问答题Directions:Title: The Teacher-Student RelationshipOutline:1. A good teacher-student relationship benefits both teaching and learning.2. A teacher's behaviour is important for the establishment of a good teacher-student relationship.3. What should a student do for the establishment of a good teacher-student relationship?You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Directions:Read the following text carefully and the translate the underlines segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. {{U}}{{U}} 1 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}It has long been suspected that only a minority of cancer cells can seed new trumours, and now the theory has finally been confirmed{{/U}}. The discovery promises to open up new avenues for developing more effective cancer therapies. In 1997, it was found that only a small subset of cancer cells taken from patients with acute leukemia can cause the disease when injected into mice. {{U}}{{U}} 2 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Intriguingly, these cells, identified by Dominique Bonnet and John Dick at the University of Toronto in Canada, were similar to the stem cells found in bone marrow that mature into blood and immune cells{{/U}}. But no such cells had ever been discovered in solid tumors such as breast cancer. Now Michael Clarke and his colleagues at the University of Michigan Medical School in Ann Arbor have found them. {{U}}{{U}} 3 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}The team started by implanting tiny pieces of brest cancer tissue from nine women into the breats of female mice with weakened immune system{{/U}}. All the mice eventually developed tumours. The researchers then made up suspensions of cells taken from the tumours and injected them into mice. The suspensions contained all the cell types found in the tumour. When the mice were injected with 5000 or more cells, they caused cancer every time. But when just 1000 cells were injected, only a quarter of the mice developed tumors. This must mean that there were not enough of the cancer-causing cells in the smaller samples to initiate a tumor, Clarke reasoned. {{U}}{{U}} 4 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}To zero in on the tumor-making cells, his team sorted the different cells types by using antibodies that attached to different proteins on their cell surfaces{{/U}}. They then injected the separate cell types into mice. Clarke's team found that many cell types did not cause cancer at all. But tumours were consistently produced by as few as 200 cells of a type that expressed surface proteins called CD (44) and EAS and were deficient in a protein called CD(24). {{U}}{{U}} 5 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}"This small number of cells is able to give rise to a tumour just as rapidly as 50,000 unsorted cells, " says Clarke, whose findings will be published in a future issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences{{/U}}. The tumors produced by these rare cells contained the entire gamut of cells found in the original cancerous tissue, including those incapable of forming new tumors. This suggests that, like stem cells, they can make many different cell types. The cells are similar to epithelial stem cells, which also express CD (44) and ESA on their surfaces. "This has huge implications for therapeutics, " says Clarke. "We can figure out how to target these cells." Bbonnet, who now works for Cancer Research UK, calls the work "seminal".

问答题Directions: Write a letter to your general manager Mr. David, telling him that you"ve decided to quit the job as a secretary in the company. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题(46) The determination of the sources of copper ore used in the manufacture of copper and bronze artifacts of Bronze Age civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge of cultural contacts and trade in that era when preliminary industry was on the horizon. Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects. Elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic. And high concentrations of cobalt or zinc noticed in some artifacts, appear in a variety of copper-ore sources. Moreover, the processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes in the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the resulting metal. Some elements evaporate during smelting and roasting; different temperatures and processes produce different degrees of loss. (47) Finally, flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add to the final product quantities of elements that are mixed together with copper. An elemental property that is unchanged through these chemical processes is the isotopic composition of each metallic element in the ore. Isotopic composition, the percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore. (48) Of course, for this purpose it is necessary to find an element whose elemental composition is more or less constant throughout a given ore body, but varies from one copper ore body to another or, at least, from one geographic region to another. The ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used to investigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copper itself. It has been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper. However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found. (49) An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (50) While some of the lead found in an artifact may have been introduced from flux or when other metals were added to the copper ore, lead so added in Bronze Age processing would usually have the same composition as the lead found in the copper ore. Lead isotope studies may thus prove useful for interpreting the archaeological record of the Bronze Age.

