翻译题 46 Technology has made it easy to cross national frontiers physically, but there has been no invention of new mental habits to enable people to cope with foreigners in a new way. For that to happen, the habits of tourists will have to alter. The hidden god of travel is still Karl Baedeker, even though he died in 1859. His guidebooks have a permanent pattern, making travel essentially a matter of sightseeing, looking at places rather than at people. 47 His achievement was to find sights that could be guaranteed to be there all the time, to be clearly identifiable, dated and classified according to the amount of admiration they deserved. He made visits to old monuments and to art museums--the staple diet of the traveler, drawing attention away from the living inhabitants. To this day, tourism is a course in history, architecture, aesthetics, and the appreciation of hotels and food. 48 The cult of 'sights' has grown so much that most foreign (organized) travel involves virtually no contact with the natives, beyond those who specialize in catering for tourists. The business traveler tends to meet mainly people in his own profession. How different from the itinerary of a modern package holiday is this program, drawn up by an Englishman, Sir Francis Head, in 1852, before the guide books told tourists what to do. In Paris, he visited the municipal pawnshop, the asylum for blind youths, where Braille, still unknown in England, was being used, a prison, an orphanage for abandoned children, the Salpetriere old people's home, the morgue, the national printing works, the military academy, the national assembly, the public laundry, and finally he attended/he lectures at the Conservatory for Arts and Crafts. The rise of bureaucratic officialdom soon stopped that kind of curiosity; but perhaps today a new openness will allow it to express itself again. In former times, the attraction of foreign travel was often that people did abroad what they dared not do at home, which is shy foreign countries won reputations for sexual debauchery. (The French considered England as debauched as the English visitors to the Folies Bergeres imagined the French to be. ) 49 But now that a visit to France is no longer a dangerous adventure, and that an international uniformity exists in so many of the goods and facilities the tourist encounters, where is the excitement, and where are the new discoveries? It is to be found in the people. 50 The foreignness in foreign travel today must come mainly from meeting individuals whom one would not normally meet at home.

翻译题An Internet privacy bill introduced by Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto would prohibit discriminatory data practices. That is a good goal. But which practices qualify as discriminatory is a complicated question. Privacy activists have long stressed that data over-collection and misuse cause disproportionate harm to minority groups. Often, that harm is prohibited by existing civil rights rules. But those rules were put into place before anyone could have imagined an age of digital discrimination, and companies are circumventing them. Take targeted advertising. 46 Leaders in the industry make money by allowing advertisers to select the very specific segments of the population they think are most likely to want their products, or by selecting the segments themselves. Sometimes, those categories are the same classes of people that civil rights law exists to protect, such as minorities and women. 47 That can lead to forms of marketing that are not insidious at all: say, promoting women's shoes exclusively to potential customers who have displayed an online interest in women's fashion. It can also lead to obvious abuses, such as companies displaying housing ads only to mainstream individuals, whether by explicitly excluding minorities or engaging in digital redlining via Zip code restrictions. An expanse of gray lies in between. 48 Regulators will have to decide whether to limit anti-discrimination rules to areas where there are traditionally heightened protections or whether—and how—to push beyond those frameworks. Lawmakers will also have to look at data-based discrimination that is not designed to have an adverse impact on protected groups but does anyway. 49 An algorithm that adjusts an ad's audience to maximize engagement could end up showing a job posting only to men if men click on it most frequently—which could occur for a profession historically unfriendly to women. There's an added wrinkle. Sometimes, targeting sensitive advertisements based on protected characteristics can actually promote equity. Directing education opportunities to an underserved community is a kind of advertising affirmative action that regulators should take care not to prohibit. Whatever Congress decides—Ms. Cortez Masto's bill would leave the particulars to the Federal Trade Commission—any law should require that companies of a certain size study how their algorithms do, or don't, hurt the vulnerable. In the data privacy debate, generalized philosophical gripes can sometimes overshadow concrete harms. 50 Putting the discriminatory use of data front and center focuses discussion of a federal framework on what it actually ought to do: protect Americans, especially those who need it most.

翻译题 46 Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering the economy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes, makes itself sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. 47 Hence there is an analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel. Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s. It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. 48 In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year, this is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. 49 Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken off on the past. Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. 50 Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.

