填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced.Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplace,sellingitatapricedeterminedbydemand,satisfyingacustomer'sneedandwants,andproducingaprofitforthecompany.[B]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleornospecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrail,shiporbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelasbulkfreight.Butfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatment,suchasrefrigerationofcarefulhandling,areusuallytransportedbytruck.Thismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiresquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgoods.[C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporations.Aswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondon,Geneva,NewYork,TokyoandSingapore,anothertpeofmarketisagrocerymarket,whichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarket.Theymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproduct,suchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeanings,andmore.[D]Inthepast,theconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basically,sellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotion,whichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotion,marketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportation,storage,andrelatedservices.Suchasfinancing,standardizationandgrading,andtherelatedrisks.[E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwants,anddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproduct,thecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Production,ontheotherhand,ismostlyanengineeringproblem,thus,demandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketing.Buttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess.[F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentioned,butitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwords,goodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Therefore,theproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproduct.Orwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit.[G]Becauseproductsareoften,marketedinternationally,distributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedsthemorbroughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutility,itaddsvaluetoaproduct.However,manymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproduction.Whichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded.[H]Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct.

填空题A. Create a new image of yourself B. Have confidence in yourself C. Decide if the time is right D. Understand the context E. Work with professionals F. Make it efficient G. Know your goals No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look. The difference between today"s workplace and the "dress for success" era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing. So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what"s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips: 6 As an executive coach, I"ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions—when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you"re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you"re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there"s no need for an upgrade and that"s OK. 7 Get clear on what impact you"re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modem and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more "SoHo." (It"s OK to use characterizations like that.) 8 Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact. 9 Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It"s not as expensive as you might think. 10 The point of a style upgrade isn"t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time

填空题Surveillance systems and antiviral treatments will help contain a disease, but they cannot halt it the way a vaccine could. Such a treatment would have to come from the makers of vaccines for the more ordinary, seasonal strains of flu. Yet despite all the advances in biological science, this industry still relies on capital-intensive, inflexible and old-fashioned technologies, such as producing vaccines from millions of chicken eggs. (41) ______ There are usually several different strains of influenza active at any time, arid these variations evolve. Alan Barrett of the University of Texas says travel by carriers of influenza, be they people in aeroplanes or birds on the wing, means regional mutations quickly spread around the world. Hence, even when flu subsides at the end of the northern hemisphere's winter, the disease merely shifts to the southern hemisphere (which is now entering its winter). Six months later, it moves back. When the mutations are gradual, as with seasonal flu, it is known as drift; when they are abrupt, as with the new strain of HIN1, you have a shift on your hands. (42) ______ The firms then prepare their genetic cocktails and develop them inside live chicken eggs in sterile conditions. The resulting vaccine provokes the patient's immune system into producing antibodies, and that primes it for an attack by the worrying strains of flu. If a global pandemic is declared and manufacturers are asked to produce a vaccine for H1N1, they are unlikely to be able to respond quickly enough. Firms can produce