填空题Cardiologists have pioneered the world's first non-surgical bypass operation to turn a vein into an artery using a new technique to divert blood flow in a man with severe heart disease. 41. ______________________ Although major heart surgery is becoming commonplace, with more than 28,000 bypass operations in the UK annually, it is traumatic for patients and involves a long recovery period. The new technique was carried out by an international team of doctors who performed the non-invasive surgery on a 53-year-old German patient. 42. ______________________ According to a special report in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association, cardiologists developed a special catheter (导管)which was inserted into one of :his leg arteries, threaded up through the aorta (主动脉) to the top of the diseased artery, which was the only part still open and receiving blood. 43. ______________________ A thin, flexible wire was threaded through the needle and the needle and catheter were with- drawn, leaving the wire behind and a small angioplasty(血管成形术) balloon, which was used to widen the channel. Finally, the vein was blocked off just above the new channel allowing blood from the artery to be re-routed down the vein. 44. ______________________ Dr. Stephen Oesterle, who led the team, said: "This milestone marks the first coronary artery bypass performed with a catheter. The technology offers a realistic hope for truly minimally invasive bypass procedures in the future." Dr. Oasterle is director of cardiology at Massachusetts General Hospital and associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston. Melanie Haddon, cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, said it was likely to be many years before the procedure was routinely used in hospitals. "Non-invasive surgery, such as this new method, could help minimize the risks, bringing great benefits to the patient." A clot-busting drug combined with 10-minute spurts of exercise has been found to grow new blood vessels in children with heart disease. 45. ______________________ X-rays showed that over a five month period a network of tiny new blood vessels formed in two of the patients. In all seven individuals, the treatment was associated with improved blood flow to the heart muscle in the areas around the blockage.[A] In every case, the therapy increased the size of the blocked artery allowing more blood to pass through.[B] The diabetic patient, who has not been named, had suffered severe chest pains because one of his coronary arteries was severely blocked and depriving his heart muscle of oxygen, but he was considered by doctors to be unsuitable for traditional bypass surgery.[C] Then, guided by ultra-sound a physician pushed a needle from inside the catheter through the artery wall and into the adjacent vein.[D] The keyhole procedure, which avoids the extensive invasive surgery of a conventional bypass, will offer hope to tens of thousands of people at risk from heart attacks. Coronary heart disease, where the arteries are progressively silted up with fatty deposits, is responsible in a major industrial country like Britain for more than 160,000 deaths each year.[E] After the procedure, the vein effectively became an artery, carrying blood in the reverse direction from the previous way, and feeding the starved heart tissue with oxygen.[F] Researchers in Japan studied seven children and teenagers, aged 6 to 19, who had a totally blocked artery and could not be helped by surgery. They were asked to exercise on a bicycle ma- chine twice a day for 10 days and given the anti-clotting drug before each session.[G] It is very premature to suggest that this technique will significantly reduce the need for coronary bypass surgery in the near future. It won't be a solution for everyone. The reality is that veins are not always located that close to an artery, so it wouldn't work under certain circumstances.

填空题In brand-new offices with a still-empty game room and enough space to triple their staff of nearly 30, a trio of entrepreneurs is leading an Internet start-up with an improbable mission: to out-Google Google. The three started Powerset, a company whose aim is to deliver better answers than any other search engine—including Google—by letting users type questions in plain English. And they have made believers of Silicon Valley investors whose fortunes turn on identifying the next big thing. Powerset is hardly alone. (41) . And Wikia Inc, a company started by a founder of Wikipedia, plans to develop a search engine that. like the popular Web-based encyclopedia, would be built by a community of programmers and users. (42) . It also shows how much the new Internet economy resembles a planetary system where everything and everyone orbits around search in general, and around Google in particular. Silicon Valley is filled with start-ups whose main business proposition is to be bought by Google, or for that matter by Yahoo or Microsoft. Countless other start-ups rely on Google as their primary driver of traffic or on Google's powerful advertising system as their primary source of income. Virtually all new companies compote with Google for scarce engineering talent. (43) "There is way too much obsession with search, as if it were the end of the world." said Esther Dyson, a well-known technology investor and forecaster. "Google equals money equals search equals search advertising; it all gets combined as if this is the last great business model." It may not be the last great business model, but Google has proved that search linked to ,advertising is a very large and lucrative business, and everyone—including Ms. Dyson, who invested a small sum in Powerset—seems to want a piece of it. Since the beginning of 2004, venture capitalists have put nearly $350 million into no fewer than 79 start-ups that had something to do with Internet search, according to the National Venture Capital Association, an industry group. (44) Since Google's stated mission is to organize all of the world's information, they may still find themselves in the search giant's cross hairs. That is not necessarily bad, as being acquired by Google could be a financial bonanza for some of these entrepreneurs and investors. (45) . Powerset recently received $12.5 million in financing. Hakia, which like Powerset is trying to create a "natural language" search engine, got $16 million. Another $16 million went to Snap, which has focused on presenting search results in a more compelling way and is experimenting with a new advertising model. And ChaCha. which uses paid researchers that act as virtual reference librarians to provide answers to users' queries. got $6.1 million. Still, recent history suggests that gaining traction is going to be difficult. Of dozens of search start-ups that were introduced in recent years, none had more than a 1 percent share of the United States search market in November. according to Nielsen NetRatings, a research firm that measures Internet traffic.