翻译题 46 U.S. farmers are planting more acres of crops using soil building and pollution fighting farming systems than traditional methods that rely on the plow or intensive tillage, according to a report due to be released early next month. The report, titled 'National Crop Residue Management Survey,' shows a 6 million acre gain for environmentally friendly farming systems this year. 47 It also shows traditional farming methods, which result in greater soil erosion and run off from fields~ declined by 4 million acres. 48 The survey, conducted on a county-by-county basis by USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), indicates that farmers in Iowa, Illinois, South Dakota, Kansas, and Indiana contributed the most to the increase in acres grown with environmentally friendly farming systems known as conservation tillage systems. These states accounted for 5 million of the 6 million acre increase in conservation tillage this year. All conservation tillage systems, such as no-till, mulch-till, ridge-till, strip-till, and zone-till, rely on less tillage or less soil disturbance to plant and manage crops. Farmers who use these systems leave plant materials-stems, stalks, and leaves-on the surface of fields after harvest. The plant materials, also called crop residues, serve as a blanket to protect the soil from erosion. The crop residues slowly decompose to add organic matter to the soil much like mulching or composting adds organic matter to a garden. The survey results for 1997 indicate that conservation tillage systems now account for 109.8 million acres or fully 37 percent of the 294.6 million annually planted cropland acres in the United States. In the meantime, traditional systems that rely on the plow or intensive tillage fell to 107.6 million acres this year. The remaining acres are in an intermediate farming system known as reduced till. 49 The head of the nonprofit center that compiles and publishes the annual survey is calling on consumers and farmers alike to focus increased attention on conservation tillage systems. ' 50 Independent research and practical application across the country show that these systems not only replenish and build organic matter in the soil for improved future food productivity but they will also protect water quality and enhance wildlife and the environment for future generations,' says John Hebblethwaite, executive director of the Conservation Technology Information Center. 'There is also growing evidence that these systems can even help us combat the potential for global warming,' he adds.

翻译题Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known

翻译题Researchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brain's physical deterioration. 46 It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person. Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage. 'That may seem like bad news,' said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. 47 However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down. The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the 'reserve' hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain ages; in essence, they have more brain tissue to spare. 48 Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women aged 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrink age of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal. 'Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage,' Coffey said. 'People lose (on average) 2.5 percent per decade starting in adulthood.' There is, however, a 'remarkable range' of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain tissue loss throughout adulthood. In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss. 49 Coffeyand colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid (脑脊液) surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid, the greater the cortical (脑皮层的) shrinkage. Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters 11 more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain. Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown. 50 In their report, the researchers speculated that in people with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.

翻译题 46 The relationship between humans and the land we live on has evolved over hundreds of thousands of years, but no period has involved such rapid change as the past century, when we began using land in new ways. A landmark U.N. report warns that humans now face a moment of reckoning over the way we use the planet's land: either we change our ways, particularly our diets, or risk devoting huge swaths of land to uses that spew far more carbon dioxide than we can afford. 47 The report, authored by more than 100 scientists from 52 countries found that emissions from land use—practices like agriculture and logging—cause nearly a quarter of human-induced greenhouse emissions. Still, land elsewhere on the planet has balanced the effects of those emissions. In the 10 years leading up to 2016, forests, wetlands and other land systems soaked up 11.2 billion metric tons more carbon dioxide per year than they emitted. That's more carbon than the world's coal-fired power plants release in a given year. But 'this additional gift from nature is not going to continue forever,' he says. 48 A series of practices like deforestation, soil degradation and the destruction of land-based ecosystems threaten to halt that trend, driving land to release more carbon dioxide than it absorbs. Adapting our diets can help. 49 Climate advocates are hoping this year's report can inspire a similar wake-up call to last year's, which warned of the extremely serious effects of more than 1.5℃ of warming. As global demand for food has grown, farmers have converted forests into agricultural land, leading to a release of carbon stored in trees. Soaring meat production, which requires other food products to feed livestock, has been especially damaging. A global shift from meat—to plant—based diets could yield big results, cutting as much as 8 billion metric tons of greenhouse gases per year. Eating less meat means lower emissions from livestock and the fertilizer needed to grow their food, and offers the chance to reforest land that farmers would have otherwise used for grazing. Changing the way we farm the remaining land would also make a difference. 50 Farmers can implement a range of practices—from changing livestock feed to adapting how soil is managed—that can significantly reduce emissions and even suck carbon out of the atmosphere. Some farmers, traditionally known as a conservative bunch, say they're open to new ways of doing business. 'We are ready to solve this problem,' says Matt Russell, a beef and produce farmer in central Iowa, adding, 'if we're asked to.'

