填空题America"s great labor market slump continues to cast its pall over the economy, leaving one lonely group in particular shrouded in shadows. Over 6m Americans, more than 40% of all those unemployed, have now been out of work for more than six months. Most of these, 4. 5m, haven"t worked for a year or more. This crisis of long-term joblessness is unprecedented in the post-war period. Lacklustre growth is the main problem. The pace of new hiring crashed during the recession and has scarcely recovered since. Although America"s unemployment rate is down a percentage point from its peak, this is little cause for cheer. 1 Many of the latter have given up hope. For the first time in decades, jobless workers are more likely to drop out of the labor force (and cease to be counted as unemployed) than to get a job. Bit by bit, a large mass of American workers is losing touch with the labor market. One might expect unemployment to carry less stigma after a deep recession—bad times, rather than personal shortcoming, being the more likely reason for a sacking. Yet a worker"s lifetime earnings are hurt more by a job loss in a weak economy. 2 The unemployed increasingly face discrimination in the hiring queue, often enough that Barack Obama proposes to ban the practice. Such a rule might encourage employers not to hire at all, for fear of legal action. Still, there are some signs that the long-term jobless can be coaxed back into the working world. 3 The ranks of the unemployed are often replenished by those moving from outside the labor force—that is, from not looking for work at all—into active job seeking. The long-term unemployed pay close attention to the state of the job market and resume their job search in optimistic periods. A burst of optimism early this year, corresponding to a period when employment was growing by more than 200, 000 jobs a month, coincided with a surge of workers back into the labor force to seek work. This may have reversed in recent months. In July, just 10% of workers polled by Gallup said it was a good time to find a decent job, down from 17% in April. The horizon has only grown cloudier since then. Policymakers are slowly beginning to respond to the crisis. 4 Mr. Obama proposes to increase the program"s flexibility. Benefits could be used to supplement wages at businesses that cut hours rather than lay off workers, for instance. The president also seems fond of state-level programs like "Georgia Works", which pay benefits to jobless workers engaged in training. Should Congress approve, such measures could light the path back to work for many jobless Americans. The Federal Reserve is also paying heed. At a speech in late August, Chairman Ben Bernanke warned that long-term unemployment could harm the economy"s long-run growth prospects, though since then he has done little to help. 5 [A] Nothing would be so effective as a strong economy and a tight labor market. Despite growing interest in their troubles, that seems a distant prospect for those languishing on the edge of the working world. [B] An experienced worker laid off when unemployment is at 9% faces a reduction in lifetime earnings nearly twice that of someone sacked when the rate is 5%, according to new work by Steven Davis and Till von Wachter. [C] The unemployment rate in different sectors varies greatly. The department that suffers most is manufacturing and the fall in manufacturing in the past few years is a major factor behind growing wage inequality. [D] Barack Obama"s proposed American Jobs Act would reauthorize for another year current emergency unemployment benefits, which help to support consumption among the jobless, reducing poverty and propping up demand. [E] Workers are escaping unemployment more slowly than at any time since 1948. The long term unemployed are struggling most; in the year to June, the newly jobless were three times more likely to find new work in a given month than the long-term unemployed. [F] Compared with workers newly laid off, the long-term unemployed have stronger motivation to take part in train programs and go back to the labor force for fear of losing the right to enjoy unemployment insurance benefits. [G] New research by economists Michael Elsby and Rob Valletta shows that movement in and out of the labor force is actually more fluid than has been previously assumed.

