填空题Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. What killed the dinosaurs? Until recently, no one really knew the answer to that question. That was until a huge crater was discovered under the sea off Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. Studies revealed that the hole had been made by an asteroid which struck the earth 65 million years ago, and caused the extinction of the dinosaurs as well as two-thirds of all species. 41. ______ For the first time, humans were able to witness exactly what happens when a celestial body collides with a planet. As the comet punched holes bigger than the earth into Jupiter's atmosphere, and threw up clouds of debris thousands of miles high, it quickly became clear that survival was no longer entirely a question of being the "fittest". 42. ______ But, to most people, the risk remains academic. With all the dangers humans face—sickness, accidents, etc.—it is understandable that people don't take seriously the risk posed by something :hat hasn't happened for 65 million years and may not happen for another 65 million years. 43. ______ Even the worst tornadoes, floods and earthquakes affect only a very small percentage of the earth's surface and population. But the effects of an impact caused by a celestial body of just 10 kilometers in diameter would make humans extinct, along with most of the world's other animals and plants. The danger comes from asteroids and comets which cross the earth's orbit. Asteroids pose a greater danger because they are more numerous. Most originate in the Asteroid Belt—a vast group of asteroids which orbit the sun between Mars and Jupiter. These asteroids are normally in stable orbits but collisions between them, and the gravitational effects of Jupiter, can change their orbits, either sending them out of the solar system or towards tile sun. 44. ______ They can still do some damage, however, particularly if they are composed of iron. About 50,000 years ago, a metallic asteroid with a diameter of about 30 meters smashed into what is now the American state of Arizona. It left a crater 1.2 kilometers wide. More recently, in 1908, a rocky asteroid about 60 meters in diameter exploded as it entered the earth's atmosphere above the Tunguska Valley in Siberia. 45. ______ But, it is those asteroids with diameters of one kilometre or more which pose the greatest threat. It is estimated that between 1,000 and 2,000 of these come closer to the earth than Mars, our nearest planetary neighbor. If a one-kilometer asteroid were to hit the earth, the consequences would be devastating. These bodies typically travel at speeds of about 20 kilometers per second. At that speed, one hitting the earth would release energies millions of times greater than those released by the atomic bomb at Hiroshima in 1945. Such an impact would not be enough to make humans extinct, but it would change forever life as we know it. An object of this size is estimated to collide with the earth every 300,000 years.[A] Once the rain of debris subsided, the sky would turn black. Vast clouds of dust and soot would block out sunlight, stopping photosynthesis and causing acid rain. Then the earth would begin to cool, and a mini ice age would follow. The age of mammals would be over.[B] Fragments crashed to the ground and although they did not leave a crater, they destroyed an area of forest 50 kilometers across. If this happened above a city, buildings and people would be completely destroyed.[C] If one were to hit earth now, it would release energies of about 100 million megatons—five billion times greater than the Hiroshima bomb.[D] A new factor had been introduced into evolution: the ability to survive a collision between the earth and an asteroid or comet.[E] But, many scientists believe that collisions between the earth and celestial bodies cannot be regarded as "just another risk". The main reason for this is that no other catastrophe—except perhaps a nuclear war—has the potential to destroy human civilization completely.[F] But just how one impact managed to cause such destruction was not widely understood until July 1994, when the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 smashed into the planet Jupiter.[G] Those less than 100 meters in diameter are not usually regarded as a threat because most are destroyed by heat as they enter the earth's atmosphere and so never reach the ground.