翻译题It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was

翻译题 46 He is one of the truly great war correspondents, a monumental figure who reported from Afghanistan (阿富汗) for 20 years and won almost every literary prize offered in Italy; he is a writer whose description of his country's troubled history overthrows both official versions. They are some of the most important voices in the world today, honored intellectuals in their own countries. In the English-speaking world, in fact, major publishing houses are inexplicably resistant to any kind of translated material at all. The statistics are shocking in this age of so-called globalization. 47 In the United States and Britain, only 2 to 3 percent of books published each year are translations, compared with almost 35 percent in Latin America and Western Europe. But this is no mere national embarrassment. The dearth of translated literature in the English-speaking world represents a new kind of iron curtain we have constructed around ourselves. 48 We are choosing to block off access to the writing of a large and significant portion of the world, including movements and societies whose potentially dreadful political impact on us is made even more menacing by our general lack of familiarity with them. Publishers have their excuses, of course. 49 This is nothing but a publishing shibboleth (准则；教条) that leads to a chicken-and-egg question: Is a limited readership for translations the reason why so few are published in the English world? Or is that readership limited because English-language publishers provide their readers with so few translations? Certainly, the number of readers of literature—in any language-is on the decline, and serious, dedicated editors face real difficulties bringing good books to the marketplace. But that is not the fault of translation. 50 On the contrary, we need to ask what we lose as readers and as a society if we lose access to translated literature by voluntarily reducing its presence in our community or quietly standing by as it is drastically and arbitrarily reduced.

翻译题The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.

翻译题Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it.

翻译题Since culture is defined briefly as 'the totality of beliefs and practices of a society,' nothing is of greater strategic importance than the language through which its beliefs are expressed and transmitted and by which most interaction of its members takes place. 46 The relation between language and culture would not constitute such serious difficulties for cross-cultural understanding if it were not for the numerous misconceptions about language and its function within a society. Perhaps the most serious misconception is the idea that each language more or less controls the way people think, sometimes expressed as 'We think the way we think because we talk the way we talk.' 47 It is true that the particular structures of a language may reflect to a certain degree the way people think and they may be said to form 'the paths for thinking,' but they do not determine what or how people must think. Languages are too open-ended and human imagination is too creative to ever be rigidly ruled by the regulations of any feature of language. Some people have thought that each language is so distinct that there is no valid way in which the discourses of one language can be translated into another. But at least ninety percent of the fundamental structures of all languages are quite similar, and language universals far outweigh the distinctions. All languages employ figurative expressions and have a great number of literary forms. 48 One language-culture may emphasize the development and use of particular genres, e.g. epic poetry or animal folktales, which another language-culture may seldom employ and may even strongly reject. But the people of any language-culture have sufficient imagination and experience to understand how the people of another language-culture may rightly differ in their behavior and values, since the behavioral differences within a single culture are usually greater than those which exist between cultures. 49 The idea that some languages are far superior to other languages and that accordingly some cultures are far superior to other cultures is also a noted obstacle to understanding the relation between language and culture. When people speak about language superiority, they are usually talking about the literature which has been produced in such a language by creative writers. The oral and written literatures of different languages can differ considerably in quality, 50 but this is not the result of the formal structures of the language in question but of the ways in which the people of the society have invested creative talent in using the language as a medium for the production of valuable literary works. All languages have the potential for outstanding aesthetic expression. It is simply one of the 'accidents' of history which determines the emergence of literary genius.

翻译题American and Japanese researchers are developing a smart car that will help drivers avoid accidents by predicting when they are about to make a dangerous move. The smart car of the furore will be able to tell if drivers are going to turn, change lanes, speed up, slow down or pass another car. If the driver's intended action could lead to an accident, the car will activate a warning system or override the move. 46 'By shifting the emphasis of car safety away from design of the vehicle itself and looking more toward the driver's behavior, the developers believe that they can start to build cars that adapt to suit people's needs,' New Scientist magazine said. Alex Pentland of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology collaborated on the project with Andrew Liu who works for the Japanese carmaker Nissan. 47 Tests of their smart car using a driving simulator have shown that it is 95 percent accurate in predicting a drivels move 12 seconds in advance. 48 The system is based on driving behavior which the researchers say can be divided into chains of subactions which include preparatory moves. It monitors the driver's behavior patterns to predict the next move. 'To make its predictions, Nissan's smart car uses a computer and sensors on the steering wheel, accelerator and brake to monitor a person's driving patterns. 49 A brief training session, in which the driver is asked to perform certain maneuvers, allows the system to calculate the probability of particular actions occurring in two-second time segments,' the magazine said. Liu has also done work on tracking eye movement to predict driving behavior. 50 He said the smart car could be adapted to monitor eye movement which could give even earlier predictions of when a driver is about to make a wrong move.

