问答题One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one hank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. (46)More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the "cashless society" is not on the horizon—it's already here. While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. (47)Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows business- men to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. (48)At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. (49) Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. (50) Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

问答题Eric Hansen writes about travel as a participating enthusiast rather than a mere observer. (46) It gives these nine essays, based on his adventures over the past quarter- century, a resonance and psychological depth not usually seen in more routine travel narratives. (47) The reader follows wide-eyed from the armchair as Mr. Hansen journeys from the French Riviera to the South Pacific, India, the United States and Borneo. Each story combines nuanced portraits of memorable characters with lyrical descriptions of human fallibility and generosity. In his wildest tale, Mr. Hansen recounts his time working at a hotel on Thursday Island in the Torres Strait. (48) "Seldom," he writes, "does one have the chance to enjoy the company of people who have so completely given themselves over to the cultivation of the low life in such style and with such gusto. " (49) Beyond the booze, broken glass and fist fights, the author learns the history of the island's pearl divers who, in canvas suits and lead-weighted shoes, snatch gold-lip pearl shells from a seabed teeming with sea snakes, giant groupers and saltwater crocodiles. Other stories tell of drinking hallucinogenic kava in Vanuatu; lingering on a beach with a beautiful Maldivian girl in a pleasurable pursuit that the locals call "night fishing"; cooking piroshki with a Moscow Moscow in a tiny manhattan apartment while drug dealers shoot each other in the lobby below; and watching the Indonesian crew of a becalmed tall ship dance on deck to country and western music. (50) The most moving story comes from Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), where the author's frustration at the impenetrable bureaucracy when trying to ship his belongings home is put into perspective by his voluntary work at Mother Theresa's home for the dying. Here he bathes, feeds and comforts the inhabitants of the men's ward, where the panic and despair of death are replaced by dignity and humour. This sensitive portrait alone makes this heartfelt collection a magical and uplifting read.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingcartoon.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethecartoonbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examplesYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} A new drug has been developed, and you are asked to write instructions for the use of the drug, and your writing should include: (1) what the drug is used for; (2) what should be followed when the drug is used; (3) how to keep the drug. You should write about 100 words on Answer sheet 2.

问答题Directions: Write a letter to apply for an opportunity of your further study abroad. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbyitandthen3)giveyourpointsofview.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题 According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 46){{U}}Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.{{/U}} 47){{U}}"In short", a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions."{{/U}} 48){{U}}Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.{{/U}} The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were unable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. 49){{U}}Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.{{/U}} But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses. Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. 50){{U}}Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.{{/U}}

问答题Directions: Suppose that you are an English major and one of your classmates wants to choose a book to learn English letter writing. Write a letter in about 100 words to make a suggestion to him/her. 1) Give your suggestions, and explain the reasons, 2) Other recommendation. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead. Do not write your address.

问答题 The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unslanted, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment Confronting American journalism — to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as “local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life. (46){{U}}There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion.{{/U}} This is nonsense. The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough? As to the first query, consider how a so-called “factual” story comes about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten, which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece (This is important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph.) This is Judgment Number Two. (47){{U}}Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. {{/U}}Judgment Number Three. Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgments are involved. (48){{U}}And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their “news neutralism,” arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.{{/U}} (49){{U}}The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processes — as objective, that is, as any human being can be.{{/U}} (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels.) (50){{U}}If an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation, and he can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up his particular plea.{{/U}} Or he can do it by the pay he gives a story — promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.