perhaps a billion doses of seasonal vaccine every year. The details of dosing for a pandemic vaccine are not yet known, but it is clear that even if all the capacity was switched to pandemic flu there would still be a huge global shortfall. (43) ______. Switching production also poses risks. A lack of vaccines for seasonal flu guarantees that many unprotected people will die of the otherwise mundane version of influenza. (44) ______. The main problem is that egg-based manufacturing cannot mount a rapid response. It could take only a few more weeks for the WHO and CDC to develop a "seed" strain of the pandemic virus, but experts say producers would then need four to six months before they could create large volumes of vaccine. (45) ______ A number of companies have been hoping to get such technologies to the market by 2011 or 2012, and some might be able to help with any shortfall should there be a pandemic later this year. The WHO called such novel approaches a risky "leap of faith. " But if a crisis does engulf the world, that may be a leap some are willing to make.[A] Nor is there any guarantee that, having switched production, a second wave of an H1N1 strain will indeed be deadly. So producing pandemic vaccines as a precaution may turn out to be a waste of resources with deadly results. Or it may save millions of lives. No one knows.[B] To help the vaccine manufacturers plan, the WHO issues guidelines every six months listing the three strains of seasonal flu that appear to pose the biggest threat during the relevant hemisphere's approaching winter.[C] The production of flu vaccine has developed to cope with seasonal flu. The disease may seem no more than a nuisance to many, but the flu still kills perhaps 500,000 people a year around the world. It is hard to develop a perfect vaccine against seasonal influenza because it is so fleet-footed.[D] Officials shut down most of the economy to halt the spread of a previously unknown strain of the mongrel H1N1 virus, which is comprised of avian, swine and human influenza viruses. The hope is that the outbreak has now peaked.[E] Could more innovative manufacturing techniques help? One promising approach involves growing vaccines not in eggs but in cell cultures, which is speedy and easily scaled up. Another is to add adjuvants, which are catalysts that improve the efficacy of a vaccine and reduce the amount of active ingredient required.[F] Anthony Fauci, head of America's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, says the American government has been funding many such firms in preparation for bioterrorism and pandemics. But he points out that none of the firms has so far got a pandemic flu vaccine past safety trials.[G] Keiji Fukuda of the WHO summed it up this way: "There's much greater vaccine capacity than there was a few years ago, but there is not enough vaccine capacity to instantly make vaccines for the entire world's population for influenza. "

填空题A.Forexample,certainlettersorwordsaremorelikelytooccurtogether—ifanunknownkeystrokefollowsa"t",itismuchmorelikelytobean"h"thanan"x".Similarly,thewords"forexample"makelikelierbedfellowsthan"furexample".Inafinalrefinement,theresearchersemployedamethodmanystudentswoulddowelltodeployontermpapers:automatedspellchecking.B.Suchsnoopingispossiblebecauseeachkeyproducesacharacteristicclick,shapedbyitspositiononthekeyboard,thevigourandhandpositionofthetypist,andthetypeofkeyboardused.Butpastattemptstodecipherkeyboardsoundswereonlymodestlysuccessful,requiringatrainingsessioninwhichthecomputermatchedaknowntranscripttoanaudiorecordingofeachkeybeingstruck.Thusschooled,thesoftwarecouldstillidentifyonly80%ofthecharactersinadifferenttranscriptofthesametypistonthesamemachine.Furthermore,eachnewtypistorkeyboardrequiredafreshtranscriptandtrainingsession,limitingthemethod'sappealtowould-behackers.C.Toprotectagainstthesesonicincursions,Dr.Tygarsuggestsasimpleremedy:turnuptheradio.Hiscomputerswerelesssuccessfulatparsingrecordingsmadeinnoisymorns.Ultimately,though,moresophisticatedrecordinggearcouldovercomeevenbackgroundnoise,renderinganytypedtextvulnerable.Dr.Tygarthereforerecommendsthattypedpasswordsbephasedout,tobereplacedwithbiometricscansormultipletypesofauthorisationthatcombineapasswordwithsomeformofsilentverification(clickingonapre-chosenpictureinaselectionofimages,forexample).Looselipsmaystillsinkships,buthisresearchdemonstratesthatanindiscreetkeystrokecoulddojustasmuchdamage.D.Now,inablowtoacousticsecurity,DougTygarandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,havepublisheddetailsofanapproachthatreaches96%accuracy,evenwithoutalabeledtrainingtranscript.Thenewapproachemploysmethodsdevelopedforspeech-recognitionsoftwaretogrouptogetherallthesimilar-soundingkeystrokesinarecording,generatinganalphabetofclicks.Thesoftwaretentativelyassignseachclickaletterbasedonitsfrequency,thenteststhemessagecreatedbythisassignmentusingstatisticalmodelsoftheEnglishlanguage.E.Byrepeatedlyrevisingunlikelyorincorrectletterassignments,DrTygar'ssoftwareextractssensefromsonicchaos.Thatsaid,themethoddoeshaveonelimitation:inordertoapplythelanguagemodel,atleastfiveminutesoftherecordedtypinghadtobeinstandardEnglish(thoughinprincipleanysystematiclanguageoralphabetwouldwork).Butoncethoserequirementsaremet,theprogramcandecodeanythingfromepicprosetorandomised,ten-characterpasswords.F.Thissortofacousticanalysismightsoundliketheexclusiveprovinceofspiesandspooks,butaccordingtoDr.Tygar,suchattacksarenotasesotericasyoumightexpect.HesaysitisquitesimpletofindtheinstructionsneededtobuildaparabolicorlasermicrophoneontheInternet.Youcouldjustpointonefromoutsidetowardsanofficewindowtomakearecording.Andashepointsout,would-beeavesdroppersmightnotevenneedtheirownrecordingequipment,aslaptopcomputersincreasinglycomeequippedwithbuilt-inmicrophonesthatcouldbehijacked.G.Clatteringkeyboardsmayseemthewhitenoiseofthemodernage,buttheybetraymoreinformationthanunwarytypistsrealize.Simplybyanalyzingaudiorecordingsofkeyboardclatter,computerscientistscannowreconstructanaccuratetranscriptofwhatwastyped—includingpasswords.Andincontrastwithmanytypesofcomputerespionage,theprocessissimple,requiringonlyacheapmicrophoneandadesktopcomputer.Order:

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a list of headings and a text about natural selection. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41—45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] The impotence of creationism.[B] Natural selection acts by competition.[C] The role of natural selection in this colorful world[D] The delicate hierarchy of the natural system.[E] The agency of selection can account for more cases.[F] No leaps in natural evolution. As each species tends by its geometrical rate of reproduction to increase excessively in number; and as the modified descendants of each species will be enabled to increase by as much as they become more diversified in habits and structure, so as to be able to seize on many and widely different places in natural selection to preserve the most divergent offspring of any one species. Hence, during a long-continued course of modification, the slight differences characteristic of varieties of the same species, tend to be augmented into the greater differences characteristic of the species of the same genus. 41. __________ New and improved varieties will inevitably displace and destroy the older, less improved, and intermediate varieties; and thus species are rendered to a large extent defined and distinct objects. Dominant species belonging to the larger groups within each class tend to give birth to new and dominant forms; so that each large group tends to become still larger, and at the same time more divergent in character. But as all groups cannot thus go on increasing in size, for the world would not hold them, the more dominant groups beat the less dominant. 42. __________ This tendency in the large groups to go on increasing in size and diverging in character, together with the inevitability of much extinction, explains the arrangement of all the forms of life in groups subordinate to groups, all within a few great classes, which has prevailed throughout all time. This grand fact of the grouping of all organic beings under what is called the Natural System, is utterly unexplainable on the theory of creation. 43. __________ As natural selection acts solely by accumulating slight, successive, favorable variations, it can produce no great or sudden modifications; it can act only by short and slow steps. We can see why throughout nature the same general end is gained by an almost infinite diversity of means, for every peculiarity when once acquired in long inherited, and structures already modified in many different ways have to be adapted for the same general purpose. We can, in short, see why nature is extravagant in variety, though not generous in innovation. But why this should be a law of nature if each species has been independently created no man can explain. 44. __________ Many other facts are, as it seems to me, explicable on this theory. How strange it is that a bird, under the form of a woodpecker, should prey on insects on the ground and that upland geese which rarely or never swim, should possess webbed feet, and so in endless other cases. But on the view of each species constantly trying to increase in number, with natural selection always ready to adapt the slowly varying descendants of each to any unoccupied or ill-occupied place in nature, these facts cease to be strange, or might even have been anticipated. 45. __________ We can to a certain extent understand how it is that there is so much beauty throughout nature; for this may be largely attributed to the agency of selection. That beauty, according to our sense of it, is not universal, must be admitted by every one who will look at some hideous bats with a distorted resemblance to the human face. Sexual selection has given the most brilliant colors, elegant patterns, and other ornaments to the males. With birds it has often rendered the voice of the male musical to the female, as well as to our ears. Flowers and fruit have been rendered conspicuous by brilliant colors in contrast with the green foliage, in order that the flowers may be readily seen, visited and fertilized by insects. As natural selection acts by competition, it adapts and improves the inhabitants of each country only in relation to their co-inhabitants; so that we need feel no surprise at the species of any one country being beaten and supplanted by the naturalized productions from another land. The wonder indeed is, on the theory of natural selection, that more cases of the want of absolute perfection have not been detected.