[A] Powerset could possibly steal a lead if it improves search results by a significant measure with natural language and simultaneously incorporates a near-equivalent to Google's existing capabilities.[B] Even as Google continues to outmaneuver its main search rivals, Yahoo and Microsoft, plenty of newcomers—with names like hakia, ChaCha and Snap--are trying to beat the company at its own game.[C] These ambitious quests reflect the renewed optimism sweeping technology centers like Silicon Valley and fueling a nascent Internet boom.[D] But in the current boom, there is money even for those with the audacious goal of becoming a better GooSe.[E] And divining Google's next move has become a fixation for scores of technology blogs and a favorite parlor game among technology investors.[F] An overwhelming majority are not trying to take Google head on, but rather are focusing on specialized slices of the search world, like searching for videos, blog postings or medical information.[G] The venture capitalists made the investment based on an assumption that Powerset would complete the licensing deal,

填空题Comparisons were drawn between the development television in the 20th century and the diffusion printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened ---|||________|||---As was discussed before, it was not ---|||________|||--- the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre- electronic ---|||________|||--- , following in the wake the pamphlet and the book and in the ---|||________|||--- the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution ---|||________|||--- up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading ---|||________|||--- through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures ---|||________|||--- the 20th-century world the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that in ---|||________|||--- It is important to do so. 　　It is generally recognized, ---|||________|||--- , that the introduction the computer in the early 20th century, ---|||________|||---by the invention the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the , ---|||________|||---its impact the media was not immediately ---|||________|||---As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became "personal" too, as well as ---|||________|||---, with display becoming sharper and storage ---|||________|||---increasing. They were thought , like people, ---|||________|||---generations, with the distance between generations much ---|||________|||---. 　　It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the ---|||________|||---within which we now live. The communications revolution has ---|||________|||---both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been ---|||________|||---views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "Benefits" have been weighed ---|||________|||---"harmful" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.

填空题[A] Running after Them Doesn"t Help Anybody [B] Remember Newton"s Third Law [C] Show Some Respect for the Things They Care About [D] 18 Years Old:The Beginning of Adulthood [E] Know Strength and Weakness of Your Child [F] Don"t Look Under the Mattress [G] Be Consistent When your child becomes a teenager, you"re well over halfway through the job of raising them, and you have only a few years left to instill all those values and principles you want them to go into adult life with. And suddenly, they look as if they"re throwing away all the work you"ve put in up to now. But actually, if you just keep your head, and follow these essential teenage Rules, you"ll find you come out the other end with a terrific adult you can really be proud of. 41.______ Unless your child is putting themselves in serious danger, you really do have to put up with it. The more you try to tell them, the more you push them in the opposite direction. They"re looking for something to kick at, to rebel against, because they"re programmed to. The more force you use, the more they"ll use. Remember Newton"s third law of motion? For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. So what can you do when you see them going wrong? You can tell them what you think, but don"t tell them what to do. 42.______ Teenagers are up to things you don"t want to know about. For example, your daughter has gone further than you"d like with her boyfriend. And they"ve almost certainly been offered drugs, but they won"t have any evidence of it hanging around in their room, so there"s no point looking under the mattress or reading their secret diary. And what are you going to do about it — confront them? I think not. You"ll severely damage your relationship, and they"ll just keep them under the floorboards instead. Maybe you should think back to the things you did as a teenager that you didn"t want your parents to know about. See? Your kids are just being perfectly normal teenagers. 43. ______ It"s one of the many paradoxes of teenagers. On the one hand, they want to rebel, to shock you, to do things that get to you, and on the other hand, they want your approval and your goodwill. So when you criticize your teenager"s choices, you criticize them. It"s an age of fragile egos and easily knocked self-esteem, and it"s easy to make your teenager feel that you disapprove, or even that you don"t like them. Whether it"s their music or their politics or the way they dress or their decision to become vegetarian, they need to know that it"s okay with you. 44.______ You started off with 18 years and counting. How many have you got left? Because when you get to zero, they"ll be on their own. I know parents who are still looking after their kids when they"re 18. And the kids, not being crazy, let them do it. It takes two to play that game. You know your child"s strengths and weaknesses as well as anyone. So think through what they still need to learn, and make sure they do. If they"re hopeless with money, teach them to budget. Get them to do the family shopping for a week on your usual budget, or get firm about not paying to fill up their car beyond the agreed amount. 45. ______ Your kids need to know what is and isn"t acceptable. And they judge that by what was and wasn"t okay yesterday and the day before. If they"re not getting a consistent message, they"re clueless as to how they have to behave, and those all important boundaries aren"t being properly maintained. That means the kids feel confused, insecure, and perhaps even unloved. If you"ve decided that you don"t allow the kids to stay late outside, you have to stick to it. Just because your little one was a bit sad about something today, and you"re feeling a bit down yourself anyway... no, no, no ! Stop right there ! Let them come back at once and it will be ten times harder to say no to them next time, and they won"t understand why. Say no now and you"re only being cruel to be kind.