填空题[A]"Customersdon'tbuyproducts,"Marysays."Theybuyresults."Maryexplainsthatitisherjobtohelpcustomersgetresults.Resultsarewhattheproductsdoforthecustomers.Customersbuyproductsforwhattheproductsdo.[B]Maryenjoysherjob.Herjobiscustomerservice.Shehelpscustomersusehercompany'sproducts.Whenpeopleaskherwhatshedoes,Marysays."Salespeoplesellourproducts.Myjobistomakesuretheystaysold."[C]Shefindssomeonewhoisdoingexactlywhatthecustomerwhocalledisinterestedinseeing.Marycallscustomerswhoarealreadyusingtheproduct.Sheasksifthecustomerwhowantstoseehowtheproductsareusedcanvisitthesecompanies.Mostcustomerscooperate.Theyletothercustomersvisittoseehowproductsareused.Theyhelpothersbecausetheyknowtheymayneedhelpthemselvessomeday.Theyknowtheywillbeabletoaskforhelplateriftheygivehelptoothersnow.[D]MarygetscopiesofsalesordersfromSteve,John,Helen,andothersalespeople.Whenshegetstheorders,Marytalkstothesalespeopleaboutthecustomers.ItispartofMary'sjobtofindouthowcustomersareusinghercompany'sproducts.Marytellscustomers,"I'mintheinformationbusiness.Myjobistogiveyouanyinformationyouneedaboutourproductsandhowthey'reused."[E]Marymakesappointmentsforhercompany'scustomerstovisiteachother.Mary'scompanyisveryhappytohavecust6merscomparehowtheyuseitsproducts.Thecompanyfeelsthatthisishowcustomershelpsellitsproductstoothercustomers.[F]SometimesMaryhelpscustomerstohelpeachother.Customerscalltoaskaboutusinghercompany'sproducts.Marygivesthemproductliterature.Shealsogivestheminformationfromherfilesonhowproductscanbeused.Sometimescustomerswanttoseeproductsbeingused.Thesecustomersareinterestedinseeingexactlywhatisdonewiththeproducts.Whenthishappens,Marylooksinherfiles.'Shelookstoseewhichcustomersareusingtheproducts.Thenshelookstoseehowtheproductsareused.[G]Marykeepsfilesofinformationaboutproductsandcustomers.Filesaregroupsofdocumentssetuptomakeiteasytofindanydocumentorrecordwhichisneeded.Inherfiles,Maryhasprintedsheetsabouthercompany'sproducts.Theseprintedsheetsaboutthethingsthecompanymakesarecalledproductliterature.Productliteraturetellsaboutthethingsthecompanymakes.Theliteraturealsotellswhattheproductsdo.Theideaistoshowhowproductshelpcustomerswhousethem.[H]Maryhasalistofallthecompany'scustomers.Whenshereceivescopiesoforders,Marychecksthemtoseeifthereareanynewcustomers.Maryalsocheckstoseeifanyoldcustomersarebuyingproductthathasnotbeenmadebefore.Marychecksorderstoseewhichcustomersbuyit.Anytimecustomersbuyproductstheyhavenotusedbefore,Marycallstoseeifshecanhelp.Maryasksifthecustomerneedsinformation.Shealsoaskshowthecustomerisusingtheproduct.Maryputsinformationinherfilesonhowcustomersusehercompany'sproducts.{{B}}Order:{{/B}}

填空题Vitamins are organic compounds necessary

填空题[A]Butscientistsarestillworkingtoimproveonthat,andamongthemissocialpsychologistAldertVrijoftheUniversityofPortsmouthinEngland.Vrijhasbeenusingakeyinsightfromhisfieldtoimproveinterrogationmethods.Inshort,thetruthisautomaticandeffortless,andlyingistheoppositeofthat.Itisintentional,deliberateandexhausting.Thehumanmind,despiteitsimpressiveabilities,haslimitedcapacityforhowmuchthinkingitcanhandleatanyonetime.Sopilingondemandsforadditional,simultaneousthought—orcognitive"load"—compromisesnormalinformationprocessing.[B]WhenVrijandhiscolleaguesaskedvolunteerswhattheirofficeslookedlike,afterinstructinghalftotellthetruthabouttheiroccupationsandhalftolie,bothtruthtellersandliarsgavethesameamountofdetailintheirverbalresponses.ButwhenVrijaskedthemtodrawtheiroffices,theliars'drawingsweremuchlessdetailedthanthoseofthetruthtellers.[C]Allthesetricksmayseemlikeoverkillwhenwethinkaboutthefictionaldetectivesweknow,includingHolmesSherlock,whoseemabletoferretouteveryfalsehoodtheyhearwithoutusinganystrategiesotherthantheirintuition.Butinreallife,suchpeopleareexceedinglyrare;andresearchershavebeentrying—withoutalotofsuccess—tounravelthesegenius'strategies.Untiltheydo,lesssophisticatedliecatchersmaybeabletoexploitthemind'scognitivedeficits,usingtrickssuchasVrij's,tocatchthebadguysintheirdeceptions.[D]Andinfact,thatisjustwhathappensinthelab:Vrijrananexperimentinwhichhalftheliarsandtruthtellerswereinstructedtorecalltheirstoriesinreverseorder.Whenobserverslaterlookedatvideotapesofthecompleteinterviews,theycorrectlyspottedonly42percentoftheliespeopletoldwhenrecountingtheirstorieswithoutfabrication—belowaverage,whichmeanstheywerehardtospot—butaremarkable60percentwhentheliarswerecompromisedbythereversestorytelling.[E]Psychologicalscientistsarefascinatedbykeenliespotter.Detectingliesandliarsisessentialtoeffectivepolicingandprosecutionofcriminals,butitismaddeninglydifficult.Mostofuscancorrectlyspotbarelymorethanhalfofallliesandtruthsthroughlisteningandobservation—meaningwearewrongalmostasoftenasweareright.Andhalfacenturyofresearchhasdonelittletopolishthisunimpressivetrackrecord.[F]Anotherstrategythatcouldbesurprisinglyeffectiveistoasksuspectstodrawapicture.Puttingpenciltopaperforcespeopletogivespatialinformation—somethingthatmostliarshavenotpreparedforaspartofplanningtheirliesandthat,therefore,overtaxestheirmentalresources.[G]HereareafewstrategiesthatVrijandhiscolleagueshavebeentestinginthelaboratory.Oneintriguingstrategyistodemandthatsuspectstelltheirstoriesinreverse.Narratingbackwardincreasescognitiveloadbecauseitrunscountertothenaturalforwardsequencingofevents.Becauseliarsalreadyhavedepletedcognitiveresources,theyshouldfindthisunfamiliarmentalexercisemoretaxingthantruthtellersdo—whichshouldincreasethelikelihoodthattheywillsomehowbetraythemselves.