填空题It's long been known, but little discussed in polite high-tech circles, that information-age technology is not the clean industry it claims to be. Manufacturing a single PC can generate 139 pounds of waste and involves a host of chemicals linked to high rates of cancer and birth defects among workers and communities. 1. Disposal Crisis of E-waste Electronic waste (e-waste)—such as obsolete and discarded computers, monitors, printers, cell phones, and televisions—is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the developed world, thanks to the industry's philosophy of "design for immediate obsolescence" and a weak electronics-recycling infrastructure. 2. Public Health Problems If the full force of the high-tech revolution hits the landfill, its health risks will leave no community untouched. 3. The European Solution The European Union is way ahead of the U.S. in recognizing the hazards and moving towards a solution. 4. How Will the U.S. Proceed? Because the U.S. high-tech industry and its friends in Washington represent the biggest obstacles to the globalization of take-back laws, a broad coalition of environmental, health, labor, and recycling groups and local governments has formed the Computer Take Back Campaign to support EU-style legislation in the U.S. 5. Going Global The European approach is more than a minor "software patch" on a fundamentally flawed program. By establishing corporate responsibility for products at the end of their lives, this strategy could have wide-ranging effects on the information technology industry. The EU approach spreads environmental benefits globally rather than shifting pollution to developing nations. A. If we can adopt the EU's code in the U.S., we can do a bit of reverse engineering on globalization. By downloading Europe's program to the U.S., we can finally begin to clean up the "clean industry" around the globe. B. An estimated 300 to 500 million computers will descend on landfills by 2007 in the U.S. alone. Three-quarters of all computers ever sold in this country await disposal in garages and storage facilities because their owners don't know what to do with them. C. The first European Union directive on e-waste, adopted last year, requires producers to take responsibility for the entire life cycle of their products. By 2005, companies will either have to take back products directly from consumers or fund independent collectors to do so. Waste that was generated prior to the enactment date will be the responsibility of all existing companies, in proportion to their market share. Future waste is to be the individual responsibility of each company, thereby creating an incentive to redesign products for easier and safer recycling and disposal. No e-waste will be allowed in municipal waste streams. D. E-waste accounts for 5 percent of all solid waste in America but approximately 40 percent of the lead, 70 percent of the heavy metals, and a significant portion of the organic chemical pollutants in America's dumps. This e-waste can leach into the ground, as it did in the Silicon Valley. It was the widespread contamination of the valley's aquifers in the early 1980s that initially punctured the high-tech industry's clean image. Currently; there are more EPA superfund cleanup sites in this valley than anywhere else in the U.S. The threat to soil, drinking water and public health will grow as e-waste surges into the waste stream worldwide. E. Hundreds of organizations and local governments in the U.S. have already endorsed the campaign's platform. The campaign advocates that the U.S. adopt standards for electronics manufacturers at least as stringent as those adopted by the EU: hazardous materials would be phased out, and all electronics would be designed for reuse and recycling. The campaign has sparked legislative grounds well. In the past year alone, 20 states have introduced legislation to address e-waste. F. Local governments and taxpayers now pick up the tab for the disposal of e-waste. The state of California, for example, faces an estimated $1 billion in e-waste disposal costs over the next few years.

填空题[A]IsthatwhattheAmericanviewingpublicisgetting?Perhaps10%ofprime-timenetworkprogrammingisahappycombinationofentertainmentandenrichment.Thereusedtobetelevisionmoviesrichinhumanvalues,buttheyhavenowbecomeanendangeredspecies.Ifindtelevisiontoomuchconcernedwithwhatpeoplehaveandtoolittleconcernedwithwhotheyare,veryconcernedwithtakingcareofNo.1andnotatallconcernedwithsharingthemselveswithotherpeople.Alltoooftenittellsusthehalftruthwewanttohearratherthanthewholetruthweneedtohear.[B]Whyistelevisionnotmorefullyrealizingitshumanizingpotential?Isthecreativecommunityatfault?Partially.Butnotprimarily.Ihavelivedandworkedinthatcommunityfor32years,asbothpriestandproducer.Asagroup,thesepeoplehavevalues.Infact,inHollywoodinrecentmonths,audienceenrichmenthasbecometheinthing.AcoalitionofmediacompanieshasendowedtheHumanitasPrizesothatitcanrecognizeandcelebratethosewhoaccomplishit.[C]Everygoodstorywillnotonlycaptivateitsviewersbutalsogivethemsomeinsightintowhatitmeanstobeahumanbeing.Bysodoing,itcanhelpthemgrowintothedeeplycentered,sovereignfree,joyouslylovinghumanbeingGodmadethemtobe.Meaning,freedomandlove--thesupremehumanvalues.AndthisisthekindofhumanenrichmenttheAmericanviewingpublichasarighttoexpectfromthosewhomakeitsentertainment.