填空题A. The culprit is climate change, caused by society"s burning of fossil fuels. When it comes to global warming, farmers who are more attuned to weather patterns than most people—may be the proverbial canaries in the coalmine. The weather, of course, has never been exactly dependable—farmers have always been at the mercy of the vagaries of sun and rain. But general weather patterns have at least been broadly predictable, allowing farmers to know when to sow their seeds, when to transplant, when to harvest. As weather patterns become less reliable, growers will be tested to develop new rhythms and systems for growing crops. B. Most keyboard jockeys would die for the view from Orin Martin"s office window: apple trees in blossom, lines of citrus, dozens of varieties of flowers and neat rows of peppers and potatoes. Martin is a farmer in Santa Cruz, Calif., where for the last 30 years he has been an instructor at the University of California"s agro-ecology program, one of the nation"s oldest organic agriculture curriculums. C. What all agriculture experts agree on is that farmers need to start preparing today for climate change. Growers ought to be thinking about what warmer temperatures, fluctuations in precipitation, and an increase in extreme weather events will mean for their farms, and how they can respond. "This is change; it"s not necessarily disaster," says Grubinger. "The disaster will come if people aren"t prepared." D. In recent years, however, something has been wrong in his idyllic setting. The weather is changing in strange ways. From New England to the Midwest to California, farmers and scientists are noticing that once-dependable weather patterns are shifting. E. Among farmers and researchers, there is disagreement about which types of growers climate change will impact most—large agribusiness growing operations, or smaller, family-run farms. Some agriculture industry observers say that the bigger farmers will have an advantage in coping with weather changes, as they will have more resources to switch to new crops. Others say that since family farms usually grow a wider range of crops, their biological diversity will make it easier to cope with whatever changes occur. F. There is a misconception that the scientific community is in a state of disagreement about global warming. In fact, there is virtually no serious disagreement on the central points. The misconception of disagreement is actually an illusion that has been deliberately fostered by oil & coal companies. These companies want to prevent any new policies that would interfere with their current business plans that rely on the massive unrestrained dumping of CO 2 into the Earth atmosphere every day. G. Too much rain at the wrong time can make it difficult to plant or harvest crops. Above-average rainfall also contributes to fungi and insects that can dramatically reduce crop yields. Too much warmth is equally problematic. Some plants require a certain number of frost days each year in order to thrive the following spring. As temperatures warm, farmers may find themselves having to either shift to different crops or actually move their operations to new locales. Unreliable weather will make it harder for farmers to be as productive as we have come to expect. Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 →E→ 5

填空题[A]Noteverythinghaschanged,ofcourse.Asofteninthepast,theinjuredpolicemenweresofttargets.One,inDuncannon,wasshotashiscarwasstalledinatrafficjam.TheLondonderryofficerwaswoundedashedroppedoffhissonatschool.AfriendsaidhehadrecentlyjoinedthePSNI,whichis23%Catholic,becausehebelieveditverydifferentfromtheoldProtestant-dominatedRoyalUlsterConstabulary.(Hehad,however,movedhouse.)TheRealIRAansweredSinnFein"spleasforco-operationwiththepolicebythreateningtokillanyonewhodidso.AndtheshootinginDungannoncausedalong-delayedmeetingofthepolicing-partnershipcommitteethere,towhichSinnFeinhadatlastsentnominees,tobecancelled.[B]Theseeventsmakemanyanxious.Others,however,noteadvances.ThepolicemenwereshotbymenwhocallthemselvestheRealIRA,animplicitdismissalofmainstreamrepublicanswhosupportthepeaceprocessthatsixmonthsagoputMartinMcCuinness,atormerIRAleader,attheheadoftheprovince"sdevolvedgovernmentalongwiththeLiveIanPaisley,onceadiehardunionist.[C]Ulster"smiserablepastrefusestogoquietly.TwopolicemenwereshotandinjuredbyrepublicanparamilitariesinthefivedaysfromNovember8th.OnNovemberlaththeUlsterDefenceAssociation(UDA),.thelargestoftheloyalistparamilitarygroups,saiditwould"standdown"frommidnightbutwouldneitherdestroynorhandoveritsweapons.Thefollowingdaythepeaceprocesswatchdog,theIndependentMonitoringCommission(IMC),confirmedthatthosewhobeatPaulQuinntodeathlastmonthacrosstheborderfromsouthArmaghwereIRAmembers"pastorpresent,orassociates".Itwastoosoontotell,itsaid,whethertheIRA"scommanding"armycouncil"hadgiventheorder.