It is, I suppose, the decline of active play — of amateur sport — and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which have given rise to a sociological interest in the problem . If the greater part of the population, instead of indulging in sport, spend their hours of leisure "viewing" television programs, there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. In addition, we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. 48) There is, if we are optimistic, the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who have seen them. 49) It is only when entertainment is active, participated in, practiced, that it can properly be called play, and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work, and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work. Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living. Some of us work physically, tilling the land, minding the machines, digging the coal; others work mentally, keeping accounts, inventing machines, teaching and preaching, managing and governing. 50) There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations, except that they consume our time, and leave us little leisure.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayof160-200words.Inyouressayyoushould1)describethepicturesbriefly,2)interpretthemeaningofthepictures,and3)giveyourcomment.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Increasingly over the past ten years, people—especially young people—have become aware of the need to change their eating habits because much of the food they eat, particularly processed food, is not good for the health. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers widely used in farming today. Natural foods, for example, are vegetables, fruit and grain which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount—but not the quality—of foods grown in commercial farming areas. Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures. Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry, there are battery farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food, they also produce eggs which lack important vitamins. There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet. Take, for example, the question of sugar. This is actually a nonessential food! Although a natural alternative, such as honey, can be used to sweeten food if this is necessary, we can in fact do without it. It is true that sugar has grown steadily over the last two centuries and in Britain today each person consumes an average of 200 pounds (90kg) a year! Yet all it does is to provide us with energy, in the form of calories. There are no vitamins in it, no minerals and no fiber. It is significant that nowadays fiber is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example, the fiber has been removed. But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare. Hence the emphasis is placed on the eating of whole-meal bread and more vegetables by modern experts on "healthy eating".

问答题{{B}}Directions.{{/B}} A recruitment drive for 100,000 Olympic volunteers, which aims to help the Chinese and foreigners get involved in the 2008 Games, was officially launched in Beijing last month. You intend to apply for certain positions, and now write a letter the recruitment office, showing your motivation and stating your eligibility for the requirements. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题 Directions: You were invited to a gathering in Mary's house, but you forgot it and didn't show up. Write a letter to Mary to 1)apologize and explain why you were absent, 2)and send an invitation back for forgiveness. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use 'Li Ming' instead.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Write an essay of 160--200 words based on the following topic. {{B}} My Ideal Future Job{{/B}} In your essay, you should 1) state clearly what your ideal future job is, 2) illustrate why you would like to take this job, and 3) draw a nature conclusion to your essay. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题 In the span of 18 months, Isaac Newton invented calculus, constructed a theory of optics, explained how gravity works and discovered his laws of motion. As a result, 1665 and the early months of 1666 are termed his annus mirabilis. (46) {{U}}It was a sustained sprint of intellectual achievement that no one thought could ever be equaled.{{/U}} But in a span of a few years just before 1900, it all began to unravel. One phenomenon after another was discovered which could not be explained by the laws of classical physics. (47) {{U}}The theories of Newton, and of James Clerk Maxwell who followed him in the mid-19th century by crafting a more comprehensive account of electromagnetism, were in trouble.{{/U}} Then, in 1905, a young patent clerk named Albert Einstein found the way forward. In five remarkable papers, he showed that atoms are real (it was still controversial at the time), presented his special theory of relativity, and put quantum theory on its feet. It was a different achievement from Newton's year, but Einstein's annus mirabilis was no less remarkable. He did not, like Newton, have to invent entirely new forms of mathematics. However, he had to revise notions of space and time fundamentally. (48) {{U}}And unlike Newton, who did not publish his results for nearly 20 years, so obsessed was he with secrecy and working out the details, Einstein released his papers one after another, as a fusillade of ideas.{{/U}} For Einstein, it was just a beginning--he would go on to create the general theory of relativity and to pioneer quantum mechanics. While Newton came up with one system for explaining the world, Einstein thus came up with two. Unfortunately, his discoveries-- relativity and quantum theory contradict one another. Both cannot be true everywhere, although both are remarkably accurate .in their respective domains of the very large and the very small. Einstein would spend the last years of his life attempting to reconcile the two theories, and failing. (49){{U}} But then, no one else has succeeded in fixing the problems either, and Einstein was perhaps the one who saw them most clearly.{{/U}} When Einstein was awarded a Nobel prize, in 1921, it was for the first of his papers of 1905, which proved the existence of photons--particles of light. (50){{U}} Up until that paper, completed on March 17th and published in Annalen der Physik (as were the other 1905 papers), light had been supposed to be a wave, since this explains the interference patterns created when it passes through a grating.{{/U}} Einstein, however, began from a different premise, by considering the so called "black-body experiment".

问答题亲爱的先生： 我在今天的《西安晚报》上看到贵公司招聘电气技术员的广告，有兴趣申请到贵公司工作。 如蒙惠寄更为详细资料、告之空缺职务、贵公司拟付薪水及录用条件，我将不胜感激。可否请同时惠告贵公司对资历的要求? 期盼回复。 此致 敬礼 西安高等专科学校电气工程系(210053) 李明 2000年7月19日 2000/7/19 Dear sirs, I saw _____________in today's Xi'an Evening and ________________with you. I would be grateful if____________ of the jobs available, the rates of Could you also let me know_____________. _____________ Yours faithfully Li Ming

问答题The long and progressive reign of Queen Victoria came to a climax at a time of peace and plenty when the British Empire seemed to be at the summit of its power and security. Of the discord that soon followed we shall here note only two factors which had large influence on contemporary English literature. The first disturbing factor was imperialism, the reawakening of a dominating spirit which had seemingly been put to sleep by the proclamation of an Imperial Federation. (46) Its coming was heralded by the Boer War in South Africa, through which Britain blundered to what was hoped to be an era of peace and good will. Other nations promptly made such hope a vain whistling in the wind. Japanese War Lords began a career of conquest which aimed to make Japan master of Asia and East Indies. Pacific islands that had for ages slept peacefully were turned into frowning naval stations. (47) Even the United States, aroused by an easy triumph in the Spanish War, started on an imperialistic adventure by taking 'control of the Philippines, thus making an implacable enemy of Japan. Only a nation that enters on a dangerous course with eyes wide open has any chance of a safe way out, and the imperialistic nations were all alike blind. (48) An inevitable result was the First War and the great horror of a Second World War, the two disasters being different acts of the same tragedy of imperialism, separated only by a breathing spell. Another factor that influenced literature for the worse was a widespread demand for social reform of every kind; not slow and orderly reform, which is progress, but immediate and uncontrolled reform, which breeds a spirit of rebellion and despair. Before the Victorian age had come to an end, English literature appeared to have lost touch with healthy English life. Many writers echoed the sorrowful cry of James Thomson in his City of Dreadful Night, or babbled of "art for art's sake" with Oscar Wilde. (49) Groom, in his survey of the period, notes that writers had mostly a critical attitude toward morals and religion, Church and State, as relics from "the dead hand of traditional beliefs." (50) Small wonder that German and Japanese war-advocates regarded Englishmen as a decadent race when the same or a worse opinion was daily read in the novels of Samuel Butler and nightly heard in the plays of Bernard Shaw.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} Last Sunday, you ate at a restaurant and found a fly in one of the dishes you ordered. Write a letter of complaint to the manager of the restaurant and offer your suggestions on this problem. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.{{/I}}

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} After being involved in an accident, you were looked after by another person. Write a special letter to express your thanks. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You made a travel with a travel agency a few days ago and you were disappointed with its service. Write a letter to the related department to: 1) complain about their bad service; 2) prompt your suggestions. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Writeanessayof160-.200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)advanceyourcounter-measures.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)