填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the development of maritime laws. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] Fist convention of Comite Maritime International [B] The convention having been revised three times [C] Why is unification of maritime law necessary? [D] The convention with the most signature states. [E] Incompatible time scale [F] The salvage convention According to Constitution: "The Comite Maritime International (CMI) is a non-governmental international organization, the object of which is to contribute by all appropriate means and activities to the unification of maritime law in all its aspects. To this end it shall promote the establishment of national associations of maritime law and shall co-operate with other international organizations. "The CMI has been doing just that since 1897. 41__________ In an address to the University of Turin in 1860, the Jurist Mancini said: "The sea with its winds, its storms and its dangers never changes and this demands a necessary uniformity of juridical regime." In other words, those involved in the world of maritime trade need to know that wherever they trade the applicable law will, by and large, be the same. Traditionally, uniformity is achieved by means of international conventions or other forms of agreement negotiated between governments and enforced domestically by those same governments. 42__________ It is tempting to measure the success of a convention on a strictly numerical basis. If that is the proper criterion of success, one could say that one of the most successful conventions ever produced was the very first CMI convention—the Collision Convention of 1910. The terms of this convention were agreed on September 23, 1910 and the convention entered into force less than three years later, on March 1, 1913. 43__________ Almost as successful, in numerical terms, is a convention of similar vintage, namely the Salvage Convention of 1910. Less than three years elapsed between agreement of the text at the Brussels Diplomatic Conference and entry into force on March 1, 1913. we are, quite properly, starting to see a number of denunciations of this convention, as countries adopt the new salvage Convention of 1989. It is worth recording that the Salvage Convention of 1989, designed to replace the 1910 Convention, did not enter into force until July 1996, more than seven years after agreement. The latest information available is that forty States have now ratified or acceded to the 1989 convention. 44__________ The text of the first Limitation Convention was agreed at the Brussels Diplomatic Conference in August 1924, but did not enter into force until 1931-seven years after the text had been agreed. This convention was not widely supported, and eventually attracted only fifteen ratifications or accessions. The CMI had a second go at limitation with its 1957 Convention, the text of which was agreed in October of that year. It entered into force in May 1968 and has been ratified or acceded to by fifty-one states, though of course a number have subsequently denounced this convention in order to embrace the third CMI Limitation Convention, that of 1976. At the latest count the 76 Convention has been ratified or acceded to by thirty seven states. The fourth instrument on limitation, namely the 1996 Protocol, has not yet come into force, despite the passage of six years since the Diplomatic Conference at which the text of the was agreed. 45__________ By almost any standard of measurement, the most successful maritime law convention of all time: the Civil Liability Convention of 1969. The text of that convention (to which the CMI contributed both in background research and drafting) was agreed at a Diplomatic Conference in 1969 and it entered into force six years later, in June 1975. The convention has, at various stages, been acceded to or ratified by 103 states (with two additional "provisional" ratifications). If we add to this the various states and dependencies that come in under the UK umbrella, we realize that we are looking at a hugely successful convention. Conventions and other unifying instruments are born in adversity. An area of law may come under review because one or two states have been confronted by a maritime legal problem that has affected them directly. Those sponsoring states may well spend some time reviewing the problem and producing the first draft of an instrument. Eventually, this draft may be offered to the International Maritime Organisation's (IMO) Legal Committee for inclusion in its work program. Over ensuing years (the Legal Committee meeting every sic months or so), issues presented by the draft will be debated, new issues will be raised, and the instrument will be endlessly re-drafted. At some stage, the view will be taken that the instrument is sufficiently mature to warrant a Diplomatic Conference at which the text will be finalized. If the instrument is approved at the Diplomatic Conference, it will sit for twelve months awaiting signature and then be open to ratification and accession. The instrument will contain an entry into force requirement, which will need to be satisfied.

填空题The temperature of the Sun is over 5000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as a gas, except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. 41) __________. Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona, chromosphere, photosphere, convection zone, and finally the core. 42) __________. But since' the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun begins. 43) __________. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun's rays. 44) __________. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona's rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spike like rays near the Sun's north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the Sun's equator. The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. 45) __________.[A] By the time the Sun's corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.[B] The Sun's outermost layer beings about 10000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles.[C] If a person were to stand on the sun's corona they wouldn't burn, they would freeze in the near vacuum of the corona.[D] The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full Moon.[E] The first three zones are regarded as the Sun's atmosphere.[F] However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.[G] You can probably guess that the Sun is very hot, compared with familiar things on the Earth.

