填空题From antiquity to modern times, the nation has always been a product of informa- tion management. The ability to impose taxes, proclaim laws, count citizens and raise an army lies at the heart of statehood. Yet something new is afoot. These days demo- cratic openness means more than that citizens can vote at regular intervals in free and fair elections. They also expect to have access to government data. The state has long been the biggest generator, collector and user of data. It keeps records on every birth, marriage and death, compiles figures on all aspects of the economy and keeps statistics on licenses, laws and the weather. (41)______ But now citizens and non-governmental organizations the world over are pressing to get access to public data at the national, state and municipal level-and sometimes government officials enthusiastically support them. (42)______ America is in the lead on data access. On his first full day in office Barack Obama issued a presidential memorandum ordering the heads of federal agencies to make available as much information as possible, urging them to act "with a clear presumption: in the face of doubt, openness prevails". Mr. Obama's directive caused a flurry of activity. (43) ______. It is all on a public website, data.gov. And more information is being released all the time. Within 48 hours of data on flight delays being made public, a website had sprung up to disseminate them. Providing access to data "creates a culture of accountability", says Vivek Kundra, the federal government's CIO. One of the first things he did after taking office was to create an online "dashboard" detailing the govern ment's own $70 billion technology spending. Now that the information is freely available, Congress and the public can ask questions or offer suggestions. (44)______ All this has made a big difference. "There is a cultural change in what people expect from government, fu- elled by the experience of shopping on the internet and having real-time access to financial information," says John Wonderlich of the Sunlight Foundation, which promotes open government. (45)______ Chris Vein, San Francisco's CIO, insists that providing more information can make government more effi- cient. California's generous "sunshine laws" provide the necessary legal backing. Among the first users of the newly available data was a site called "San Francisco Crimespotting" that layers historical crime figures on top of map information. People now often come to public meetings armed with crime maps to demand police patrols in their particular area.[A] This was all the more remarkable since the Bush administration had explicitly instructed agencies to do the opposite.[B] Yet until recently all these data have been locked tight. Even when publicly accessible they were hard to find, and aggregating lots of printed information is notoriously difficult.[C] The economic crisis has speeded up that change, particularly in state and city governments.[D] It is now possible to obtain figures on job-related deaths that name employers, and to get annual data on migration free. Some information that was previously available but hard to get at now comes in a computer- readable format.[E] The model will be applied to other areas, perhaps including health-care data, says Mr Kundra-provided that looming privacy issues can be resolved.[F] "Government information is a form of infrastructure, no less important to our modem life than our roads, electrical grid or water systems," says Carl Malamud, the boss of a group called Public.Resource.Org that puts government data online.[G] It allows users to play around with the data and spot hidden trends.

填空题Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 16 American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropology—the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs—thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 17 . In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 18 . Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 19 . Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 20 . Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist é mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology. A. Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism. B. In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy. C. He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies. D. They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people"s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children"s entrance into adulthood. E. Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved. F. Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning. G. For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.

