问答题Directions: Your neighbor often plays records so loudly deep into the night. Write a note to convey your complaint. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.

问答题Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. It is the inner working of own brains that we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation but, custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is other way around. (46) Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how unusual and abnormal. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of fist-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest. No man ever looks at the world with primitive and unchanged eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. (47) Even in his philosophical probing(探测术) he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which we can affect traditional Custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular(本国的)of his family. (48) When one seriously studies the social orders that have the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. (49) The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. (50) Every child that is born into his group will share them with him and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem which is more responsible for us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.

问答题Directions: Write a poster to your schoolmates, informing them of a new book to be released. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题You come into the world with nothing, the saying goes. A new campaign proposes to change that by giving every newborn child in the world an online bank account with $100 in it. The aim of the Financial Access@ Birth (FAB) campaign is to do something about the fact that half the world"s population has no access to mainstream financial services. 1 This is a huge handicap, exposing people who are typically already on the poverty line to risks that wealthier folk can manage through savings or insurance, and leaving them to be blackmailed by unregistered moneylenders. The campaign is the brainchild of Bhagwan Chowdhry, a finance professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, and is starting to attract some prominent supporters, including Peter Singer, a well-known philosopher, and Vijay Mahajan, an Indian social entrepreneur. 2 FAB fits perfectly together with another big idea: an effort being led by Nandan Nilekani, an outsourcing tycoon turned government minister, to provide every Indian with a legal proof of identity in the form of an electronic smart card. 3 The prospect of a bank account with $100 in it—this initial amount would be untouchable until the child"s 16th birthday—would encourage parents to register their newborn babies. The account could then be used by governments or charities to make direct payments, to fund things like the child"s education or health care. Opening accounts for babies has been tried before, but only in rich countries such as Britain, Canada and South Korea, where its potential impact is far smaller. 4 Mr. Chowdhury expects the parents of the richest 35m children born each year voluntarily to give up the free money, which would leave accounts for the other 100m newborns born each year to be funded. The campaign proposes that national governments each donate one-fiftieth of one percent of GDP to cover the estimated $10 billion annual cost. That is still a tough deception in today"s economic climate: 5 one issue to be thoroughly discussed is whether the accounts have to be funded at birth, or whether the money needs to arrive only when the child turns 16. But governments are not the only potential donors. The idea sounds perfect for banks, which would gain a potentially lucrative army of future customers and could polish up their battered images at the same time.

问答题As civilization proceeds in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying ai1 the basic essentials of life--food, shelter, clothes, and warmth. 46) Then we either raise our standard of living above the necessary for comfort and happiness or leave it at this level and work shorter hours. Mankind has probably chosen the latter alternative. Men will be working shorter and shorter hours in their paid employment. And the great majority of the housewives will wish to be relieved completely of the routine operations of the home such as washing the clothes or washing up. 47) By far the most logical step to relieve the housewife of routine is to provide a robot slave which can be trained to meet the requirements of a particular home and can be programmed to carry out half a dozen or more standard operations, when so switched by the housewife. 48) It will be a machine having no more emotions than a car, but having a memory for instructions and a limited degree of instructed or built-in adaptability according to the positions in which it finds various types of objects. It will operate other more specialized machines, for example, the vacuum cleaner or clothes-washing machine. There are no problems in the production of such a domestic robot to which we do not have already the glimmering of a solution. When I have discussed this kind of device with housewives, some 90 percent of them have the immediate reaction, "How soon can I buy one?" The other 10 percent have the reaction, "I would be terrified to have it moving about my house. " 49) But when one explains to them that it could be switched off or unplugged or stopped without the slightest difficulty, or made to go and put itself away in a cupboard at any time, they quickly realize that it is a highly desirable object. 50) Now it is generally recognized that there is no greater pleasure than to go to bed in the evening and know that the washing up is being done downstairs after one is asleep. Most families are now delighted, no doubt, to have a robot slave doing all the downstairs housework after they were in bed at night.