填空题A.Manystudiesconcludethatchildrenwithhighlyinvolvedfathers,inrelationtochildrenwithlessinvolvedfathers,tendtobemorecognitivelyandsociallycompetent,lessinclinedtowardgenderstereotyping,moreempathic,andpsychologicallybetteradjusted.Commonly,thesestudiesinvestigatebothpaternalwarmthandpaternalinvolvementandfind—usingsimplecorrelations—thatthetwovariablesarerelatedtoeachotherandtoyouthoutcomes.B.Boysseemedtoconformtothesex-rolestandardsoftheirculturewhentheirrelationshipswiththeirfatherswerewarm;regardlessofhow"masculine"thefatherswere,eventhoughwarmthandintimacyhavetraditionallybeenseenasfemininecharacteristics.Asimilarconclusionwassuggestedbyresearchonotheraspectsofpsychosocialadjustmentandonachievement:Paternalwarmthorclosenessappearedbeneficial,whereaspaternalmasculinityappearedirrelevant.C.Thecriticalquestionis:Howgoodistheevidencethatfathers'amountofinvolvement,withouttakingintoaccountitscontentandquality,isconsequentialforchildren,mothers,orfathersthemselves?Theassociationswithdesirableoutcomesfoundinmuchresearchareactuallywithpositiveformsofpaternalinvolvement,notinvolvementperse.Involvementneedstobecombinedwithqualitativedimensionsofpaternalbehaviorthroughtheconceptof"positivepaternalinvolvement"developedhere.D.Commonly,researchersassessedthemasculinityoffathersandofsonsandthencorrelatedthetwosetsofscores.Manybehavioralscientistsweresurprisedtodiscoverthatnoconsistentresultsemergedfromthisresearchuntiltheyexaminedthequalityofthefather-sonrelationship.Thentheyfoundthatwhentherelationshipbetweenmasculinefathersandtheirsonswaswarmandloving,theboyswereindeedmoremasculine.Later,however,researchersfoundthatthemasculinityoffatherspersedidnotseemtomakemuchdifferenceafterall.Assummarizedby:E.Theseconddomaininwhichasubstantialamountofresearchhasbeendoneontheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealswithfatherinvolvement,thatis,withtheamountoftimethatfathersspendwiththeirchildren(engagement),theextenttowhichfathersmakethemselvesavailabletotheirchildren(accessibility),andtheextenttowhichtheytakeresponsibilityfortheirchildren'scareandwelfare(responsibility).F.Itisunclearfromthesestudieswhetherinvolvementandwarmthmakeindependentorjointcontributionstoyouthoutcomes.Moreover,"caringfor"childrenisnotnecessarilythesamethingas"caringabout"them.Indeed,Lambconcludedfromhisreviewofstudiesofpaternalinvolvementthatitwasnotthesimplefactofpaternalengagement(i.e.,directinteractionwiththechild),availability,orresponsibilityforchildcarethatwasassociatedwiththeseoutcomes.Rather,itappearsthatthequalityofthefather-childrelationshipmadethegreatestdifference.J.It.Pleckreiteratedthisconclusionwhenhewrote:G.ResearchbyVenezianoandRohnersupportstheseconclusions.Inabiracialsampleof63AfricanAmericanandEuropeanAmericanchildren,theauthorsfoundfrommultipleregressionanalysesthatfatherinvolvementbyitselfwasassociatedwithchildren'spsychologicaladjustmentprimarilyinsofarasitwasperceivedbyyouthstobeanexpressionofpaternalwarmth(acceptance).H.Manystudieslookingexclusivelyattheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealwithtwotopics:(1)genderroledevelopmentand(2)fatherinvolvement.Studiesofgenderroledevelopmentemergedprominentlyinthe1940sandcontinuedthroughthe1970s.Thiswasatimewhenfatherswereconsideredtobeespeciallyimportantasgenderrolemodelsforsons.Order:

填空题 So you've been with your company for a while and have been exceeding all of your manager's expectations. You work hard, are a great team player, come up with new ideas to take the business further and are an all-around joy in the workplace. If you haven't been promoted or been bumped up in salary automatically, it might be time to take the bull by the horns and approach this topic yourself. While asking for a raise makes many people uncomfortable and nervous, the situation can be a breeze if handled correctly. The following are a few steps to follow to make sure your request does not fall on deaf ears:{{B}}41. Do your research.{{/B}} Like any other element of your career, it all starts with research. In order to present your manager with a compelling case in your favor, you need to know what the going rate is for someone with your experience and in your position.