填空题 A. Human behavior B. Culture attributes C. Physiology of Homo sapiens D. Classification of Homo sapiens E. Human society F. Structure of Homo sapiensHuman, common name given to any individual of the species Homo sapiens and, by extension, to the entire species. The term is also applied to certain species that were the evolutionary forerunners of Homo sapiens. Scientists consider all living people members of a single species.41.__________ Homo sapiens is identified, for purposes of classification, as an animal with a backbone and segmented spinal cord that suckles its young; that gestates its young with the aid of a placenta; that is equipped with five-digited extremities, a collarbone, and a single pair of mammary glands on the chest; and that has eyes at the front of the head, stereoscopic vision, and a proportionately large brain. The species belongs to the family Hominidae, the general characteristics of which are discussed below. 42.__________ The details of skeletal structure distinguishing Homo sapiens from the nearest primate relatives-the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan-stem largely from a very early adaptation to a completely erect posture and a two-footed striding walk. The uniquely S-shaped spinal column places the center of gravity of the human body directly over the area of support provided by the feet, thus giving stability and balance in the uptight position. Complete bipedalism in the human freed the hand to become a supremely sensitive instrument for precise manipulation and grasping. The most important structural detail in this refinement is the elongated human thumb, which can rotate freely and is fully opposable to the other fingers. The physiological requirements for speech were secondarily established by erect posture, which positions the vocal cords for controlled breathing, and by the skilled use of the hands. The latter development occurs in association with the enlargement and specialization of a brain area that is a prerequisite for refined control of the lips and tongue. 43.__________ The large brain of Homo sapiens is approximately double that of early human toolmakers. This great increase in size in only 2 million years was achieved by a process called neoteny, which is the prolongation of retention of immature characteristics. The juvenile stage of brain and skull development is prolonged so that they grow for a longer period of time in relation to the time required to reach sexual maturity. Unlike the early human adult skull, with its sloping forehead and prominent jaw, the modem human skull-with biologically insignificant variations-retains into maturity a proportionately large size, in relation to the rest of the body, a high-rounded dome, straight-planed face, and reduced jaw size, all closely resembling the characteristics of the skull in the juvenile chimpanzee. Its enlarged dimensions required adaptations for passage through the birth canal; consequently, the human female pelvis widens at maturity, and the human infant is born prematurely. 44.__________ The physiological adaptations that made humans more flexible than other primates allowed for the development of a wide range of abilities and an unparalleled versatility in behavior. The brain's great size, complexity, and slow maturation, with neural connections being added though at least the first 12 years of life, meant that learned behavior could largely modify stereotyped, instinctive responses. New environmental demands could be met by rapid adjustments rather than by slow genetic selection; thus, survival in a wide range of habitats and under extreme conditions eventually became possible without further species differentiation. Each new infant, however, with relatively few innate traits yet with a vast number of potential behaviors, must be taught to achieve its biological potential as a human. 45.__________ The human species has a unique capability for culture in the sense of conscious thinking and planning, transmission of skills and systems of social relationships, and creative modification of the environment. The integrated patterns of behavior required for planning and fashioning tools were accomplished at least 2.5 million years ago, and some form of advanced code for vocal communication may also have existed at this time. By 350, 000 years ago planned hunting, fire making, and the wearing of clothing were well established, as was possibly ritualized disposal of the dead. Evidence of religion, recorded events, and art date from 30, 000 to 40, 000 years ago and imply advanced language and ethics for the complex ordering of social groups required for such activities. From about that time the genus Homo began to stabilize into the one generalized species of Homo sapiens.