[D]ThereisnoloyalistequivalentofSinnFein,originallytheIRA"smouthpieceandnowthelargestpartyrepresentingCatholicvoters.TheUDAandthesmallerUlsterVolunteerForcecameintobeingtodefendtheUnionandProtestantsagainsttheIRA,thoughmostoftheir980victimswereinnocentCatholics.AsIRAviolencewaned,UDAfiguresbecamebestknownfortheirdrug-dealing,goldjewelryandcocainehabits.Fledglingloyalistpoliticsweredamagedbyassociation.Rivalryforthecontroloflucrativecriminalbusinessesfuelledviolentfeudsanddelayedthedecommissioningofweapons.[E]Butviolenceisyieldingdiminishingreturns.TheRealIRAbecamenotoriousin1998,whentheytriedtowreckthenewlynegotiatedpower-sharingsettlementbybombingthetownofOmagh,nearDungannon.Thedeathtollof29wasthegreatestlossoflifeinasingleTroublesbombing.Butthetragedystrengthenedsupportforthepeaceprocess.Mostdissidentattackssincethenhavebeensabotagedbypoliceinfiltrationandwhatmanysuspectisinformationfromotherrepublicans.[F]Loyalistgroupsfirstcalledamuch-breachedceasefirein1994,andtheUDA"sannouncementthistimewasunderminedbytherefusaltohandoveritsguns.Butarecenttragedyhasunderlinedjustwhytheparamilitariesmustbeputoutofbusiness.Afortnightagoa16-year-oldnamedDeanClarkehangedhimselfinthedown-at-heelTigersBaydistrictofnorthBelfast.Hehadjustcomeoutofhospitalaftertreatmentfordrugpoisoning.HismothersaidalocalUDAbosshadsoldtheboyketamine,atranquilliserusedtosedatehorses.[G]TwentyyearsagoMrMcGuinnessdirectedthebombingsthatblitzedthecentreofLondonderry.Thistimehederidedthosewhoattackedanofficerinthatcityforseemingnottoknowthewarwasover,andcalledonwitnessestohelpthepolice.MrPaisleyandhistroopshavechangedaswell.InthepasthisDemocraticUnionistPartyprofessedtoseenodifferencebetweenmainstreamanddissidentrepublicans.ThisweekhewascontenttoseekassurancesfromSirHughOrde,chiefconstableofthePoliceServiceofNorthernIreland(PSNI),thatthepolicehadresourcesenoughto"quash"thedissidents.Order:

填空题 High fuel prices will probably keep Americans closer to home this summer. A recent poll by AOL and Zogby found that 30% of Americans have changed their vacation plans because of high fuel prices. On websites like Ecomodder and Daily Fuel Economy Tip, drivers are learning how to save by driving smarter, hunting down deals, finding alternative modes of transportation or-at worst-finding creative reasons to spend less time behind the wheel and more time relaxing. "People aren't canceling their trips outright," says Marie Dodds, a spokeswoman for American Automobile Association, "but they are definitely looking into other options." {{U}} {{U}} 21 {{/U}} {{/U}}Means to make the trip cheaper: For many American families, even a road trip can feel like a luxury when it costs ＄75 to fill the fuel tank. {{U}} {{U}} 22 {{/U}} {{/U}}Drive less, save more: The most obvious way to save gas is simply to drive less. For some, that means changing the destination. {{U}} {{U}} 23 {{/U}} {{/U}}A different way of camping: Even camping-that mainstay of penny-pincher vacations-might look different this year, thanks to gas prices. State parks in New York, Maine and Vermont have all reported an increase of 10% to 15% in camping reservations over last year. But more campers will be arriving not by gassy recreational vehicle but by ear-or even motorbike. Campgrounds have become more motorcycle-friendly in recent years to cater to that growing market. {{U}} {{U}} 24 {{/U}} {{/U}}More advice on gas-saving: What about Americans who can't resist the call of a summer road trip? Benjamin Jones, known for extreme gas-saving stunts like covering the underside of a car with corrugated plastic to reduce drag and coasting in neutral with the engine off instead of hitting the brakes, gives them some advice. {{U}} {{U}} 25 {{/U}} {{/U}}Staycation becomes popular: Some families, though, are simply taking more vacation closer to or at home. Alnericans are used to tough economic times and challenging environments in which to travel. "They've become ever-increasingly resilient," one governmental officer said. "Although Americans consider their vacations sacrosanct, they are being more discreet. Americans will continue to travel; they're just going to change the way they travel." A. Brad Smith of Portland, Ore., is taking his two kids, ages 7 and 8, on a three-day bike ride along the southern Oregon coast sponsored by a nonprofit group called Cycle Oregon. Smith, 45, says exercising as a family is a new priority. Bonus: "I can have a beer at the end of the day, and I don't feel guilty about it." B. That's why Ronelle Scardina, 39, scrapped plans to drive 400 miles to Disneyland in Anaheim, Calif., this Juiy and decided instead to rent a cabin on a lake just two hours from her home in San Rafael. "Prices are going up on