填空题There are still significant gaps between women and men in terms of their involvement in family life, the tasks they perform and the responsibilities they take. Yet, at least in developed Western countries, both women and men express a desire for greater equality in family life. It is evident that in terms of attitudes and beliefs, the problem cannot simply be thought of in terms of women wanting men to share more equally and men being reluctant to do so. The challenge now is to develop policies and practices based on a presumption of shared responsibility between men and women, and a presumption that there are potential benefits for men and women, as well as for families and the community, if there is greater gender equality in the responsibilities and pleasures of family life. These are becoming key concerns of researchers, policy makers, community workers and, more importantly, family members themselves.41. ______Despite the significant increase in the number of women with dependent children who are in the paid workforce, Australian research studies over the last 15 years are consistent in showing that divisions of labour for family work are very rigid indeed (Watson 1991). In terms of time, women perform approximately 90 percent of child care tasks and 70 percent of all family work, and only 14 percent of fathers are highly participant in terms of time spent on family work (Russell 1983). Demo and Acock (1993), in a recent US study, also found that women continue to perform a Constant and major proportion of household labour (68 percent to 95 percent) across all family types (first marriage, divorced, step-family or never married), regardless of whether they are employed or non-employed in paid work.42. ______ Divisions of labour for family work are particularly problematic in families in which both parents are employed outside the home (dual-worker families). Employed mothers adjust their jobs and personal lives to accommodate family commitments more than employed fathers do. Mothers are less likely to work overtime and are more likely to take time off work to attend to children's needs (VandenHeuvel 1993). Mothers spend less time on personal leisure activities than their partners, a factor that often leads to resentment (Demo and Acock 1993).43. ______ The parental role is central to the stress-related anxiety reported by employed mothers, and a major contributor to such stress is their taking a greater role in child care (VandenHenvel 1993). Edgar and Giezer (1992) found that close to 90 percent of both husbands and wives agreed that the man should share equally in child care, yet 55 percent of husbands and wives claimed that the men actually did this. (These claims are despite the findings mentioned earlier that point to a much lower participation rate by fathers.) A mother's wanting her partner to do more housework and child care is a better predictor of poor family adjustment than is actual time spent by fathers in these tasks (Demo and Acock 1993). It is this desire, together with its lack of fulfillment in most families, that bring about stress in the female parent. 44. ______ Family therapists and social work researchers are increasingly defining family problems in terms of a lack of involvement and support from fathers and are concerned with difficulties involved in having fathers take responsibility for the solution of family and child behaviour problems (Edgar and Glezer 1986). Yet, a father accepting responsibility for behaviour problems is linked with positive outcomes.45. ______ Research studies lend strong support to the argument that there are benefits for families considering a change to a fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life. Greater equality in the performance of family work is associated with lower levels of family stress and higher self-esteem, better health, and higher marital satisfaction for mothers. There is also higher marital satisfaction of fathers, especially when they take more responsibility for the needs of their children--fathers are happier when they are more involved (Russell 1984).[A] Origins of anxiety in working mothers[B] The presumptions of policy makers[C] The experts' view of the male parent's role[D] Comparison of employed and non-employed mothers[E] The benefits of balanced responsibility[F] The unchanged role of the female parent[G] The impact of dual employment

填空题There is nothing illogical or synthetic about the humility ( modesty ) of great bookmen in calling attention to the limitations of the book. No book can　1　us to know everything that is to be known, or feel everything that is to be felt. A book is part of life, not a substitute 　2　it. It is not a fit　3　for worship or enshrinement. It loses its charm and much of its value when accepted　4　No one would have been more　5　than Aristotle if he could have known of the excessive and　6　veneration that would be given to his ideas in centuries to　7　. When his works became the　8　words of advance knowledge,　9　knowledge became neither advanced nor vital. The particular occasion for these remarks is that there are　10　here and there that some of us in the book world may be　11　ourselves too seriously. In the effort to increase book reading some　12　things are being said about books. It is made to　13　that nothing is happening now that has not happened before, and that the only true approach to understanding is　14　books. We do neither service nor justice to books by　15　upon them such omnipotence and omniscience. Many of the answers we need today are not necessarily to be found between　16　There are elements of newness in the present　17　of man that will not readily be　18　of by required reading or ready reference. Books are not slide rules or blueprints for　19　automatic answers. What is needed is a mighty blend of the wisdom of the ages　20　fresh, razor-edged analytical thought.

填空题[A]THINGShavenotbeengoingwellforSonylately.LastmonthseniorexecutivesattheJapaneseelectronicsgiantissuedanunprecedentedapologyafterdiscoveringthat9.6mlaptopbatteries,suppliedtoothercomputer-makers,werefaultyandwouldhavetoberecalledatacostof$436m.Sony'sBlue-rayhigh-definitiontechnology,launchedthissummer,hassufferedfromdelaysandcomponentshortages."Theyreallyneedsomegoodnews,"saysPaulJacksonofForrester,aconsultancy.[B]Ingaming,SonyfacesfarstrongercompetitionthanitdidwhenitlaunchedthePlayStation2in2000.ThePS2wentontosellover100munits,givingSony70%ofthemarket.Butgamingisacyclicalbusiness,andsuccessinonerounddoesnotguaranteesuccessinthenext.Microsofthasalreadysoldover6mofitsXbox360consoles,launchedayearago,andexpectstohavesold10mbytheendof2006.ManufacturingproblemsdelayedthePS3'slaunchfromMayandmeantthatonly93000consoleswereavailablefortheJapaneselaunch,Sonyhopestosell2mbytheendoftheyear,butevenifitdoesso,itwillstarttheraceinthirdplace.[C]YetitwillbesometimebeforeitispossibletotellwhetherthePS3canrescueSony.Beneaththeshort-termtroubles,thecompanyisplayingalonggame.SonyisbettingthatthePS3'sadvancedtechnologywillsustainthecompanyforadecadebyextendingthePlayStationfranchisebeyondgaming.[D]Finally,thePS3isalitmustestforSirHoward'sturnaroundeffort,oneoftheaimsofwhichistogetSony'svariousdivisionstoco-operatemorefully.Sonyhasimprovedmarginsinitselectronicsbusinessandreducedheadcountby10000aheadofschedule.SirHowardevensuggestedthisweekthatthebatteryfiascohadhelpedbymakingiteasierforhimtoconvincedoubterswithinSonyoftheneedtochange.[E]SonyneedsthePS3tosucceedforthreereasons:tomaintainitslucrativedominanceofthegamesindustry;toseedthemarketforBlue-rayandestablishSonyintheemergingmarketforinternetvideodownloads;andtodemonstratethattheturnaroundbeingledbyHowardStringer,whotookoveraschiefexecutivein2005,isworkingandthatSony'sgaming,electronicsandcontentdivisionsreallycanworktogether.DespitetheenthusiasmofthePS3'searlybuyers,successineachoftheseareasisfarfromassured.[F]Americanregulatorsbeganinvestigatingthecompanylastmonthaspartofaninquiryintoallegationsofprice-fixinginthememory-chipmarket.Andhavingbragbeentheworld'smostvaluableelectronicsfirmbystockmarketvalue,Sony'smarketcapitalisationhasfallentolessthanhalfthatofSamsung,itsSouthKoreanrival.[G]SoalotisridingonthePlayStation3(PS3),thelatestincarnationofSony'sindustry-leadinggamesconsole,whichwaslaunchedwithmuchfanfareinJapanonNovember11th.AttheYurakuchoflagshipstoreofBicCamera,oneofJapan'slargestelectronicsretailers,hundredsofgarnersqueuedthroughacoldnight.KenKutaragi,whorunsSony'sgamingdivision,wastheretowelcometheminthemorning.[H]ThePS3isalsomeanttoensurethatBlue-raytriumphsoverHD-DVDasthehigh-definitionsuccessortotheDVDvideoformat.TheideaisthatmillionsofPS3sboughtbygarnerswillseedthemarketforBlue-ray,providingitwithcriticalmassandensuringthatHollywoodstudios,whicharereluctanttobacktworivalstandards,plumpforBlue-rayoverHD-DVD.ButinsteadofridingthePS3asaTrojanhorse,Blue-rayhasinsteadhobbleditbyincreasingitspriceanddelayingitsintroduction.[I]Soafewteethingproblemsintheearlydaysarenothingtoworryabout;besides,thePS2wasalsocriticisedforbeingexpensive,over-engineeredandunreliablewhenitfirstappeared.Buthavingachieved70%marketsharelasttimearound,Sonyiscertaintolosegroundthistime.Theonlyquestionishowmuch.

填空题Life, at least for a seed, is better out in the world. (1) . Seeds know how to get around. (2) . But they all have the same goal: to take root and give rise to the next generation. Scientists can understand what type of dispersal strategy a plant employs by looking at its environment. For example, dispersal by sea currents is important for plants that grow on seashores, and wind is important in open grasslands. And for each type of dispersal, there is a type of design. (3) . "Among species with seeds dispersed internally by animals, the size of the seed or fruit, its color, and the presence of protective husks will reflect the swallowing, visual, and processing abilities of the seed disperser," Birkinshaw said. For example, seeds spread by small birds will be small in size, covered with plant flesh (to give the birds a reward for eating it), huskless (since most birds are ill equipped to remove such an outer shell), and brightly colored (since birds have good color vision). Some seeds have no specific dispersal strategy, like the coco-de-mer, a palm tree that only grows in the Seychelles, an island chain in the Indian Ocean. These palms have the largest seeds of any plant and lack any seed dispersal method other than gravity, Birkinshaw said. In other cases, as with the rare Madagascan palms Satranala decussilvae and Voanioala gerardii, the seeds collect in piles beneath their parent trees. (4) . According to John Dransfield, an expert on Madagascan palms with the United Kingdom's Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, both of these palms have very large seeds that animals alive today are incapable of moving. "You start dreaming up stories that it could have been distributed by a now extinct animal", he said. Possible extinct dispersers of the palms are large lemurs that once roamed Madagascar or flightless elephant birds, which were the largest birds known to have lived in Madagascar. There are only a few of these Madagascan palms left standing. (5) . Donald Drake is a botanist with the University of Hawaii in Honolulu who studies how plant and animal interaction affects reproduction of native plants and food for native animals in the Pacific Ocean islands. He said loss of animals to disperse seeds certainly impacts a plant's viability, but "hard, conclusive data are difficult to come by." He and colleague Kim McConkey are currently engaged in research that suggests animals may stop performing ecological functions such as seed dispersal long before they go extinct. "We found this to be the case with flying foxes", Drake said. Flying foxes are among the few remaining large animals that disperse seeds on islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. "Many flying foxes are either rare or extinct", Drake said, "If they cease to be effective dispersers long before reaching that stage, there