填空题{{B}}Directions: {{/B}}You are going to read a text about basic element in both speaking and writing, followed by a list of examples and explanations. Choose the best example or explanation from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. There are many differences .between communicating in written and spoken words—one to one or one to many. Because speaking is face to face and personal, it is much more direct than writing.. Hand and body gestures, facial expressions, and vocal variety help greatly to support face-to-face communication. It is also reinforced by instant feedback from listeners in the form of smiles, frowns, applause, catcalls, clenched fists, and so on. An alert speaker who is sensitive to feedback can "shift gears" and adapt to changing circumstances.41. The differences between talking and writing Writing, however, depends solely on words and punctuation to deliver the message. There are no gestures and no voice, and if there is any feedback, it takes time to reach the writer.42. Why long sentences can be used in writing? Effective talking is aimed at people's minds and hearts through their ears, and ears prefer short, direct, conversational sentences. There are three standards that apply equally to talking and writing—clarity, accuracy, and appropriateness.43. Clarity. If the audience doesn't understand the message instantly, then the speaker has, to some extent, failed. Thus, every possible measure must be taken to ensure that all your words and thoughts are perfectly clear to the audience.44. Accuracy. As a conscientious speaker, you must see to it that your information is as current and as accurate as research can make it.45. Appropriateness. In addition to being precise, your language should also be suitable to the subject, audience, and occasion. [A] For instance, a speaker can vary his/her pitch or tone to change the meaning expressed. A writer, on the other hand, has to rely solely on the words and context or even explanations in braces to achieve that. [B] Good talking is wordy, repetitive, and far less structured than efficient writing. A good speech, reproduced word for word on paper, usually does not read well because it rambles and repeats words and thoughts. It is not nearly as disciplined and organized as good writing. [C] Throughout your talk, words are your prime means for helping your audience understand your message. And to harness the profound power of words, you should develop a lifelong habit of using a dictionary and a thesaurus. If you do not exploit these resources, you will fail to achieve your full potential as a speaker and conversationalist. Another device that will help you achieve clarity in your talk is a summary. If your talk consists of three willresearched major points, lit those points in your introduction so your audience will know at once what ground you will cover. Discuss them in depth, summarize them at the end of your talk, and emphasize any conclusions hat they lead to. [D] For example, a speaker who's addressing a Parent-Teacher Association should avoid the statistical and psychological jargon of advanced educational researchers. By the same token, she should not indulge in teenage slang. Any speaker worth her salt will analyze her audience first and adapt her language accordingly. [E] The surest way for you to damage your credibility is to spew forth misinformation or outdated information. How many times have you seen a story, a name, an important fact, or a charge against someone retracted in newspapers? Unfortunately, the damage was done when the misinformation first appeared in print. Such unwarranted embarrassment and mental anguish could have been avoided ff someone had taken the time to recheck the information. If your talk is on a current or crucial topic, do your homework and arm yourself with quotations and sources to fortify your facts. [F] Long, involved sentences are acceptable in writing for two reasons: (1) The eye can absorb many more words in an instant than the ear can hear. (2) If a reader stumbles on a marathon sentence, she can read it again. Not so with spoken words— once uttered they're gone, especially in speech. If a listener misses a sentence, both she and the speaker have lost part of the message; there is no going back, except perhaps during the question-and-answer period. In a conversation, of course, the listener can ask the speaker to repeat.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41～45, choose the most suitable one from the list A～G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. US President Bush has been having a difficult summer. Recent polls show a considerable decline in public approval of his conduct of the nation's business, yet in just few weeks voters will decide whether he or Democrat John Kerry is to be the next president. If things are going so badly for Bush, then Kerry must be doing well, right? 41)__________. His public appearances kindle little enthusiasm. His TV ads sway few viewers. As a result, Kerry supporters tend to be more anti-Bush than they are genuinely pro-Kerry. Democratic strategists point out that Kerry has a pattern of coming from behind to win political races. And even though Kerry stirs little excitement, many Americans are quite eager to learn whom he will choose as his running mate. A popular vice presidential candidate could energize his campaign, especially since there is little chance that President. Bush will dump the much-loathed Richard Cheney from the Republican ticket. Most observers agree that Kerry is not a particularly strong candidate for the US presidency. He tends to be respected, but he arouses little enthusiasm.42)__________But then, two weeks ago, the Republicans counterattacked vigorously, end the race is once again wide open. The public's generally positive impression of Senator's Kerry's character is based in large part on his record during the war in Vietnam, when he performed heroically as the commander of a "swift boat", a light military craft used by the US Navy to thread the rivers and canals of southern Vietnam. The crew of his old boat are united in their praise of him. 43)__________.Two weeks ago they began appearing in stingingly negative TV ads aired in crucial states where currently undecided voters will probably determine the outcome of the election. And the ads were effective, drawing independent voters away from Kerry. In the meantime, Kerry's own crewmen have strongly rejected the new version of events. 