翻译题Being neither a religion nor an ideology, the body of opinion termed conservatism possesses no Holy Writ and no Das Kapital to provide dogmata. 46 So far as it is possible to determine what conservatives believe, the first principles of the conservative persuasion are derived from what leading conservative writers and public men have professed during the past two centuries. Perhaps it would be well, most of the time, to use this word 'conservative' as an adjective chiefly. For there exists no Model Conservative, and conservatism is the negation of ideology: it is a state of mind, a type of character, a way of looking at the civil social order. In essence, the conservative person is simply one who finds the permanent things more pleasing than Chaos and Old Night. (Yet conservatives know, with Burke, that healthy 'change is the means of our preservation.') 47 A people's historic continuity of experience, says the conservative, offers a guide to policy far better than the abstract designs of coffee-house philosophers. But of course there is more to the conservative persuasion than this general attitude. The conservative believes that there exists an enduring moral order. That order is made for man, and man is made for it: human nature is a constant, and moral truths are permanent. This word order signifies harmony. There are two aspects or types of order: the inner order of the soul, and the outer order of the commonwealth. Twenty-five centuries ago, Plato taught this doctrine, but even the educated nowadays find it difficult to understand. 48 The problem of order has been a principal concern of conservatives ever since conservative became a term of politics. 49 It has been said by liberal intellectuals that the conservative believes all social questions, at heart, to be questions of private morality. Properly understood, this statement is quite true. 50 A society in which men and women are governed by belief in an enduring moral order, by a strong sense of right and wrong, by personal convictions about justice and honor, will be a good society—whatever political machinery it may utilize; while a society in which men and women are morally adrift, ignorant of norms, and intent chiefly upon gratification of appetites, will be a bad society—no matter how many people vote and no matter how liberal its formal constitution may be.

翻译题For years American conversation about Iraq has included a refrain about how we cannot expect to create a Jeffersonian democracy on the Euphrates. 46 The warning is true: if you think about it, America itself is not really a Jeffersonian democracy either; however, Jefferson keeps coming to mind as the events in Iran unfolds. The events there seem to be a chapter in the very Jeffersonian story of the death of theocracy, or rule by clerics, and the gradual separation of church and state. In one of the last letters of his life, in 1826, Jefferson said this of the Declaration of Independence: 47 'May it be to the world what I believe it will be, the signal of arousing men to burst the chains, under which monkish ignorance and superstition had persuaded them to bind themselves.' However strong they may be for a time, religions authorities cannot finally survive modernity. 48 And this is because one of the key features of modernity is the shift of emphasis from the privileges and power of institutions to the rights and relative autonomy of the individual. In many ways, the modem virtues are the ones we associate with democracy: a flee flow of ideas, capital and people in an ethos in which men and women are free to form their own opinions and follow the dictates of their own consciences. 49 By their very nature, religious authorities are at risk in the face of such a world, for they are founded on an un-modern and undemocratic idea. To say that religious authorities are doomed is not to argue that religion is any less important in our age. Quite the opposite! Religious faith is an intrinsic element of human experience, and religion can be the undoing of a religious establishment, for an individual's interpretation of the applications of faith to politics may well differ from the institutional interpretation. There is a deep irony at work here. 50 Religious authorities usually command the teaching of religion, but the teaching of religion can lead not to uniform public belief but to a questioning of orthodoxy, which is always a favorite activity of a new generation. The products of one world often react against the world of their parents, and yesterday's outsiders are today's insiders. The promise of theocracy has to go unfulfilled, for no one can bring sacred order to profane chaos.

翻译题 46 Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent. All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. 47 Most often the reason for this backward speaking is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed. 48 Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man's brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern 'toy-bear.' 49 And even more incredible is the young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. 50 But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child's babbling and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child's non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.