is a possibility that the results we found are of wide applicability." A. Wind-dispersed seeds are generally lightweight and have adaptations such as wings and parachutes so they can catch a ride on the breeze. Water-dispersed seeds, such as coconuts, are buoyant. Seeds dispersed by animals usually offer a nutritional reward so that they are eaten, or they are sticky or barbed so they can latch on to passing bodies. B. If researchers can confirm that indeed the animal disperser of the palms, seeds are extinct, then the only way to prevent the trees themselves from becoming extinct may be to reintroduce seedlings into the forest with a controlled program of replanting, Dransfield said. C. In order to maintain effective seed-dispersing populations, the researchers say it is important to take conservation actions before seed-dispersing animal species drop below this threshold. D. Some fly with the wind, others go with the flow. Many hitch a ride with unsuspecting animals. E. Some animals cease being effective seed dispersers when their population densities fall below a point that induces them to compete over food resources—they stop bothering to scatter and hide their food stores. F. In general, seed dispersal away from the parent plant increases the chances that a seed will reach maturity. G. Researchers believe that perhaps their animal dispersers are long extinct.

填空题Farm-raised pigs are dirty, smelly animals that get no respect. They’re also an environmental hazard. Their manure contains phosphorus, which, when it rains, runs off into lakes and estuaries, depleting oxygen, killing fish, stimulating algae overgrowth and emitting greenhouse gases. 41. ______. Pigs provide more dietary protein, more cheaply, to more people than any other animal. Northern Europe still maintains the highest pig-to-human ratio in the world (2-1 in Den- mark), but East Asia is catching up. During the 1990s, pork production doubled in Vietnam and grew by 70 percent in China— along densely populated coastlines, pig density exceeds 100 animals per square kilometer. The resulting pollution is “threatening fragile coastal marine habitats including mangroves, coral reefs and sea grasses,” according to a report released in February by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. As it turns out, there is a solution to the pig problem, but it requires a change of mind-set among environmentalists and the public. 42. ______. The Enviropig is one of many new technologies that are putting environmentalists and organic-food proponents in a quandary: should they remain categorically opposed to genetically modified (GM) foods even at the expense of the environment? 43. ______. The most significant GM applications will be ones that help alleviate the problem of agriculture, which accounts for 38 percent of the world’s landmass and is crowding out natural ecosystems and species habitats. GM crops that can be produced more efficiently would allow us to return land to nature. 44. ______. U.S. Department of Agriculture scientist Eliot Herman has already created a less-allergenic soybean — an important crop for baby foods. Through genetic surgery, Herman turned off the soy gene responsible for 65 percent of allergic reactions. Not only was the modified soy less allergenic in tests but, as Herman explained, “the yield looks perfectly normal, plants develop and grow at a normal rate and they seem to have the same kinds of protein, oil and other good stuff in them.” Other scientists have reported promising results in shutting off allergy-causing genes in peanuts and shrimp. Should these advances be turned into products, organic soy or peanut products will be certifiably more dangerous to human health than comparable nonorganic products.45. ______. In this climate, much of the needed research isn’t being pursued. Chances are, farmers will continue to grow their polluting organic pork, their allergenic organic soy and their neurotoxin-sprayed organic apples. Worse still, they will make sure that no one else gets a choice in the matter of improving the conditions of life on earth — unless, that is, others rise up and demand an alternative.[A] Two Canadian scientists have created a pig whose manure doesn’t contain very much phosphorus at all. If this variety of pig were adopted widely, it could greatly reduce a major source of pollution. But the Enviropig, as they call it, is the product of genetic modification — which is anathema to many Westerners.[B] In fact, although all commonly used pesticides dissipate so quickly that they pose a miniscule health risk to consumers, allergic food reactions to natural products kill hundreds of children each year. Genetically modified foods could greatly reduce this risk.[C] Canadian biologists Cecil Forsberg and John Phillips, for instance, have constructed a novel DNA molecule that, when planted in a pig embryo, imbues the Enviropig with the ability to secrete a phosphorus extracting enzyme in its saliva. The results so far are dramatic — the new pigs can extract all the phosphorus they need from grain alone, without the phosphorus supplements that farmers now use. This reduces the phosphorus content of their manure by up to 75 percent.[D] Doing away with the pig is not an option.[E] Pigs can also be modified to digest grasses and hay (as cows and sheep do), reducing the energy-intensive use of corn as pig feed. Elsewhere, trees grown for paper could be made amenable to much more efficient processing, reducing both energy usage and toxic chemical bleach in effluents from paper mills.[F] Of course, stringent testing is needed to show that a genetic modification works and that the product is not harmful to humans. Scientists can do both of these things with techniques that allow them to examine and compare the structure and activity of every one of an animal’s genes.[G] Unfortunately, this won’t happen any time soon. Because no society has ever banned allergenic foods, conventional farmers have no incentive to plant reduced-allergy seeds. And many members of the public have been led to believe that all genetic modifications create health risks.