[D]TheproblemwithAmericanTVisnotthelackofstorytellersofconsciencebutthecommercialsystemwithinwhichtheyhavetooperate.TelevisionintheU.S.isabusiness.Inthepast,thebusinesssidehasbeenbalancedbyacommitmenttopublicservice.Butinrecentyearsthefragmentationofthemassaudience,hugeinterestpaymentsandskyrocketingproductioncostshavecombinedwiththeFCC'sabdicationofitsresponsibilitytoprotectthecommongoodtoproduceanalmosttotalpreoccupationwiththebottomline.Thenetworksarestrugglingtosurvive.Andthat,thestatisticsseemtoindicate,ismindless,heartless,escapistfare.Ifwearedissatisfiedwiththemoralcontentofwhatweareinvitedtowatch,Ithinkweshouldbeginbyexaminingourownconsciences.Whenwetunein,arewereadytoplungeintoreality;soastoextractitsmeaning,orarewehopingtoescapeintoasedatedworldofillusion?Andifchurchleaderswanttoelevatethequalityofthecountry'sentertainment,theyshouldforgetaboutboycotts,productioncodesandcensor-ship.Theyshouldworkateducatingtheirpeopleinmedialiteracyandatmobilizingthemtosupportqualityshowsinhugenumbers.[E]Itisnotaquestionofentertainmentorenrichment.Thesearecomplementaryconcernsandpresupposeeachother.Thestorythatentertainswithoutenrichingissuperficialandescapist.Thestorythatenricheswithoutentertainingissimplydull.Thestorythatdoesbothisadelight.[F]ThatistheonlysurewaytoimprovethemoralcontentofAmerica'sentertainment.[G]Despitequestionsofthemotivationbehindthem,theattacksbythePresidentandtheVicePresidentonthemoralcontentoftelevisionentertainmenthavefoundanechointhechambersoftheAmericansoul.Manywhorejectthemessengersstillacceptthemessage.TheydonotlikethemoraltoneofAmericanTV.Inoursocietyonlythehumanfamilysurpassestelevisioninitscapacitytocommunicatevalues,providerolemodels,formconsciencesandmotivatehumanbehavior.Feweducator,churchleadersorpoliticianspossessthemoralinfluenceofthosewhocreatethenation'sentertainment.Order:

填空题The planets seemed like pretty small places. At the same time, Earth seemed a lot larger than it does now. No one had ever seen our planet as a planet: a blue marble on black velvet, coated with water and air. No one knew that the moon was born in an impact. No one fully appreciated that humanity was becoming a geologic force in its own right, capable of changing the environment on a global scale. Whatever else the Space Age has done, it has enriched our view of the natural world and given us a perspective. National Research Council (NRC) panels periodically ask whether the world"s planetary exploration programs are on track. The list of goals that follows synthesizes their priorities. 1. Monitor Earth"s Climate The venerable Landsat series, which has monitored the surface since 1972, has been on the fritz for years, and the U.S. has Department of Agriculture has already had to buy data from Indian satellites to monitor crop productivity. For some types of data, no other nation can fill in. 2. Prepare an Asteroid Defense Like climate monitoring, guarding the planet from asteroids always seems to fall between the cracks. Neither NASA nor the European Space Agency (ESA) has a mandate to stave off human extinction. It would take 15 years or longer to mount a defense against an incoming body, assuming that the technology were ready to go. 3. Seek Out New Life Before Spotnik, scientists thought the solar system might be a veritable Garden of Eden. Earth"s sister worlds proved to be hellish, even when the Mariner probes revealed a cratered moonscape and the Viking landers failed to find even a single organic molecule. But lately the plausible venues for life have multiplied. 4. Explain the Genesis of the Planets Studies of the origin of the planets overlap quite a bit with studies of the origins of life. Jakosky puts it thus: "Venus sits at the inner edge of the habitable zone. Mars sits at the outer edge. Earth sits in the middle. And understanding the differences between those planets is central to asking about life beyond our solar system." 5. Break Out of the Solar System A solar sail 200 meters across could carry a 500-kilogram spacecraft. After launch from Earth, it would first swoop toward the sun, going as it dared—just inside Mercury"s orbit—to get flung out by the intense sunlight. "Such a mission, be it ESA-or NASA-led, is the next logical step in our exploration of space," Wim mer-Schweingruber says. "After all, there is more to space than exploring our very, very local neighborhood." The estimated price tag is about $2 billion including three decades" operating expenses. A. Like the origin of life, the origin of the planets was a complex, multistage process. Jupiter was the first-born. Did it build up slowly, like the other planets? Did it form farther from the sun and move inward? B. Like a windsurfer, the spacecraft would steer by leaning to one side or the other. Just before passing Jupiter"s orbit, it would cast off the sail and glide outward. To get ready, engineers need to design a sufficiently lightweight sail and test it on first. C. So NRC prepares to take some action plans. Extend asteroid search to smaller bodies, perhaps using a dedicated infrared space telescope. Deflect an asteroid in a controlled way as a trial run. Develop an official system for evaluating potential threats. D. The NRC panel called for restoring the lost funding, which pay for 17 new missions over the coming decade, such as ones to keep tabs on ice sheets and carbon dioxide levels—essential for predicting climate change and its effects. People sometimes take the mundane yet urgent task of looking after our own planet for granted. E. Mars is looking hopeful again. Outer-planet moons, notably Europa and Enceladus, appear to have vast underground seas and plenty of life"s raw materials. Even Venus might have been covered in oceans once. The research is not just about finding companionship in the cosmos. It is about divining our own origins. F. This past spring ESA completed a set of feasibility studies—and promptly shelved them for lack of money. It would take a joint effort with NASA or the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), or both, to make the plan happen.