填空题[A]Thenextlogicalstepistoautomatethephysicalprocessofcuttingthediamond,andDrHoldenseemstohavefoundtheidealpartner.HeistalkingtoCalibratedDiamonds.acompanybasedinJohannesburg,SouthAfrica.aboutcombininghisoptimisationtechniqueswithanadvancedlaser-cuttingsystem.Traditionally,diamondsarecutandpolishedusingotherdiamonds.Butmrecentyears,lasershavebeenintroducedtomakeroughcutsandmcarry,out"bruting",thebevellingprocessusedtogivediamondstheircharacteristicsharp-edgedshapes.JohnBond.thefounderofCalibratedDiamonds,sayshislaser-cuttingmethodcanmakemuchmoreprecisecutsandcanevenpolishdiamonds,thoughheisreluctanttoexplainhowitworks.Hebelievesthatcombininghislaser-cuttingwithDrHolden'ssoftware,andautomatingthewholeprocess,couldbothreducewastedramaticallyandcuttheturnaroundtimefrommonthstodays."Currently,peoplearelosingupto70%ofthediamond."hesays.[B]Forover600yearslapidarists,orstone-cutters,havebeenusingessentiallythesametechniquestocutdiamondsanddeterminetheirvalue,saysDrHolden.Thereisagreatneedforautomation,hesays—asentimentechoedwithintheindustry.TheGemologicalInstituteofAmerica,forexample,isdevisingsoftwaretoenableretailersandconsumerstocomparediamondsofdifferentcutsbygradingthecutautomatically.[C]Inactualuse,thesystemisfedmodelsofgemstones,whichareproducedbyscanningthe.stonesusingadesktopX-raytomographymachine.Whenastoneisidentifiedasaborderlinecasebetweentwogrades,thesystemusesanoptimisationtechnique,calledageneticalgorithm,toexplorethedifferentwaysinwhichthestonecouldbecuttomaximiseitsvalue.Sometimesbiggerisnotnecessarilybetter:removingImperfections,knownasinclusions,mayreducethesizeandcaratageofastone,butcouldalsoelevateittoamorevaluablegrade.TestsofiGemshowedthatitcouldincreasethevalueofaroughstonebyasmuchas23%.[D]Evenasmallimprovementcanyieldasignificantincreaseinvalue,saysDrHolden.whospecialisesinapplyingtechnologytoimprovedecision-makinginbusiness.TogetherWithhiscolleagueMateeSerearuno.hehasdevelopedanoptimisationsystemcallediGem.Besidesautomaticallyworkingoutthegradeofaroughdiamond,italsosuggestshowbesttocatitinordertomaximisethevalueoftheresultingstones.[E]MrBondhopesthatthiscombinationoftechnologieswillhelphishomecontinenttobenefitmorefromitsnaturalwealth.Morethan60%oftheworld'sroughdiamondscomefromAfrica,hesays,butalackofexpertiseandrelativelyhighlabourcostsmeansthatthestonesareusuallyshippedoverseas,tocountriessuchasIndia,forassessmentandcutting.Hehopestohavehisfirstfactoryupandrunninglaterthisyear.[F]Thesystemusesasetofroles,distilledfromthejudgmentsoffourdiamondexperts,mdeterminetheclarity,andhencethegrade,ofeachstone.Eachexpertwasaskedtoclassify503different"virtualstones"--computermodelsofstonescontainingdifferentWivesofflaws.Theexperts'verdictswerethenboileddownintoasetofrules,sothatwhenanewgemstoneispresentedtothesystem,itcandeterminehowtheexpertswouldprobablyhavegradedit.Datafrommoreexpertscouldhavebeenused,butfourprovedtobeenoughtoproducearobustandaccuratesystem,saysDrHolden.[G]Whileadiamondmaybeforever,itsvalueisfarfromsetinstone.ItdependsonthefourCs:carat,cut,colourandclarity.Butwhilethefirstthreecanbemeasuredobjectively,assessingadiamond'sclarityinvolvesacertainamountofsubjectivityandcanleaveexpertsdisagreeingaboutthegrade—andhencethevalue—ofastone.NowresearchersatCambridgeUniversity'sInstituteforManufacturingclaimmhavedevisedawaytomakethegradingofdiamondsandotherpreciousstonesmoreconsistent.TonyHolden,theproject'sleader,saysautomatingthisprocesscoulddomorethanjustloadmmoreaccuratevaluations.Itcouldalsomakeroughstonesmorevaluable,byreducingtheamountofwasteduringcutting.Order:

填空题(41) Conflicts: If you do get a place in the student dormitory, it is likely that you will have to share your living space with one other student. While having an American roommate will help you to learn more about American ways, there will probably be many times that discomfort or conflict will arise due to cultural differences. (42) Sex: With regard to sex in general, American behavior is quite different from the norms found in China. (43) Relationship Between Teachers & Students: On the campus, particularly where classes are small, I found a strange informality that characterized the relationship between students and their professors. (44) Gifts: In my interaction with American friends, I noticed that the concept of a gift is quite different here. Many things we give to each other in China are not called "gifts" but are considered to be a reflection of ordinary duties and mutual obligations. Accustomed as we are to using the word "gift" to refer to something valuable given on special occasions, it comes as a surprise to see how often the word is used in America. In the United States, "gifts", given on many different occasions, are only services. (45) Social Intercourse. When you do enter American homes, you will have an opportunity to observe different ways of greeting people. On the whole, Americans tend to be far more physical than we in their greetings. [A] I was astonished, for example, when a friend told me that he was offering to care for his younger brother and sister so that his father could take a vacation for his birthday--this was a gift to him. For us, this would be considered duty rather than a gift. Even between friends gestures of this sort might be considered "gifts" here. [B] While many students do call their professors, "Professor" so and so or "Dr. " so and so, some professors prefer to be called familiarly by their first names. And in the spirit of informality, many professors may invite students to their homes or can be seen chatting with students over a meal or