44)__________Journalists quickly turned up links between the navy veterans and Texas fat cats who had long supplied the Bush family with funds for political campaigns. These rich folks were in turn linked to Karl Rove, Bush' s masterful political strategist--his very own Zhuge Liang. 45)__________. Cartoonist David Horsey, like many other observers, thinks Karl Rove is up to his old tricks; a similar effort--in this case, untraceable slanderous rumors during a key primary race--undermined popular Republican Senator John McCaine's campaign for the GOP nomination in 2000. In today's cartoon Rove is portrayed as the puppeteer controlling Bush' s wealthy supporters in Texas (notice the Texas-style cowboy hat). The hand puppet in turn seems to be manipulating another, smaller puppet that represents the angry swift boat veterans. A. Nonetheless, thanks to the slow economic recovery, the difficult situation in Iraq and changing perceptions of President Bush's competence, he seemed to be on the road to a very narrow victory in November. B. But leadership, you know, isn't about taking the easy route; it is about making the tough, sometimes unpopular decisions. President Bush has demonstrated that he can make tough decisions, and I personally like the fact that his faith end his values are the foundation of his decisions. C. Not exactly. Americans outside Massachusetts, which Kerry represents in the Senate, seem to find it hard to relate to the Democratic candidate. D. While Bush would dearly love to undermine Kerry's image, he cannot afford to be seen doing so. (His own military record, after all; makes a sorry contrast with Kerry's.) E. Are the ads the Bush campaign in action or just the vengeful protest of naval officers whose leadership was questioned in a recent biography of Kerry? It costs hundreds of thousands of dollars to make such an ad and buy air time; so many people immediately suspected that wealthy Republicans were behind the effort. F. However, a group of navy veterans (all present in the same area of Vietnam as Kerry and during the same period, some as senior officers, others as crewmen not on Kerry's boat but on other, similar craft) have denounced Kerry in a book that came out last month. They allege that he did not deserve the medals for valiant leadership he won in the war. G. Kerry remains an unknown quantity to most Americans, but better known Democrats are much in the news. Examine the publicity posters in the cartoon. In both upper comers are ads for ex-President Clinton's lengthy autobiography, My Life.

填空题 The economic transformation of India is one of the great business stories of our tinge. Indian companies like Infosys and Wipro are powerful global players, while Western firms like G.E. and I.B.M. now have major research facilities in India employing thousands. India's seemingly endless flow of young, motivated engineers, scientists, and managers offering developed-world skills at developing-world wages is held to be putting American jobs at risk, and the country is frequently heralded as "the next economic superpower." But India has nm into a surprising hitch on its way to superpower status: its inexhaustible supply of workers is becoming exhausted. {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}} How is this possible in a country that every year produces two and a half million college graduates and four hundred thousand engineers? Start with the fact that just ten per cent of Indians get any kind of post-secondary education, compared with some fifty per cent who do in the U.S. {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}} India does have more than three hundred universities, but a recent survey by the London Times Higher Education Supplement put only two of them among the top hundred in the world. A current study led by Vivek Wadhwa, of Duke University, has found that if you define "engineer" by U.S. standards, India produces just a hundred and seventy thousand engineers a year, not four hundred thousand. The irony of the current situation is that India was once considered to be overeducated. {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}} However, once the Indian business climate loosened up, though, that meant companies could tap a backlog of hundreds of thousands of eager, skilled workers at their disposal. Unfortunately, the educational system did not adjust to the new realities. {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}Even as the need for skilled workers was increasing, India was devoting relatively fewer resources to producing them. India has taken tentative steps to remedy its skills famine-the current government has made noises about doubling spending on education, and a host of new colleges and universities have sprung up since the mid-nineties. {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}. In a country where more than three hundred million people live on a dollar a day, producing college graduates can seem like a low priority. Ultimately, the Indian government has to pull off a very tough trick, malting serious changes at a time when things seem to be going very well. It needs, in other words, a clear sense of everything that can still go wrong. The paradox of the Indian economy today is that the more certain its glowing future seems to be, the less likely that future becomes. A. But India's impressive economic performance has made the problem seem less urgent than it actually is, and allowed the government to defer difficult choices. B. Moreover, of that ten per cent, the vast majority go to one of India's seventeen thousand colleges, many of which are closer to community colleges than to four-year institutions. C. Infosys says that, of 1.3 million applicants for jobs last year, it found only two per cent acceptable. D. Although India has one of the youngest workforces on the planet, the head of Infosys said recently that there was an "acute shortage of skilled manpower," and a study by Hewitt Associates projects that this year salaries for skilled workers will rise fourteen and a half per cent, a sure sign that demand for skilled labor is outstripping. E. In the seventies, as its economy languished, it seemed to be a country with too many engineers and Ph.D.s working as clerks in government offices. F. Many Indian graduates therefore enter the workforce with a low level of skills. G. Between 1985 and 1997, the number of teachers in India actually fell, while the percentage of students enrolled in high school or college rose more slowly than it did in the rest of the world.