问答题Dr. Norman Rosenthal, a psychiatrist in the Washington area and an expert on depression and anger, when reviewing the driver who kept threatening me says, drivers who repeatedly tailgate (紧跟着某车驾驶),trying to pressure the cars in front to move faster or get out of the way, "are always sitting on their arteries," which constricts in response to stress hormones that spew forth from their adrenal 46)It is hard to say whether rage is now more common than it used to be or we are simply now more aware of it. given high-profile cases like mass shootings by children and evidence that chronically angry people endanger their health, their lobs and their personal relationships. For example, in a 25-year follow-up study of University of North Carolina medical students, Dr. John Barefoot, now at Duke, found that those who scored highest in hostility on a standard personality rest were nearly five rimes as likely to die of heart disease as their less hostile classmates. 47)Certainly pressures built into many modern lives—urban, suburban and rural— give many opportunities for latent anger to erupt. But that does not mean frequent hostile outbursts are either inevitable or productive. As Dr. Rosenthal wrote, "In most everyday situations we are more likely to pay a greater price for losing our temper than for not getting our licks in quickly enough." The advice to count to 10, and if you're still angry, count to 100 before you take any action, is far from an old wife's tale. Dr. Rosenthal said the driver threatening me appeared to attribute hostile motives to other people. In his mind I deliberately made his life difficult and he was determined to teach me a lesson. Furthermore, he said, common misperceptions often fuel anger. Some people, especially those who are depressed, see hostility where it does not exist. 48)They believe—Incorrectly—that others feel hostile or critical toward them and tend to defend themselves, in the process actually provoking hostility and a vicious cycle of anger 49)Others operate from a misperception that the world should be other than it is and become enraged when disturbed by the ordinary hassles and inconveniences of everyday life—an airport delay, a traffic jam, a person who breaks into a line. Dr. Rosenthal told of a friend who was often angered by long red lights and whose wife "minds him gently that the red light doesn"t care, so he might as well save his fury." 50)The psychiatrist noted that "it is easier to change your expectations and recognize that life is often neither fair nor easy than it is to change the world." Sometimes chemical influences-'-like excessive caffeine, steroids, diet drugs and antidepressants--foster irritability. If medications may be contributing to your anger, discuss this possibility with your physician.

问答题Directions: You have just received a short message from your father informing that your mother is very ill and you want to ask for one week's leave. Write a note (便笺) to your Office Head Mr. Wang about it. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the note. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on Answer Sheet 2. For the first time in decades, doctors have begun making major changes in the treatment of lung cancer, based on research proving that chemotherapy can significantly lengthen life for many patients for whom it was previously thought to be useless. The shift in care applies to about 50,000 people a year in the United States who have early cases of the most common form of the disease, non-small-cell lung cancer, and whose tumors are removed by surgery. (46) {{U}}Many of these patients, who just a few years ago would have been treated with surgery alone, are now being given chemotherapy as well, just as it is routinely given after surgery for breast or colon (结肠)cancer.{{/U}} The new approach has brightened a picture that was often bleak. "The benefit is at least as good, and maybe better than in the other cancers," said Dr. John Minna, a lung cancer expert and research director at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. He said new discoveries were helping to eliminate doctors' "nihilistic" attitudes about chemotherapy for lung cancer. "The standard of care has changed," said Dr. Christopher G. Azzoli, a lung cancer specialist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. (47) {{U}}A major impetus for the change came a year ago, when two studies presented at a cancer conference showed marked increases in survival in patients who received adjuvant (辅助的)chemotherapy, meaning the drugs were given after surgery.{{/U}} In one study of 482 patients in Canada and the United States, led by Dr. Timothy Winton, a surgeon from the University of Alberta, 69 percent of patients who had surgery and chemotherapy were still alive five years later, as compared with 54 percent who had just surgery. The patients were given a combination of two drugs, cisplatin and vinorelbine, once a week for 16 weeks. In the world of lung cancer research, a survival difference of 15 percentage points is enormous. (48) {{U}}Overall, the patients given chemotherapy lived 94 months, versus 73 months in those who had only surgery--also a huge difference in a field in which a treatment is hailed as a success if it gives patients even three or four extra months.{{/U}} A second study, also announced at the conference last year, had similar findings, and so did a third, presented just a month ago at the annual meeting of the same cancer group, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, At major medical centers, doctors quickly began to put the results into practice. (49) {{U}}"The findings were so stunning from these studies a year ago that they began to change the standard of care," said Dr. Pasi Janne, a lung cancer specialist at the-Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. {{/U}}"Over the last year, the number of patients we've had referred here for adjuvant chemotherapy has gone up steadily." (50) {{U}}But some doctors hesitated to make changes, Dr. Winton said, wanting first to see the studies published in a medical journal, which would mean the data had stood up to the scrutiny(仔细的检查) of editors and expert reviewers.{{/U}} Now, his study has become the first of the three to pass that test. It is being published today in The New England Journal of Medicine, along with an editorial by Dr. Katherine M. S. Pisters, a lung cancer specialist at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.