填空题A significant portion of industry and transportation burns fossil fuels, such as gasoline. When these fuels burn, chemicals and particulate matter are released into the atmosphere. Although a vast number of substances contribute to air pollution, the most common air pollutants contain carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. 41 __________. Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide transform into sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere and come back to Earth in precipitation. Acid rain has made numerous lakes so acidic that they no longer support fish populations. 42 __________. Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people worldwide lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. Water pollution may come from point sources or nonpoint sources. Point sources discharge pollutants from specific locations, such as factories, sewage treatment plants, and oil tankers. The technology exists to monitor and regulate point sources of pollution, although in some areas this occurs only sporadically. Pollution from nonpoint sources occurs when rainfall or snowmelt moves over and through the ground. 43 __________. With almost 80 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if those bodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. However, raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of tile oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted, threatening marine wildlife. 44 __________. Water that collects beneath the ground is called groundwater. Worldwide, groundwater is 40 times more abundant than fresh water in streams and lakes. In the United States, approximately half the drinking water comes from groundwater. Although groundwater is a renewable resource, reserves replenish relatively slowly. Presently, groundwater in the United States is withdrawn approximately 4 times faster than it is naturally replaced. 45 __________.A. Beaches around the world close regularly, often because the surrounding waters contain high levels of bacteria from sewage disposal.B. These chemicals interact with one another and with ultraviolet radiation in sunlight in dangerous ways. Smog, usually found in urban areas with large numbers of automobiles, forms when nitrogen oxides react with hydrocarbons in the air to produce aldehydes and ketones. Smog can cause serious health problems.C. Acid rain is also responsible for the decline of many forest ecosystems worldwide, including Germany's Black Forest and forests throughout the eastern United States.D. In addition to groundwater depletion, scientists worry about groundwater contamination, which arises from leaking underground storage tanks, poorly designed industrial waste ponds, and seepage from the deep-well injection of hazardous wastes into underground geologic formations.E. The Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground reservoir stretching under eight states of the Great Plains, is drawn down at rates exceeding 100 times the replacement rate. Agricultural practices depending on this source of water need to change within a generation in order to save this groundwater source.F. As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries away pollutants, such as pesticides and fertilizers, depositing the pollutants into lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters, and even underground sources of drinking water. Pollution arising from nonpoint sources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes.G. By some estimates, on average, 25 percent of usable groundwater is contaminated, and in some areas as much as 75 percent is contaminate

填空题Whether you recently moved into a new home or you've just got the gardening itch, planning a new garden can be a great deal of fun. The opportunity to act as creator can be very appealing. But anyone who has gardened for long has learned the necessity of accommodating nature and has developed a sense of humility in the process.(41) Weather matters The first thing to determine is what will grow in the spot available for your garden. This is where many gardeners make their first mistake. Too often plants are purchased before thought has been given to the conditions under which they will have to grow. One of chief factors determining what will grow in a particular spot is the weather conditions the plants will be subjected to.(42) Lay of the land Next, you will need to determine what type of soil you'll be working with. The three main constituents of soil are sand, silt and clay, Silt particles are of intermediate size. An ideal garden soil, or loam, would be about 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.(43) Amend your soil The best way to amend a poor soil, whether sandy, clay or silty, is to add organic matter. Add a combination of topsoil and peat moss or compost will do a great help.(44) Keep a watch on moisture Soil moisture is obviously tied to the climate of the area where you live, but even in a small yard there can be wide variations. If your garden is at the bottom of a hill, the soil may remain wet for long periods of time. In this situation, you can try creating a raised bed, but it is best to stick to plants that enjoy having their feet wet.