a cup of coffee in the school cafeteria. A good number of instructors even request that students fill out class evaluation forms which assess the content and presentation of the course. [C] My roommate was very sociable and had many boyfriends who came to visit often very late. One night, after midnight, I had to stay in the bathroom for an extra 40 minutes because I had heard a man"s voice in my room. My roommate did not realize how awkward I would feel meeting a man while I was in my nightgown. You see, American students tend to be much more casual about these matters. [D] On many occasions, for instance, close friends or sometimes even casual acquaintances embrace or kiss each other on the cheeks in greeting or bidding farewell. It may even happen that where couples are close friends, the two husbands will kiss the other man"s wife! [E] In the United States, for example, if a student wants to invite his teacher to a dinner party, the invitation should be sent a week or so before the party date. If the invitation is extended only three or four days before the party date, the teacher will feel he is not highly regarded. [F] For example, many American students seem to like to listen to popular and sometimes loud music while studying in their rooms. Sometimes they will even leave the music on when they leave the room. For some reason, many will tell you, music helps them to relax and concentrate, an idea which other foreign students and I found very strange and disturbing. We"d like to study quietly without any disturbance.

填空题A. Revelation of the nature of cometsB. A perfect representative of the cometsC. Hoping for the bestD. Right time and right place for the ImpactE. What to expect of this Deep Impact?F. Mystery in the heavens On Monday at 1:52a.m. ET, a probe deployed by a NASA spacecraft 83 million miles from home will smash at 23,000 mph into an ancient comet the size of Manhattan, blasting a hole perhaps 14 stories deep. 41. ( ) Launched in January, NASA's $333 million Deep Impact mission is designed to answer questions that scientists have long had about comets, the ominous icebergs of space. This is the first time any space agency has staged such a deliberate crash. Scientists hope images transmitted by the probe and its mother ship will tell them about conditions in the early solar system, when comets and planets, including Earth, were formed. The team hopes to release photos of the impact as soon as they are received from the craft. NASA and observatories across the nation will be releasing webcasts. 42. ( ) At the very least, NASA says, knowing how deep the probe dives into the comet could settle the debate over whether comets are compact ice cubes or porous snow cones. "We need to dig as deep a hole as possible," says mission science chief Michael A'Hearn of the University of Maryland. Until now, the closest scientists have come to a comet was when NASA's Stardust mission passed within 167 miles of the comet Wild 2 last year, collecting comet dust that is bound for a return to Earth in January. The most famous date with a comet occurred when an international spacecraft flotilla greeted Halley's comet in 1986. But these quick looks examined only the comets' dust and Surface; 43. ( ) To the ancients, comets were harbingers of doom, celestial intruders on the perfection of the heavens that presaged disaster. Modern astronomers have looked on them more favorably, at least since Edmond Halley's celebrated 1705 prediction of the return of Halley's comet in 1758 and every 75 years thereafter. Today, scientists believe Tempel 1 (named for Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel, who first spotted it in 1867 while searching for comets in the sky over Marseilles, France) and other comets are windows to the earliest days of the solar system, 4. 6 billion years ago, when planets formed from the dust disk surrounding the infant sun. 44. ( ) Deep Impact's copper-plated "impactor"--a 39-inch long, 820-pound beer-barrel-shaped probe--will be "run over like a penny on a train track" when it crashes, A'Hearn says. The impactor is equipped with a navigation system to make sure it smacks into the comet in the right location for the flyby craft's cameras. On Sunday, the flyby spacecraft will release the probe. Twelve minutes later, it will beat a hasty retreat with a maneuver aimed at allowing a close flyby, from 5,348 miles away, with cameras pointed. Fourteen minutes after the impact, the flyby spacecraft will scoot to within a mere 310 miles for a close-up of the damage. 45. ( ) Ideally, everything will line up, and the flyby spacecraft will take images of the crater caused by the impact. It will go into a "shielded" mode as ice and dust batter the craft, then emerge to take more pictures. "The realistic worst case is hitting (the comet) but not having the flyby in the right place," A'Hearn says. "Basically, we have a bullet trying to hit a second bullet with a third bullet in the right place at the right time to watch. I'd love to have a joystick(操纵杆) to control the impactor." Planetary scientists have "no idea" what sort of crater will result, McFadden says. Predictions range from a deep but skinny shaft driven into a porous snow cone to a football stadium-sized excavation in a hard-packed ice ball. But astronomers should have their answer shortly after impact, which should settle some questions about the comet's crust and interior. Analysis of the chemistry of that interior, based on the light spectra given off in the impact's aftermath, could take much longer.