翻译题Pull a spring, let it go, and it will snap back into shape. Pull it further and yet further and it will go on springing back until, quite suddenly, it won't. What was once a spring has become a useless piece of curly wire. 46 And that, in a nutshell, is what many scientists worry may happen to the Each if its systems are overstretched like those of an abused spring. One result of this worry was the idea of planetary boundaries. In the run-up to that year's climate conference in Copenhagen, 47 a group of concerned scientists defined in a paper in Nature, what they thought of as a safe operating space for human development—a set of nine limits beyond which people should not push their planet. The eight areas of concern were: climate change; ocean acidification; the thinning of the ozone layer; intervention in the nitrogen and phosphate cycles; the conversion of wilderness to farms and cities; extinctions; the build up of chemical pollutants; and the level of particulate pollutants in the atmosphere. 48 For seven of these areas the paper's authors felt confident enough to put numbers on where the boundaries actually lay, but for chemicals and particulates, they deferred judgment. Planetary boundaries provide a useful way of thinking about environmental change, because in many cases they give scope for further change that has not already happened. But the concept has numerous drawbacks. 49 The actual location of the boundaries is, as their proponents acknowledge, somewhat arbitrary, partly because of the incomplete state of current knowledge, but it may remain so however much anyone knows. Some boundaries might be transgressed without irreversible harm occurring. Some may have been drawn around the wrong things altogether. And some academic opinion holds that spectacular global change could come about without breaking through any of them. Another problem for the idea of planetary boundaries is the assumption that they are independent of each other. That seems unlikely, and if they are not then a crisis might arise even if no single boundary were transgressed. On June 7th, Nature published a review of evidence which suggested that this may be happening. 50 It suggested that the Earth may be approaching a 'tipping point' past which simultaneous changes—to land use, climate and more—driven by an ever larger, ever richer human population, push the system into a very different state, with climate zones changed permanently, ecosystems functioning differently, and so on.

翻译题With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing。 　　(46) U Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. /U Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) U while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ” /U 　　Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are。” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter。 　　Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him。” (48) U This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom。/U 　　This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49) Ucircumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation . /UNevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual。 　　The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) U The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible。/U

翻译题As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.

{{B}}Text 4{{/B}} An annual census of wolves at Yellowsto ne National Park has found a sharp drop in the population. But park biologists, who suspect a deadly disease, canine parvovirus, say they will let nature take its course. "Parvo can be vaccinated for and can be treated, but we wouldn't do it because we couldn't catch every animal," Daniel Stahler. a park waif biologist, said. "And this allows them to build up a natural resistance." The census found 22 pups, compared with 69 last year. The total count of wolves dropped m 118 from 171, the lowest since 2000. "It was somewhat devastating to have such poor pup survival," Mr. Stahler said. "But research shows that young pups can bounce back from it quite successfully." That pups have suffered the decline seems to suggest the culprit is parvo, said Ed Bangs, waif recovery coordinator for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service here. Nursing pups receive immunity from their mother's milk. but the immunity drops when nursing stops. The large number of wolves in the park might also be a factor. "When you have a big litter and adults are having trouble killing enough to feed all these pups, and the animals are stressed, parvo flares up," Mr. Bangs said. "If you have 15 brothers and sisters instead of 3, you don't get enough to eat; parvo kills you." Canine parvovirus was discovered in the United States in 1978. Extremely hardy, the disease spread rapidly to domestic dogs and then into wild animal populations. Biologists suspect that it was introduced to Yellowstone by a tourist's infected dog or a coyote. Because parvo is so hardy, it persists in the soil for months. A wolf could catch it from simply sniffing infectious soil. the biologists said. The disease has hit wolves on the northern range, the elk-filled meadows of the northern half of the park, especially hard. Out of 49 pups born there, 8 survived. Some scientists, including Mr. Bangs, theorize that the park may have overshot its capacity for wolves and that the numbers are naturally adjusting downward, with disease being one of the agents. The long-term carrying capacity of the park, he said, is probably 110 to 150 wolves. Wolves have been killed in other ways, too. Frequent encounters among competing wolf packs are the biggest cause of death among adults. In the first five years of their reintroduction to the park, one or two animals a year were killed by other wolves. That number has risen to four or five a year. Vehicles also take a toll, Fourteen wolves have been killed by vehicles in the last 10 years, eight of them near Mile Marker 30 on Route 191, a straight stretch on the western side of the park where motorists tend to speed and wolves are plentiful.