问答题When the Vikings invaded Great Britain, they did more than slaughter the population, ransack the cities and scorch the earth. They also left substantial influence on the English language words like slaughter, ransack and scorch. (46)Now, a single word in an ancient manuscript has led a U. S. linguist to conclude that the influence of the Norse on the English language may have come as much as a century earlier than most scholars had thought. The find came when English professor Jonathan Evans of the University of Georgia was reading a passage to his Old English class from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and a Norse word, theora, jumped out at him. The 1122 text, according to generations of scholars, was supposed to be too early to contain evidence of Danish influence on Old English. (47)But the fact that the text used the Nordic form of "their" rather than the Old English hiera or heora, suggested that Norsemen and their English hosts were not only living side-by-side in England's East Midlands but also were in "frequent, peaceful communication", Evans contends. "I thought I had made a mistake," when he first saw the word, he said. "There it was, sitting there in plain sight. Nobody saw this Danish word sitting there. I kept it quiet because I thought I made a mistake." But he was urged to investigate by a visiting Danish scholar, Hans Nielsen. (48)So Evans spent several years pursuing a hunch that a Roman Catholic monk slipped into the local dialect while copying out the ancient historical work for his monastery. If so, that suggests to Evans that Norse and West-Saxon dialects of Old English had mingled significantly by the 12th century if not earlier. The result of Evans' research is a paper, recently published in the journal North-Western European Language Evolution. (49)His paper puts forth the theory that the monk's use of the Norse word is the first datable example in English of Scandinavian-derived plural pronouns, antecedents of the modern English words they, them, and their. (50)" This is a footnote in a much more well-known story—the story of Scandinavian borrowings in the English language." said Evans, who can read texts in Danish, French, Old English and Old Icelandic. "It's going to be interesting to see how other scholars view this discovery but I think I've made my case for it./

问答题Outline:1. Pollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world.2. People are showing a growing concern over the problem.3. Fortunately, measures have been taken to cope with the situation.

问答题Going to the ballpark, visiting friends and playing bingo are simple diversions for many of us. But for the elderly, these social pastimes may play a critical role in preserving their physical and mental health. (46) In fact, a new study suggests that the less time older people spend engaged in social activity, the faster their motor function tends to decline. "Everybody in their 60s, 70s and 80s is walking more slowly than they did when they were 25," says Dr. Aron Buchman, a neurologist at the Rush University Medical Center in Chicago and leading author of the study, which was published in the June 22nd issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine. (47) "Our study shows the connection between social activity and motor function--and opens up a whole new universe of how we might intervene. " (48) An increasing body of evidence has suggested that participating in mentally stimulating activity, socializing frequently and exercising may help protect against age-related decline-at least cognitive decline. As early as 1995, neuroscientist Carl Cotman, who studies aging and dementia at the University of California at Irvine, published a paper in Nature showing that physical exercise produces a protein that helps keep neurons from dying and spurs the formation of new neural connections in the brain. (49) More recently, Cotman demonstrated in studies of elderly dogs and mice that enriching their social environment is associated with improvement in brain function. Researchers are also finding that social activity may be linked to the same protective effect in people. A recent study of 2 500 adults ages 70 to 79, published in the journal Neurology, found that those who were able to stay mentally sharp were also those who exercised once a week or more, had at least a ninth grade literacy level and were socially active. While further research needs to be done to establish the exact impact of social activity and exercise on specific age-related declines (50) it"s likely that a reduction in social activity may simply be a symptom of physical decline, since people may naturally withdraw from social engagement as they lose motor skills -most researchers would agree that it is not unreasonable to encourage seniors to get out there more. Only 10% of people over 65 get the recommended amount of exercise (at least 2. 5 to 5 hours a week), and given that seniors already tend to be more socially isolated than younger adults, it"s difficult to motivate them to become more active. "If you are alone, you are less likely to follow recommendations," notes Verghese. It might help, though, if you visit Grandma more often and let her know that a regular pastime may just help her stay fitter and sharper longer.