everything, and we have a mortgage and a family to support," says the working morn, who expects to scrimp even more by packing her family of four into her 1994 Honda Civic instead of taking her roomier-but gas-slurping-SUV. C. Scardina got a family pool pass to her local community center, which she can walk to, and plans to carpool to the beach with friends. She'll also take her kids, ages 5 and 6, to local puppet shows, an African dance festival and live music at a nearby outdoor amphitheater. This summer there may be no better way to save money than to stay home. D. For ordinary drivers, he recommends avoiding stop-and-go driving and idling, which depletes up to a gallon of gas per hour. Driving 55 m.p.h, instead of 80 saves 20% of gas over the same distance, he says. E. Doug and Cheryl Ludwig of Frederick, Md., recently canceled an 18,000-mile trip to Alaska that they had been planning to take in their recreational vehicle, which gets just 10 m.p.g. Instead, they'll be heading to Amish country in nearby Pennsylvania. F. Chris Rhie, 23, says he plans to ride his new Suzuki motorcycle-which gets 50 m.p.g.-from San Francisco to Yosemite for a camping trip with his girlfriend this summer.

填空题Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be hopeless. Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient, the doctor, and nature in these situations. Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain, those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be. 41 ______. What role should the doctor have? Doctors, when taking the Hippocratic oath, swear to preserve life at all costs, and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath. It is their responsibilities to heal the sick, and in the cases when healing is not possible, then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable. Doctors are trained never to hasten death. 42. ______ Doctors are also, by virtue of their humanness, capable of making mistakes. Doctors could quite possibly say, for instance, that a cancer patient was terminal, and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious. There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs. 43. ______ These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted-suicide question. For instance, patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions. Pain clouds judgment, and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny. Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment, so they shouldn't be held completely responsible for decisions related to it. Doctors are also fallible, and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur. 44. ______ I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service. If someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery, and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine that seems merciful rather than criminal. If we can agree to this, then I think we could also agree that having a doctor close by measuring the dosage and advising the family and friends is a reasonable request. 45. ______ Life is indeed precious, but an inevitable part of life is death, and it should be precious, too. If life has become an intolerable pain and intense suffering, then it seems that in order to preserve dignity and beauty, one should have the right to end her or his suffering quietly, surely, and with family and friends nearby.[A] If one simply withholds treatment, it may take the patient longer to die, and so he may suffer more than he would if more direct action were taken and a lethal injection given.[B] The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature. Life is precious. Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another's life. Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die. To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws, but to break divine laws as well.[C] Since doctors are trained to prolong life, they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide.[D] There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies, for example, nature. Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces.[E] Without the doctor’s previous treatment, the person would surely be dead already. Doctors have intervened for months or even years, so why not sanction this final, merciful intervention?[F] There is no single, objectively correct answer for everyone as to when, if at all, one’s life becomes all things considered a burden and unwanted. If self-determination is a fundamental value, then the great variability among people on this question makes it especially important that individuals control the manner, circumstances, and timing of their death and dying.[G] Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime, and they should be dealt with accordingly.