填空题 [A] Is that what the American viewing public is getting.'? Perhaps 10% of prime-time network programming is a happy combination of entertainment and enrichment. There used to be television-movies rich in human values,, but they have now become an endangered species. I find television too much concerned with what people have and too little concerned with who they are, very concerned with taking care of No. 1 and not at all concerned with sharing themselves with other people. All too often it tells us the half truth we wan! to hear rather than the whole truth we need to hear. [B] Why is television not more fully realizing its humanizing potential? Is the creative community at fault? Partially. But not primarily. I have lived and worked in that community for 32 years, as both priest and producer. As a group, these people have values. In fact, in Hollywood in recent months, audience enrichment has become their thing. A coalition of media companies has endowed the Humanists Prize so that it can recognize and celebrate those who accomplish it. [C] Every good story will not only captivate its viewers but also give them some insight into what it means to be a human being. By so doing, it can help them grow into the deeply centered, sovereignty free, joyously loving human being God made them to be. Meaning, freedom and love are the supreme human values. And this is the kind of human enrichment the American viewing public has a right to expect from those who make its entertainment. [D] The problem with American TV is not the lack of storytellers of conscience but the commercial system within which they have to operate. Television in the U.S. is a business. [n the past, the business side has been balanced by a commitment to public', service. But in recent years the fragmentation of the mass audience, huge interest payments and skyrocketing production costs have combined with the FCC's abdication of its responsibility to protect the common good to produce an ahnost total preoccupation with the bottom line. The networks are struggling to survive. And that, the statistics seem to indicate, is mindless, heartless, escapist fare. If we are dissatisfied with the moral content of what we are invited to watch, I think we should begin by examining our own consciences. When we tune in, are we ready to plunge into reality, so as to extract its meaning, or are we hoping to escape into a sedated world of illusion? And if church leaders want to elevate the quality of the country's entertainment, they should forget about boycotts, production codes and censorship. They should work at educating their people in media literacy and at mobilizing them to support quality shows in huge numbers. [E] It is not a question of entertainment or enrichment. These are complementary concerns and presuppose each other. The story that entertains without enriching is superficial and escapist. The story that enriches without entertaining is simply dull. The story that does both is a delight. [F] That is the only sure way to improve the moral content of America's entertainment. [G] Despite questions of the motivation behind them, the attacks by the President and the Vice President on the moral content of television entertainment have found an echo in the chambers of the American soul. Many who reject the messengers still accept the message. They do not like the moral tone of American TV. In our society only the human family surpasses television in its capacity to communicate values, provide role models, form consciences and motivate human behavior. Few educators, church leaders or politicians possess the moral influence of those who create the nation's entertainment. Order:[G]______→41.______→42.______→43. ______→44. ______→45.______→[F]

填空题(41)Orientation Yellowstone is much more than hot ground and gushing steam. Located astride the Continental Divide, most of the park occupies a high plateau surrounded by mountains and drained by several rivers. Park boundaries enclose craggy peaks, alpine lakes, deep canyons, and vast forests. In 1872, Yellowstone became the world's first national park, the result of great foresight on the part of many people about our eventual need for the solace and beauty of wild places. (42) When to Go More than half of the 3 million annum visitors come in July and August. In September and early October, the weather is good, the visitors few, and the wildlife abundant. In May and June, you can see newborn animals, but the weather may be cold, wet, and even snowy. Between about No-vember 1 and May 1 most park roads are closed to vehicles. (43) Getting There (44) How to Visit The 142-mile (228.5-kilometer) Grand Loop Road forms a figure eight, with connecting spurs to the five entrances. On any visit, start with the geyser basins and Mammoth Hot Springs to see wildlife and thermal features (caution: both can be hazardous if approached too closely). On the second day, travel to the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Hayden Valley, and Yellowstone Lake. (45) Park Information Park opens year-round.[A] Road from North Entrance to Northeast Entrance open all year; most other park roads closed to cars November through April. Call headquarters for latest weather and road conditions.