填空题Directions:You are going to read a list of subheadings and a text about what experts advise to do to keep a new year's resolution. Choose the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph. The first paragraph of the text is not numbered. There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. A. Don't Try to Scare Yourself Straight B. Get Better Friends C. Quit Completely D. Focus on Your Achievements E. Don't Kid Yourself F. Learn from Others G. Try Being Mindful The Marist poll found that while 65% of people who made a resolution in the New Year kept their promise for at least part of the year, 35% never even made it out of the gate. Indeed, when you wake up on the first day of a new year-or decade-resolutions to "cut back" and "moderate" seem both an excellent idea and an impossibly hazy dream. But consider this: if hard-core addicts can break bad habits, there's still hope for you. There's a lot you can learn from people who have successfully moderated their habits to help keep you off the resolution merry-go-round. 41. ______ "The most important thing is to be honest with yourself," says Howard Josepher, a former heroin addict and president of Exponents Inc.. "You need to know the difference between enjoying yourself and self-medicating. It's not that self-medicating is necessarily bad-but you should give yourself parameters. If you are adhering to them, O.K. If not, you need to check yourself." Successful moderators decide in advance how much is "too much"-and stick to their limit, no matter what. Have a cookie a day, if that's what you've deemed acceptable. But if you "cheat" by having "just one more," know that you are only cheating yourself and aggravating the problem, experts say. The point is to learn how to hold yourself accountable. 42. ______ "Theoretically, there are very good reasons to take a break from a behavior, totally," says Reid Hester, director of research at Behavior Therapy Associates, explaining that an initial period of complete abstinence can make it easier for people to moderate behavior, by eliminating the habitual, automatic aspect of the unwanted activity. Take a cue from the self-help group Moderation Management (MIV), which advises problem drinkers to abstain completely for a month before attempting moderate drinking. The best way to stay on course is frequent self-monitoring; use as many behavior-modification tools, support groups and programs as you can. 43. ______ "Between stimulus and response, there's a space, and in that space is our power to choose our response, and in our response lies our growth and freedom," says Alan Marlatt, director of the Addictive Behaviors Research Center at the University of Washington, quoting author and Holocaust survivor Victor Frankl. Marlatt says, "Mindfulness gets you into that space." Being mindful may involve traditional meditation, in which you sit quietly and observe your thoughts and breathing without judgment. But here, it is also used to focus awareness on thoughts and feelings that lead to unwanted behavior. Simply recognizing the triggers to relapse can help you choose not to give into them. 44. ______ Research shows that in the long term, the pleasure of victory is a better incentive than the pain of defeat. "Punishment is a poor motivator," says Hester. "It sets people up for failure. If all you do is punish yourself for failure, you won't stay motivated to change for very long." Instead, reward yourself for sticking to your limits and focus on the benefits of changing. 45. ______ Consciously and unconsciously, people tend to imitate those around them. That's why the latest research shows that things like happiness, quitting smoking and obesity can spread like a contagion through social networks. So, surround yourself with friends who can also be role models. "Make sure that people you hang out with are people who look and act the way you would like to. Social imitation is the easiest form not only of flattery but of self-improvement," says Stanton Peele, author of Seven Tools to Beat Addiction.