(45) Don't fight mother nature While some measures can be taken to make your garden a hospitable place for particular plants, your experience will be much more rewarding if you learn to work with nature. You will save yourself a lot of time, money and grief. The hardest thing to convince new gardeners of is the need for patience. With the first warm day of spring they are eager to begin planting and nothing can stop them. Many of these bursts of enthusiasm yield ill-conceived gardens doomed to failure. The plants wither and the would-be gardeners become convinced that they lack some secret knowledge or inherent skill. In most of these cases, however, a few hours of planning and preparation would have made all the difference. It is quite easy to dig up a plot and throw some plants in the ground. It is another thing entirely to create a healthy, living garden.[A] Azaleas in bloom might look great when the sun's out, but if they were planted beneath some protection from the glare, they might not be constantly infested with bugs. Of course, you can spray them regularly with insecticide, but now your garden is becoming about as environmentally friendly as an oil refinery.[B] A colleague of mine had just bought a new house, and was brimming with excitement about his new garden. He planted a splendid garden, filled with plants unsuitable for our comparatively cold climate, and in a few months, most of his plants had either withered or become diseased. He thought he lacked some secret knowledge, but I knew why![C] My neighbor complained that the earth in his garden was poor and didn't drain easily. I advised him to do as I had done, and go down to the beach for his solution.[D] The water table is very high in my area. At first I tried to fight this in my garden, but eventually I realized that I could use this to my advantage—now I have a beautiful pond full of lilies.[E] Unfortunately, my own garden does not have the best of soil. My solution to this problem is to keep all the cuttings when I mow the lawn. Once these have rotted down, I dig them into the soil to make it richer and much better for growing.[F] My friend's garden is very beautiful, but unfortunately, his house looks a little drab. My advice to him was to purchase some climbing plants that he could encourage to grow on trellises fixed to his wall—now his house looks very natural.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. It's not just an American phenomenon: Across the globe, single-parent homes are on the rise. Numbers for one-parent families increased from England to Australia during the 1990s, mirroring demographic shifts reflected in the U.S. census. Just as in America, those shifts raised new questions about how involved government should be in helping single-parent families, which often are less well-off financially than those led by a married mom and dad. 41. __________ Annie Oliver, a 32-year-old single mother from Bristol, England, thinks so. "You wouldn't believe how becoming a single parent suddenly made me a second-class citizen," said Oliver, who struggles to keep a full-time job and give the extra care her disabled son needs. 42. __________ By comparison, 9.8 million house-holds, or 9 percent of all U. S. households were headed by an adult raising a child alone or without a spouse. The 1990 census showed 26 percent of homes were led by a married mother and father, and 8 percent of homes were led by a single parent. Similar increases occurred in other countries, though data from those countries are not directlycomparable to U.S. census figures because of methodology differences. 43. __________ Single parent households in Australia rose from 5.8 percent in 1990 to 7.6 percent in 1999. Other countries that saw large increases, according to the Organization: —Belgium, 1.8 percent of households in 1990 to 2.7 percent in 1999; —Ireland, 1.8 percent to 2.8 percent; —Luxembourg, 1.3 percent to 2.2 percent. 44. __________ Those countries tend to have greater acceptance of single parenting because there are fewer nearby family members to disapprove, Riche said. Lone-parent family households in Japan increased from 5.1 percent in 1990 to just 5.2 percent in 1999. 45. __________ "The position of one-parent families in any given country is very much a gender issue—women's opportunities, especially working-class women on low income," said Sue Cohen, coordinator of the Single Action Parents Network in England.[A] In the United States, the 2000 census showed 24.8 million, or nearly 24 percent of the nation's 105.5 million house-holds, were traditional two-parent homes.[B] Should single parents be afforded tax breaks to help pay for child care? Should employers be monitored to make sure flexible work-hours are offered?[C] Countries with increases in single-parent homes are often those where the nuclear family structure—just Mom, Dad and the kids—is more common than an extended, multigenerational family living under one roof, said demographer Martha Farnsworth Riche, a former Census Bureau director.[D] In the United Kingdom, lone-parent family homes increased from 3.3 percent of all households in 1990 to 5.5 percent in 1999, according to data compiled by the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. It did not specify whether children in those homes were younger than 18.[E] Some research suggests children raised in two-parent families are better off than those who rely on one.[F] Rates were relatively unchanged during the same period in Greece, Italy and Portugal. These countries tend to think more conservatively about family makeup, and there is more pressure to avoid divorce or unmarried parenthood, Riche said.[G] "Most of the research linking single-parenthood to children's school performance has been done with single nations," .says Dr. Suet-ling Pong, associate professor of education and sociology and demography. "We do not know much about the impact of single parenthood across cultures and countries."