{{B}}42. Outline a case for yourself.{{/B}} When going into any kind of negotiation session, you need to be equipped with the right amount of ammunition. Before you walk into your meeting, look back at your time with the company and highlight your aceomplishments. Come up with a list of specific examples of ways you have been a valuable asset to the business. Find facts and figures that demonstrate what you have excelled, using numbers whenever possible. If you really want to knock their socks off, put your accomplishments into a formal presentation, albeit brief, that outlines each of your goals and how you have achieved them. This will demonstrate that you are professional, willing to go the extra mile, and have thought about your request thoroughly.{{B}}43. Know what's going on in your neighborhood.{{/B}} There are good times and bad times to ask for a raise at any company. Schedule ample time to present your case, and make sure your timing is right. Asking for a raise on the fly after just walking into your manager's office to chat will not benefit you or impress your boss. Make sure you have time to present your case, and that your manager has time to think about your presentation. Request a meeting with your supervisor, at least a half-hour long. Think about your timing when you schedule the meeting, too. If your department has a bevy of deadlines to meet at the end of each month, don't schedule your meeting on the 29th. Pick a time when your manager will be sure to be in a good mood and not overly stressed.{{B}}44. Avoid threats or demands.{{/B}} The last thing you want to do is to put your supervisor on the defensive. Be professional and, if your job is worth keeping, willing to listen to the other side. Keep the meeting positive and your outcome will be more positive.{{B}}45. Remember that not all perks are monetary.{{/B}} Don't fall into the trap of thinking you are not valued if you do not get exactly what you had expected.[A] If you approach your manager for a raise in a time of downsizing and cost-cutting, you will not only be denied, but will also show that you are not in tune with the company's needs. Make sure you understand your company's overall financial situation.[B] For example, if you developed a marketing plan that helped increase sales, make sure you have those sales figures on hand, as well as your role in the plan and its execution. Be sure to tie your own success into the overall success of the company.[C] If your company is strapped financially but you and your manager still come to the conclusion that it is time for you to be rewarded for your performance, you might be able to negotiate for stock options, more vacation time or other non-monetary benefits.[D] When you come up with your desired raise in your base salary, go over 2%. If you want 8% then ask for 10%.[E] You can find out what others in your industry and in comparable positions are raking in by looking at online resources, through the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or in books like "The American Almanac of Jobs and Salaries" by John W. Wright (Quill).[F] Going into a meeting with the "if I don't get it, I'm leaving" attitude will only tell your company you are uncompromising and only out for number one.

填空题Allmodernhumanoriginatedinsub-SaharanAfrica,accordingtoanewstudyboastedbyitsfoundersasthe"finalblow"againstanopposingviewpoint.Notsofast,saysoneanthropologistwhofindsflawsintheevidence.Thenewstudy,publishedintheJuly19issueofthejournalNature,deliverswhattheresearcherssaycouldbethefinalverdictinsupportofthesinglepoint"OutofAfrica"theory.Manicaandcolleaguestookmultiplemeasurementsofmorethan4,500malefossilskullsfrom105populationsaroundtheglobe.Theycombinedtheresultswithdatafromstudiesofglobalgeneticvariationsinhumans,findingthatbothgeneticandskullvariabilitydecreasedwithdistancefromAfrica.SopopulationsinsoutheasternAfricaheldthehighestvariabilitycomparedwithpopulationsinothercountries.Theresultsheldevenwhenthescientistsaccountedforclimate,sinceclimateconditionscanleadtochangesinskullfeatures."Inverycoldclimatesyoutendtogenerateaslightlythickerbrowridge.Whetherornotthat"stokeephorribleblizzardsoutofyoureyes,Idon"tknow,"Amossaid.Paststudiesbasedonskullmorphologyhavebeenweakandhavesupportedbothofthehumanoriginviews.Inhisownresearch,Hawksisfundingthatnaturalselectionhasledtochangesinthousandsofgenesduringonlythepastfewthousandyears."I"mreallythinkingjusttheoppositeofthispaper,"Hawkssaid."Therearedifferencesintheskullbetweenpopulations,includingtheirvariability,butitismostlyduetoveryrecenteffectsandnottheoriginofmodernhumans.""ThemuhiregionalideaisidenticaltotherecentAfricanoriginidea,exceptforitspredictionthatEuropeansandAsianswerepartofthesinglepopulationoforiginanddidn"tbecomeextinct."[A]"HumansseemtohavepouredoutofAfrica,spreadoutacrosstheworld,butatareallyquiteuniformratesuchthatyougetthislovelygraduallossofdiversity,"saidstudyteammemberWilliamAmosoftheUniversityofCambridge.[B]Allmodernhumansoriginatedfromthesameancestorsandtheykeptevolvingasthesocietyadvances.Somespeciesdiedoutbutothersremainedtoliveontheearth,whichisstillimpossibletosolve.[C]Attheendoftheday,aresolutiontothe"OutofAfrica"debatemaybeimpossible,hesaid.Mostoftheevidencecanbeinterpretedassupportingbothhuman-originstheories."It"sreallyhardtofindthetwo,"Hawkssaid.[D]Thisstudy"addsastronglineofevidencetotheOutofAfrica(hypothesis)usingsuchmorphology,"saidpaleontologistWillHarcourt-SmithoftheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryinNewYork.Harcourt-Smithwasnotinvolvedinthecurrentresearch.[E]Debateovertheoriginsofmodernhumanshassimmeredamonganthropologistsforyears,withonetheoryassertingthatHomosapiensmigratedacrosstheworldfromasinglepointinAfrica.TheothertheorystatesthatmultiplepopulationsofHomosapiensindependentlyevolvedfromHomoerectusinregionsbeyondAfrica.[F]TherecentstudywasfundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCouncil.Ithasprovidedconclusiveevidenceconcerningtheactualprocessofhumanevolution.[G]"Wehavecombinedourgeneticdatawithnewmeasurementsofalargesampleofskullstoshowdefinitelythatmodernhumansoriginatedfromasingleareainsub-SaharanAfrica,"saidleadresearcherAndreaManicaoftheUniversityofCambridge.41.________42.________43.________44.________45.

填空题[A]Demographicdeclineworriespeoplebecauseitisbelievedtogohandinhandwitheconomicdecline.Attheextremesitmaywellbetheresultofeconomicfactors:pessimismmaydepressthebirthrateandpushupratesofsuicideandalcoholism.But,inthemain,demographicdeclineistheconsequenceofthelowfertilitythatgenerallygoeswithgrowingprosperity.InJapan,forinstance,birthratesfellbelowthereplacementrateof2.1childrenperwomaninthemid-1970sandhavebeenparticularlylowinthepast15years.[B]Duringthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,theglobalpopulationexplosionwasthebigdemographicannoyance.RobertMcNamara,presidentoftheWorldBankinthe1970s,comparedthethreatofunmanageablepopulationpressureswiththedangerofnuclearwar.Nowthatworryhasevaporated,andthiscenturyisfrighteningitselfwiththeoppositefear:theonsetofdemographicdecline.[C]GovernmentshatetheideaofashrinkingpopulationbecausetheabsolutesizeofGDPmattersforgreat-powerstatus.Thebiggertheeconomy,thebiggerthemilitary,thegreaterthegeopoliticalclout:annualGDPestimateswerefirstintroducedinAmericainthe1940saspartofitswareffort.Companiesworry,too:theydonotliketheideaoftheirdomesticmarketsshrinking.Peopleshouldnotmind,though.WhatmattersforeconomicwelfareisGDPperperson.[D]Peoplelovetoworry--maybeit'sasymptomofageingpopulations--butthegloomsurroundingpopulationdeclinesmissesthemainpoint.Thenewdemographicsthatarecausingpopulationstoageandtoshrinkaresomethingtocelebrate.Humanitywasoncecaughtinthetrapofhighfertilityandhighmortality.Nowithasescapedintothefreedomoflowfertilityandlowmortality.Women'scontroloverthenumberofchildrentheyhaveisanunqualifiedgood--asistheaverageperson'senjoyment,inrichcountries,oftenmoreyearsoflifethantheyhadin1960.Politiciansmayfearthedeclineoftheirnations'economicpower,butpeopleshouldcelebratethenewdemographicsasheraldingagoldenage.[E]TheshrinkageofRussiaandeasternEuropeisfamiliar,thoughnotperhapsthescaleofit:Russia'spopulationisexpectedtofallby22%between2005and2050,Ukraine'sbyastaggering43%.Nowthephenomenoniscreepingintotherichworld:Japanhasstartedtoshrinkandothers,suchasItalyandGermany,willsoonfollow.EvenChina'spopulationwillbedecliningbytheearly2030s,accordingtotheUN,whichprojectsthatby2050populationswillbelowerthantheyaretodayin50countries.