问答题1)interpretthefollowingpicture.2)possiblereasonsforthephenomenon.3)yourcomments.YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Dr. Norman Rosenthal, a psychiatrist in the Washington area and an expert on depression and anger, when reviewing the driver who kept threatening me says, drivers who repeatedly tailgate (紧跟着某车驾驶),trying to pressure the cars in front to move faster or get out of the way, "are always sitting on their arteries," which constricts in response to stress hormones that spew forth from their adrenal 46){{U}}It is hard to say whether rage is now more common than it used to be or we are simply now more aware of it. given high-profile cases like mass shootings by children and evidence that chronically angry people endanger their health, their lobs and their personal relationships.{{/U}} For example, in a 25-year follow-up study of University of North Carolina medical students, Dr. John Barefoot, now at Duke, found that those who scored highest in hostility on a standard personality rest were nearly five rimes as likely to die of heart disease as their less hostile classmates. 47){{U}}Certainly pressures built into many modern lives—urban, suburban and rural— give many opportunities for latent anger to erupt{{/U}}. But that does not mean frequent hostile outbursts are either inevitable or productive. As Dr. Rosenthal wrote, "In most everyday situations we are more likely to pay a greater price for losing our temper than for not getting our licks in quickly enough." The advice to count to 10, and if you're still angry, count to 100 before you take any action, is far from an old wife's tale. Dr. Rosenthal said the driver threatening me appeared to attribute hostile motives to other people. In his mind I deliberately made his life difficult and he was determined to teach me a lesson. Furthermore, he said, common misperceptions often fuel anger. Some people, especially those who are depressed, see hostility where it does not exist. 48){{U}}They believe—Incorrectly—that others feel hostile or critical toward them and tend to defend themselves, in the process actually provoking hostility and a vicious cycle of anger{{/U}} 49){{U}}Others operate from a misperception that the world should be other than it is and become enraged when disturbed by the ordinary hassles and inconveniences of everyday life—an airport delay, a traffic jam, a person who breaks into a line.{{/U}} Dr. Rosenthal told of a friend who was often angered by long red lights and whose wife "minds him gently that the red light doesn"t care, so he might as well save his fury." 50){{U}}The psychiatrist noted that "it is easier to change your expectations and recognize that life is often neither fair nor easy than it is to change the world."{{/U}} Sometimes chemical influences-'-like excessive caffeine, steroids, diet drugs and antidepressants--foster irritability. If medications may be contributing to your anger, discuss this possibility with your physician.

问答题That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth- century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture. Since Neolithic times, sculpture has been considered the prerogative of men, partly, perhaps, for purely physical reasons: it was erroneously assumed that women were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. (47) It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power. Their rise to prominence parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United States : (48) while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940's, it was only after 1945--when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world--that major sculpture was produced in the United States. Some of the best was the work of women. By far the most outstanding of these women is Louise Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work, "For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail. " Her works have been compared to the Cubist constructions of Picasso, the Surrealistic objects of Miro, and the Merzbau of Schwitters. (49) Nevelson would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century. Nevelson says, "I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere, except that it has to pass through a creative mind. " (50) Using mostly discarded wooden objects like broken pieces of furniture and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructions of great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations. In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, but then neither Louise Nevelson nor her art fits into any neat category.

问答题 Directions: After having finished the end-of-term exams, you have gone straight home without saying goodbye to your roommate Li Hong. Write a letter to her: 1) explaining the situation, and 2) inviting her home during the vacation. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not Sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

问答题Directions : You are planning to study in a foreign university. Write a letter of application to ask for some materials. Write to tell them 1) your educational background and 2) what major you want to study. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You don't have to write the address.

问答题 Once a circle missed a wedge. The circle wanted to be whole, so it went around looking for its missing piece. But because it was incomplete and therefore could roll only very slowly, it admired the flowers along the way. It chatted with worms. It enjoyed the sunshine. It found lots of different pieces, but none of them fit. So it left them all by the side of the road and kept on searching. Then one day the circle found a piece that fit perfectly. It was so happy. Now it could be whole, with nothing missing. It incorporated the missing piece into itself and began to roll. Now that it was a perfect circle, it could roll very fast, too fast to notice flowers or talk to the worms. (46) {{U}}When it realized how different the world seemed when it rolled so quickly, it stopped, left its found piece by the side of the road and rolled slowly away.{{/U}} (47) {{U}}The lesson of the story, I suggested, was that in some strange sense we are more whole when we are missing something.{{/U}} The man who has everything is in some ways a poor man. He will never know what it feels like to yearn, to hope, to nourish his soul with the dream of something better. He will never know the experience of having someone who loves him give him something he has always wanted or never had. (48) {{U}}There is a wholeness about the person who has crone to terms with his limitations, who has been brave enough to let go of his unrealistic dreams and not feel like a failure for doing so.{{/U}} There is a wholeness about the man or woman who has learned that he or she is strong enough to go through a tragedy and survive, she can lose someone and still feel like a complete person. Life is not a trap set for us by God so that he can condemn us for failing. Life is not a spelling bee, where no matter how many words you've gotten right; you're disqualified if you make one mistake. (49) {{U}}Life is more like a baseball season, where even the best team loses one third of its games and even the worst team has its days of brilliance.{{/U}} Our goal is to win more games than we lose. When we accept that imperfection is part of being human, and when we can continue rolling through life and appreciate it, we will have achieved a wholeness that others can only aspire to. (50) {{U}}That, I believe, is what God asks of us—not "Be perfect", not "Don't even make a mistake", but "Be whole."{{/U}}