填空题Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. Are we, as some popular writers suggest, in an "age of anxiety" ? Have the good old days of afternoon strolls in the park and summer evenings on the porch been replaced with ever-present pressure to work harder and faster and be better than everyone else? The ubiquitous ads for massages, meditation, anti-anxiety drugs, get-away vacations, and the like seem to say that most people today have been pushed near some sort of anxiety breaking point. Are we more anxious today, or do we just complain more? {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}The data suggest that we may indeed have entered an age of anxiety. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}When you experience anxiety, you have feelings of worry, panic, fear, and dread. It is probably the emotional experience you would have if you were suddenly arrested or if you discovered that a diary containing some of your deepest secrets had been passed around among friends. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}You probably experienced this type of anxiety if you ever felt you were being followed by a stranger or you narrowly escaped a serious automobile accident. In case of reality anxiety, you are aware of the dangerous situation responsible for your emotional reaction. Predictably, conscious thoughts were not particularly interesting to Freud. Thus he devoted more attention to two other types of anxiety, and in neither case are we consciously aware of the source of our anxiety. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Many neo-Freudian theorists adopted and adapted Freud's ideas about anxiety in their writings. For example, Sullivan considered anxiety a cornerstone of his theory. The Neurotic coping style described by Horney are also said to develop in an effort to reduce and avoid anxiety. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} Eventually, Adler, Anna Freud, and other neo-Freudian psychologists expanded anxiety-fighting tactics to include the conscious and deliberate methods people use to deal with their anxiety. As if to acknowledge the Freudian legacy, these theorists often retained the names of the unconscious defense mechanisms when describing conscious efforts to cope with anxiety. A. Neurotic anxiety is experienced when unacceptable id impulses are dangerously close to breaking into consciousness. It is this type of anxiety that leads to ego to use defense mechanisms. Moral anxiety is brought about by the superego in response to id impulses that violate the superego ' s strict moral code. Generally, this is experienced as guilt. B. Investigators also find that not everyone uses the same coping strategies to reduce anxiety. After a lifetime of facing various threatening situation, each of us develops an arsenal of coping strategies that we believe work for us. C. These theorists accepted the Freudian notion that some experiences with anxiety stem from unconscious conflicts, although they emphasized the interpersonal and cultural role in this process more than Freud did. For example, Sullivan said anxiety could be overcome by developing solid relationship with other, what he called interpersonal security. Homey agreed unconscious impulses often triggered anxiety, but largely because they come into conflict with cultural standards. D. To answer this question, one investigator examined average anxiety scores reported in published studies from the 1950s through the 1990s. Not only did anxiety scores rise throughout the five decades. but the 1980s the average American child reported higher levels of anxiety than child psychiatric patients in 1950s. E. Although he changed his thinking about anxiety several times during his career, Freud identified three types of anxiety in his last major writing in this area. First, there is reality anxiety, or objective anxiety, which is a response to a perceived threat in the real world. F. What do we do when faced with a potentially stressful situation, such as waiting for your dentist to start drilling or getting ready for a job interview? If you are like most people, you don't just accept the potential pain or fear as part of life. Rather, researchers find that people typically respond to stress-provoking situations with calculated efforts to reduce their anxiety. G. Anxiety and strategies for alleviating anxiety have played an important role in the works of many psychoanalytic theorists. Although anxiety has been defined in many different ways, most researchers would probably agree that it is above all else an unpleasant emotional experience.