[F]Butifdemographicdeclineisnotgenerallyaconsequenceofeconomicdecline,surelyitmustbeacause?Inacrudesense,yes.Aspopulationsshrink,GDPgrowthwillslow.Someeconomiesmayevenstarttoshrink,too.Theresultwillbealossofeconomicinfluence.[G]ThecrucialquestionisthereforewhattheeffectofdemographicdeclineisonthegrowthofGDPperperson.Thebadnewsisthatthislookslikelytoslowbecauseworking-agepopulationsWilldeclinemorerapidlythanoverallpopulations.Yetthisneednothappen.ProductivitygrowthmaykeepupgrowthinGDPperperson:aslabourbecomesscarcer,andpressuretointroducenewtechnologiestoboostworkers'efficiencyincreases,sotheproductivityoflabourmayrisefaster.Anyway,retirementagescanbeliftedtoincreasethesupplyoflabourevenwhenthepopulationisdeclining.

填空题[A]Bycontrast,somewhatmorethan25percentoftheearth'spopulationcanbefoundintheindustrializedsocieties.Theyleadmodernlives.Theyareproductsofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,moldedbymechanizationandmasseducation,broughtupwithlingeringmemoriesoftheirowncountry'sagriculturalpast.Theyare,ineffect,thepeopleofthepresent.[B]Theremaining2or3percentoftheworld'spopulation,however,arenolongerpeopleofeitherthepastorthepresent.Forwithinthemaincentersoftechnologicalandculturalchange,inSantaMonica,CaliforniaandCambridge,Massachusetts,inNewYorkandLondon,andTokyo,aremillionsofmenandwomenwhocanalreadybesaidtobelivingthewayoflifeofthefuture.Trend-makersoftenwithoutbeingawareofit,livetodayasmillionswilllivetomorrow.Andwhiletheyaccountforonlyafewpercentoftheglobalpopulationtoday,theyarealreadyfromaninternationalnationofthefutureinourmidst.Theyaretheadvancedagentsofman,theearliestcitizensoftheworldwidesuper-industrialsocietynowinthethroesofbirth.[C]Itis,infact,nottoomuchtosaythatthepaceoflifedrawsalinethroughhumanity,dividingusintocamps,triggeringbittermisunderstandingbetweenparentandchild,betweenMadisonAvenueandMainStreet,betweenmenandwomen,betweenAmericanandEuropean,betweenEastandWest.[D]Whatmakesthemdifferentfromtherestofmankind?Certainly,theyarericher,bettereducated,moremobilethanthemajorityofthehumanrace.Theyalsolivelonger.Butwhatspecificallymarksthepeopleofthefutureisthefactthattheyarealreadycaughtupinanew,stepped-uppaceoflife.They"livefaster"thanthepeoplearoundthem.[E]Theinhabitantsoftheeartharedividednotonlybyrace,nation,religionorideology,butalso,inasense,bytheirpositionintime.Examiningthepresentpopulationoftheglobe,wefindatinygroupwhostilllive,huntingandfood-foraging,asmendidmillenniaago.Others,thevastmajorityofmankind,dependnotonbear-huntingorberry-picking,butonagriculture.Theylive,inmanyrespects,astheirancestorsdidcenturiesago.Thesetwogroupstakentogethercomposeperhaps70percentofalllivinghumanbeings.Theyarethepeopleofthepast.[F]Somepeoplearedeeplyattractedtothishighlyacceleratedpaceoflife--goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitaboutandfeelinganxious,tenseoruncomfortablewhenthepaceslows.Theywantdesperatelytobe"wheretheactionis."JamesA.Wilsonhasfound,forexample,thattheattractionforafastpaceoflifeisoneofthehiddenmotivatingforcesbehindthemuch-publicized"brain-drainthemassmigrationofEuropeanscientistsandengineerswhomigratedtotheU.S.andCanada.Heconcludedthatitwasnohighersalariesorbetterresearchfacilitiesalone,butalsothequickertempothatlurethem.Themigrants,hewrites,"arenotputoffbywhattheyindicatedasthe'fasterpace'ofNorthAmerica;ifanything,theyappeartopreferthispacetoothers."[G]Thepaceoflifeisfrequentlycommentedonbyordinarypeople.Yet,oddlyenough,ithasreceivedalmostnoattentionfromeitherpsychologistsorsociologists.Thisisagapinginadequacyinthebehavioralsciences,forthepaceoflifeprofoundlyinfluencesbehavior,evokingstrongandcontrastingreactionsfromdifferentpeople.Order:

填空题A Perpetual Motion Machine is a fascinating and long-discussed topic that moves well beyond the scope of physics. In short, a perpetual motion machine can be likened to a magic cow that continues to live and breathe and yet needs no sustenance. A perpetual motion engine installed in a ear would continue to run indefinitely but would need neither gas tank nor petrol. Of course, as a perpetual motion machine is in violation of natural laws, it will likely never move out of the realm of imagination and into reality. When the phrase "perpetual motion machine" is entered into Google's search engine, 34,400 items are returned. Of these 34,400 items, the forty-first to the forty-fifth hold reasonable interest and will be further discussed herein. 41. Myths and legends Long before the advent of the steam engine, human beings have ruminated on the possibility of a perpetual motion machine. Throughout history, many have attempted to invent such a device, though none have thus far been successful. 42. Fame and glory Some people hold that any inventor attempting to create a perpetual motion machine must only be in it for credit and accolades, wishing to be the first in his field to discover the much-coveted secret. 43. Wealth and riches It is also suspected by some that those seeking to unlock the mystery of perpetual motion machine must be motivated by the monetary rewards. If such a device were to fall into popular use, the inventor would be a wealthy man indeed. 44. Antics and capers Even some of those who are aware of the impossibility of perpetual motion machine have invented something similar under the guise of perpetual motion machine in order to tease us. 45. Deception and trickery Some people, though fully aware that they are incapable of inventing a perpetual motion machine, persist in arguing that they can with the intention of scamming us. Though the perpetual motion machine is a dream long-sought after by the scientific community, it is improbable that it will ever be realized. We can, however, pour our resources into researching more practical energy conserving forms of power such as geothermal, hydroelectric, and solar power solutions. A. In ancient China there was an extremely adroit man by the name of Zhu Geliang. It is said that he constructed a wooden horse which could walk unaided and could be used in the transportation of military supplies. As no records of this occurrence have been found, this tale has passed into legend. B. Inventor F told me excitedly, "some complex details are currently under discus-sion to unearth the key to perpetual motion. If my experiment proves to be effectual, I will become a Nobel Prize winner. You know, the ceremony is held annually in Sweden and is broadcasted live to every corner of the globe." It is no great wonder that Inventor F espoused enthusiasm. A functional perpetual motion machine is a wonder that would be marveled at for generations to come. C. Inventor K declared, "the experiments with perpetual motion are on the verge of success. My products will soon be distributed throughout the world and used in a wide range of industrial applications. When that happens, my company will expand exponentially. I'll make a fortune!" D. One of the closest things to a perpetual motion engine was the one installed on the Traveler 1 spacecraft, the first spaceship in human history to fly beyond the edges of our solar system. Though Traveler's engine is able to run without maintenance for many years, it still requires energy—nuclear energy. So, strictly speaking, Traveler 1 does not run on a perpetual motion engine, but in fact needs energy as do all other machines. E. Mr. Goofy announced that he had effectively diagrammed the first perpetual motion machine. When a private corporate party purchased the patent, they found to their dismay that manufacturing it according to the design layout was technically infeasible. Furious, they sued Mr. Goofy for fraud, but even in the courtroom, Mr. Goofy would not be shamed. He simply retorted, "I'm just joking around." F. Tom, proudly proclaiming that he had invented a clock that ran on perpetual motion, and had it placed in the central square of his town. The clock, he said, would work perfectly despite a lack of springs in the internal mechanism. A scientist later ascertained the secret and revealed it to the townspeople: the clock had been cleverly devised to run on temperature differentials.