问答题Outline:1. We may have some bad habits that we are ashamed of.2. To get rid of a bad habit, we have, first of all, to come to realize how bad it really is.3. To get rid of a bad habit, we also need courage and determination.4. However, we should never stop trying to get rid of bad habits.

问答题Every immigrant leads a double life. Every immigrant has a double identity and a double vision, being suspended between an old and a new home, an old and a new self. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}The very notion of a new home, of course, is in a sense as impossible as the notion of new parents: parents are who they are; home is what it is.{{/U}} Yet home, like parentage, must be legitimized through love; otherwise, it is only a fact of geography or biology.{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Most immigrants to America found their love of their old homes betrayed: They did not really abandon their countries; their countries abandoned them, and in America, they found the possibility of a new love, the chance to nurture new selves.{{/U}} Not uniformly, not without exceptions. Every generation has its Know-Nothing movement. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Its understandable fear and hatred of alien invasion is as true today as it always was, but in spite of all this, the American attitude remains unique{{/U}}. Throughout history, exile has been a calamity; America turned it into a triumph and placed its immigrants in the center of a national epic. The epic is possible because America is an idea as much as it is a country.{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}America has nothing to do with loyalty to a dynasty and very little to do with loyalty to a particular place, but everything to do with loyalty to a set of principles{{/U}}. To immigrants, those principles are especially real because so often they were absent or violated in their native lands. It was no accident in the '60s and '70s, when alienation was in flower, that it often seemed to be "native" Americans who felt alienated, while aliens or the children of aliens upheld the native values. "Home is where you are happy." Sentimental, perhaps, and certainly not conventionally patriotic, but is appropriate for a country that wrote the pursuit of happiness into its founding document. That pursuit continues for the immigrant in America, and it never stops, but it comes to rest at a certain moment. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}The moment occurs perhaps when the immigrant's double life and double vision converge toward a single state of mind, when the old life, the old home fade into a certain unreality: places one merely visits, practicing the tourism of memory{{/U}}. It occurs when the immigrant learns his ultimate lesson: above all countries, America, if loved, returns love.

问答题It is difficult to see how one can teach if one is not learning. But there are some distinctions to be made here. To rely on last year's notes, or -- even worse -- one's last year's memory, as if that would always be an adequate basis for passing on knowledge, is to mistake what human knowledge is. 46. And so the assimilation of books, the reading of articles, the pursuit of matters of concern will be crucial to one's ability to introduce and develop a student's ability to participate in a specific universe of discourse. Research might be thought to be another matter especially if it is defined as adding to the sum total of human knowledge. 47. The expansion of higher education which has taken place, and more particularly the expansion which is likely to take place, simply makes it unlikely that all those who are legitimately involved in the teaching and who fulfill their responsibilities utterly in that regard, are themselves all capable of adding anything worth having to the sum total of human knowledge. It seems best, therefore, not to assume it, and not to presume what in principle is undeliverable. On the other hand, an institution of higher education which is not committed as a community to research will be defective. 48. The limit of what we know must be apparent, the means and opportunities of inquiry must be understood, the value of research shared, even if it is only some members of a department, a faculty or an institution who are actually engaged in it. Scholarship is for all; research for those who are most adept. 49. Of course, a proper celebration of the role of teaching and the art of the teacher will help to put fight the very serious disparity of esteem which is affecting our judgment in this area. But all this has implications for staff development. The distribution of resources by the institution will be a judgment on its moral perspective. So the identification and support of ways in which teaching can be improved, will be as important as the development of research in the life of an academic community. 50. Something significant is done by the support of scholarship, by financing attendance at conferences; but attention to teaching styles and learning strategies through courses, discussion, visiting lectures, schools, may all be as important.