[B] Facilities for Disabled Visitor centers, Madison and Fishing Bridge Campgrounds, most rest rooms, amphitheaters, numerous ranger-led activities, walks, and exhibits are wheelchair accessible. Free brochure available.[C] On a longer stay, visit the Northern Range, or consider a boating or fishing trip on Yellowstone Lake; a backcountry excursion on foot or horse; or any of the numerous easy nature trails throughout the park.[D] In early years, what made Yellowstone stand out was the extravaganza of geysers and hot springs. The wild landscape and the bison, elk, and bears were nice but, after all, America was still a pioneer country filled with scenic beauty and animals.[E] By Plane West Yellowstone Airport (WYS) at the West Entrance of Yellowstone. (This airport is open June through September.) Cody Airport (COD) about 50 miles (81 kilometers) from the park.[F] During the winter season, mid-December to mid-March, Yellowstone becomes a fantasy of steam and ice; facilities are limited but sufficient. Only the road between the North and Northeast Entrances stays open to cars, but snowmobiling is permitted on unplowed roads. Heated snow coaches offer tours and give cross-country skiers access to the 50 miles (80.5 kilometers ) of groomed trails.

填空题[A] Preserving cultural identity can be achieved in different way.[B] Ritual and ceremony are used in order to keep their own cultural identification.[C] Ritual and ceremony should not be regarded as a only way of keeping cultural identification, for they have other function.[D] Different cultures mainly use superstition to keep identification.[E] Ritual and ceremony have a closer relation with superstition.[F] In American ritual and ceremony can show their subcultures identity. The speaker asserts that rituals and ceremonies are needed for any culture or group of people to retain a strong sense of identity. I agree that one purpose of ritual and ceremony is to preserve cultural identity, at least in modern times. However, this is not their sole purpose; nor are ritual and ceremony the only means of preserving cultural identity. 41.______ I agree with the speaker insofar as one purpose of ritual and ceremony in today's world is to preserve cultural identity. Native American tribes, for example, cling tenaciously to their traditional ceremonies and rituals, which typically tell a story about 'tribal heritage. The reason for maintaining these rituals and customs lies largely in the tribes' 500-year struggle against assimilation, even extinction, at the hands of European intruders. An outward display of traditional customs and distinct heritage is needed to put the world on notice that each tribe is a distinct and autonomous people, with its own heritage, values, and ideas. Otherwise, the tribe risks total assimilation and loss of identity. 42.______ The lack of meaningful ritual and ceremony in homogenous mainstream America underscores this point. Other than a few gratuitous ceremonies such as weddings and funerals, we maintain no common rituals to set us apart from other cultures. The reason for this is that as a whole America has little cultural identity of its own anymore. Instead, it has become a patchwork quilt of many subcultures, such as Native Americans, Hasidic Jews, Amish, and urban African Americans--each of which resort to some outward demonstration of its distinctiveness in order to establish and maintain a unique cultural identity. 43.______ Nevertheless, preserving cultural identify cannot be the only purpose of ritual and ceremony. Otherwise, how would one explain why isolated cultures that don't need to distinguish themselves to preserve their identity nevertheless engage in their own distinct rituals and ceremonies? In fact, the initial purpose of ritual and ceremony is rooted not in cultural identity but rather superstition and spiritual belief. The original purpose of a ritual might have been to frighten away evil spirits, to bring about weather conditions favorable to bountiful harvests, or to entreat the gods for a successful hunt or for victory in battle. Even today some primitive cultures engage in rituals primarily for such reasons. 44.______ Nor are ritual and ceremony the only means of preserving cultural identity. For example, our Amish culture demonstrates its distinctiveness through dress and lifestyle. Hasidic Jews set themselves apart by their dress, vocational choices, and dietary habits. And African Americans distinguish themselves today by their manner of speech and gesture. Of course, these subcultures have their own distinct ways of cerebrating events such as weddings, coming of age, and so forth. Yet ritual and ceremony are not the primary means by which these subcultures maintain their identity. 45.______ In sum, to prevent total cultural assimilation into our modern-day homogenous soup, a subculture with a unique and proud heritage must maintain an outward display of that heritage--by way of ritual and ceremony. Nevertheless, ritual and ceremony serve a spiritual function as well--one that has little to do with preventing cultural assimilation. Moreover, rituals and ceremonies are not the only means of preserving cultural identity.