问答题Your should write no less than 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. When the Vikings invaded Great Britain, they did more than slaughter the population, ransack the cities and scorch the earth. They also left substantial influence on the English language words like slaughter, ransack and scorch. (46) {{U}}Now, a single word in an ancient manuscript has led a U. S. linguist to conclude that the influence of the Norse on the English language may have come as much as a century earlier than most scholars had thought.{{/U}} The find came when English professor Jonathan Evans of the University of Georgia was reading a passage to his Old English class from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and a Norse word, theora, jumped out at him. The 1122 text, according to generations of scholars, was supposed to be too early to contain evidence of Danish influence on Old English. (47) {{U}}But the fact that the text used the Nordic form of "their" rather than the Old English hiera or heora, suggested that Norsemen and their English hosts were not only living side-by-side in England's East Midlands but also were in "frequent, peaceful communication", Evans contends.{{/U}} "I thought I had made a mistake," when he first saw the word, he said. "There it was, sitting there in plain sight. Nobody saw this Danish word sitting there. I kept it quiet because I thought I made a mistake. ' But he was urged to investigate by a visiting Danish scholar, Hans Nielsen. (48) {{U}}So Evans spent several years pursuing a hunch that a Roman Catholic monk slipped into the local dialect while copying out the ancient historical work for his monastery.{{/U}} If so, that suggests to Evans that Norse and West-Saxon dialects of Old English had mingled significantly by the 12th century if not earlier. The result of Evans' research is a paper, recently published in the journal North-Western European Language Evolution. (49) {{U}}His parer puts forth the theory that the monk's use of the Norse word is the first datable example in English of Scandinavian-derived plural pronouns, antecedents of the modern English words "they, them", and "their".{{/U}} (50) {{U}}"This is a footnote in a much more well-known story--the story of Scandinavian borrowings in the English language. ' said Evans, who can read texts in Danish, French, Old English and Old Icelandic.{{/U}} "It's going to be interesting to see how other scholars view this discovery but I think I've made my case for it."

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Study the two pictures above carefully and write an essay entitled "On Education of China". In the essay, you should (1) describe the pictures; (2) interpret their meaning; (3) give your opinion about the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题 One of the most fashionable treatments for disease, gene therapy, has so far made little headway in tackling one of the most modish of illnesses, AIDS and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes it. 46. {{U}}The idea of gene-therapy treatment for HIV/AIDS would be to create a gene that, when placed in an infected person, would make all of the offspring of the cell into which it was inserted resistant to the virus.{{/U}} Even if the virus continued to destroy the patient's immune cells, new ones that could not be infected would replace them. Eventually, the disease would no longer threaten the health of the patient. A first step towards this has been achieved by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania and VIRXSYS, a biotechnology firm based near Baltimore. 47.{{U}} Rather than inserting a gene directly, they removed the immune cells from people and replaced them with versions that had been modified to resist the virus. {{/U}}The results were published in this week's issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The team treated five infected patients who had not responded to at least two different programmes of treatment using conventional anti-retroviral drugs. They removed from each patient's blood the cells called "helper T-cells" that would normally mobilise the immune response to the virus. 48. {{U}}These were purified and stuffed with a form of HIV that had been altered to carry a mirror image or "antisense" version of a molecule that enables it to multiply. {{/U}}This genetic fiddling disrupted the reproduction of the virus inside infected cells. Such a small experiment was designed merely to establish whether the approach was safe. But the researchers were pleasantly surprised to find that the number of viruses in each patient dropped. This suggests that the treatment was tackling the disease effectively in difficult patients for whom conventional drugs had failed. 49. {{U}}According to Carl June of the University of Pennsylvania, their immune systems responded "as if they were on a vaccine" and it appeared as though their bodies were "vaccinating themselves" against HIV.{{/U}} The researchers are now moving to the next phase of study, which will involve more patients, including those whose disease is in its early stages. 50. {{U}}If later trials confirm the early positive results, this approach could prove a useful complement to existing drugs or a future vaccine -- and may even replace them.{{/U}}