问答题Man first appeared on earth about 2 million years ago. Then he was little more than an animal; but early man had a big advantage over the animals. He had in his brain special groups of nerve cells, not present in animals, that enabled him to invent a language and use it to communicate with his fellow men. 46) This ability to speak was of great value because it allowed men to share ideas, and to plan together, so that tasks impossible for a single person could be successfully undertaken by intelligent team-work . Speech also enabled ideas to be passed on from generation to generation so that the stock of human knowledge slowly increased. It was this special ability that put men far ahead of other living creatures in the struggle for existence. 47) He mastered darkness first with dim lights and later with brighter and brighter lamps, until he can now make for himself so dazzling a light with an arc lamp that, like the sun, it is too strong for his naked eyes. 48) Man found that his own muscles were too weak for the work which he wanted to do; he explored many other forms of power until now he has his hands on the ultimate source of physical energy, the nuclear power . From man"s earliest days the flight of birds has raised his wonder and desire. Why should he not fly as they did? Then he began to experiment. At last he learnt how to make the right machines to carry him through the air. Now he can fly faster than sound. Already he has plans for conquering space, and a series of experiments has been completed. 49) It will not be long now before man takes a giant step away from his planet and visits the moon, learning what it is like to have no weight to his body, no upward direction and no downward. Man, always a wanderer, has to overcome the difficulty of adapting himself to different climates. 50) Fortunately, in spite of having no thick skin or warm fur to protect him, he is peculiarly strong compared with other living creatures, most of whom are unable to live far outside the region that suits them best.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. The teaching of English as a second language (ESL) in schools has had a history of conflicting arguments, interesting innovations and some very positive methodological changes. To understand the present situation, it is necessary to consider the past and the wider educational context which has a hearing on it. Until quite recently, approaches to ESL work have been strongly influenced by methods developed to teach English as a foreign language to older learners. These methods placed much emphasis on drills, exercises and remedial programs that focus on language in abstraction. 46) {{U}}The prescriptive nature of such methods and the demands they made on the teacher's time developed the belief that ESL work could be tackled only by the specialist ESL teacher working with small groups of children.{{/U}} Such an approach does not fit comfortably into current notions of learning and teaching in the primary school, nor does it sufficiently equip ESL learners in the secondary school to benefit from normal schooling. 47) {{U}}In prescribing what language is to be taught, it has ignored what children bring to the learning task and the choices they make about how and what they want to learn.{{/U}} Furthermore, the location and organization of language provision did not measure up to the demand. 48){{U}}The language centers and English language services all contributed to providing special and concentrated teaching of English as a second language in small groups, varying in size from four or five to fifteen.{{/U}} Whatever the pattern of provision, the main aim was to give pupils sufficient English to enable them to join normal schools as quickly as possible. The success of such special provision depended very much on the close and constant liaison of language teachers with the subject teachers and the class teachers and on the continuity of learning experiences provided by them. 49){{U}}One of the important disadvantages of language centers and withdrawal groups was that ESL children were being taught away from those English -speakers who provide the most powerful models, i. e. their peer group.{{/U}} Peer-group interaction is an important element in any learning situation, but its particular strengths in a classroom with ESL learners cannot be overemphasized. 50) {{U}}The separation of second language learners from the mainstream classroom cannot easily be justified on educational grounds, since in practice it leads to both their curriculum and language learning being impoverished. {{/U}}{{B}}Notes:{{/B}} context 环境。bear on 对......有影响，关系到...... 。例如：I don't see how this bears on the matter. (我不明白这一点与那些事的关系。)liaison n. 联结。liaison of A with A与B之间的联系。

问答题Directions: Your friend David has experienced a typhoon. Write a letter to: 1) express your concerns, 2) send your wishes. 3) offer your assistance, and You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawing,2)analyzethepurposeofthepainterand3)stateyourposition.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.