填空题 [A] Mark Williams and Jason Mattingley, whose study has just been published in Current Biology, looked at the way a person’s sex affects his or her response to emotionally charged facial expressions. People from all cultures agree on what six basic expressions of emotion look like. Whether the face before you is expressing anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness or surprise seems to be recognised universally — which suggests that the expressions involved are innate, rather than learned. [B] Moreover, most participants could find an angry face just as quickly when it was mixed in a group of eight photographs as when it was part of a group of four. That was in stark contrast to the other five sorts of expression, which took more time to find when they had to be sorted from a larger group. This suggests that something in the brain is attuned to picking out angry .expressions, and that it is especially concerned about angry men. Also, this highly tuned ability seems more important to males than females, since the two researchers found that men-picked out the angry expressions faster than women did, even though women were usually quicker than men to recognized every other sort of facial expression. [C] Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley showed the participants in their study photographs of these emotional expressions in mixed sets of either four or eight. They asked the participants to look for a particular sort of expression, and measured the amount of time it took them to find it. The researchers found, in agreement with previous studies, that both men and women identified angry expressions most quickly. But they also found that anger was more quickly identified on a male face than a female one. [D] Men are notoriously insensitive to the emotional world around them. At least, that is the stereotype peddled by a thousand women’s magazines. And a study by two researchers at the University of Melbourne, in Australia, confirms that men are, indeed, less sensitive to emotion than women, with one important exception. Men are acutely sensitive to the anger of other men. [E] Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley suspect the reason for this is that being able to spot an angry individual quickly has a survival advantage — and, since anger is more likely to turn into lethal violence in men than in women, the ability to spot angry males quickly is particularly valuable. [F] The ability to spot quickly that an alpha male is in a foul mood would thus have great survival value. It would allow the sharp-witted time to choose appeasement, defence or possibly even pre-emptive attack. And, if it is right, this study also confirms a lesson learned by generations of bar-room tough guys and schoolyard bullies: if you want attention, get angry.[G] As to why men are more sensitive to anger than women, it is presumably because they are far more likely to get killed by it. Most murders involve men killing other men — even today the context of homicide is usually a spontaneous dispute over status or sex.(作图)

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a list of headings and a text about Amazonia. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] Assumed inhospitableness to social development[B] Price paid for misconceptions[C] Evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology[D] False believes revised[E] Extreme impoverishment and backwardness[F] Ignorance of early human impact In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The researcher described the primitive society as a desperate struggle for survival, a view of Amazonia being fundamentally reconsidered today. 41. ____________ The Siriono, Holmberg wrote, led a "strikingly backward" existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local re-sources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriono "may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world". Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Siriono seemed to possess were "two machetes worn to the size of pocket-knives". 42. ____________ Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not—and cannot—sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment. 43. ____________ The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies—some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000—thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans. Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem "primitive", the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. 44. ____________ The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants. 45. ____________ The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas. The other major casualty of the "naturalism" of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long-buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.