填空题There are many differences .between communicating in written and spoken words—one to one or one to many. Because speaking is face to face and personal, it is much more direct than writing.. Hand and body gestures, facial expressions, and vocal variety help greatly to support face-to-face communication. It is also reinforced by instant feedback from listeners in the form of smiles, frowns, applause, catcalls, clenched fists, and so on. An alert speaker who is sensitive to feedback can "shift gears" and adapt to changing circumstances. 41. The differences between talking and writing Writing, however, depends solely on words and punctuation to deliver the message. There are no gestures and no voice, and if there is any feedback, it takes time to reach the writer.42. Why long sentences can be used in writing? Effective talking is aimed at people's minds and hearts through their ears, and ears prefer short, direct, conversational sentences. There are three standards that apply equally to talking and writing—clarity, accuracy, and appropriateness.43. Clarity. If the audience doesn't understand the message instantly, then the speaker has, to some extent, failed. Thus, every possible measure must be taken to ensure that all your words and thoughts are perfectly clear to the audience.44. Accuracy. As a conscientious speaker, you must see to it that your information is as current and as accurate as research can make it.45. Appropriateness. In addition to being precise, your language should also be suitable to the subject, audience, and occasion.[A] For instance, a speaker can vary his/her pitch or tone to change the meaning expressed. A writer, on the other hand, has to rely solely on the words and context or even explanations in braces to achieve that.[B] Good talking is wordy, repetitive, and far less structured than efficient writing. A good speech, reproduced word for word on paper, usually does not read well because it rambles and repeats words and thoughts. It is not nearly as disciplined and organized as good writing.[C] Throughout your talk, words are your prime means for helping your audience understand your message. And to harness the profound power of words, you should develop a lifelong habit of using a dictionary and a thesaurus. If you do not exploit these resources, you will fail to achieve your full potential as a speaker and conversationalist. Another device that will help you achieve clarity in your talk is a summary. If your talk consists of three willresearched major points, lit those points in your introduction so your audience will know at once what ground you will cover. Discuss them in depth, summarize them at the end of your talk, and emphasize any conclusions hat they lead to.[D] For example, a speaker who's addressing a Parent-Teacher Association should avoid the statistical and psychological jargon of advanced educational researchers. By the same token, she should not indulge in teenage slang. Any speaker worth her salt will analyze her audience first and adapt her language accordingly.[E] The surest way for you to damage your credibility is to spew forth misinformation or outdated information. How many times have you seen a story, a name, an important fact, or a charge against someone retracted in newspapers? Unfortunately, the damage was done when the misinformation first appeared in print. Such unwarranted embarrassment and mental anguish could have been avoided ff someone had taken the time to recheck the information. If your talk is on a current or crucial topic, do your homework and arm yourself with quotations and sources to fortify your facts.[F] Long, involved sentences are acceptable in writing for two reasons: (1) The eye can absorb many more words in an instant than the ear can hear. (2) If a reader stumbles on a marathon sentence, she can read it again. Not so with spoken words— once uttered they're gone, especially in speech. If a listener misses a sentence, both she and the speaker have lost part of the message; there is no going back, except perhaps during the question-and-answer period. In a conversation, of course, the listener can ask the speaker to repeat.

填空题[A]TheriseofatycoonwhoisfondofAmericaandSouthAfrica,andwhoprintsEnglishslogansonhisbottlesofmilkandmineralwater,isasnubtoMr.Ratsiraka.Thepresident,whohasdominatedpoliticssince1975—withafewyears'absenceinthemid-1990s—steersclosetoFrance,theformercolonialpower.Hehasbeenunwell,andspendsmuchofhistimehavingmedicaltreatmentinParis.Hisgovernment,predictably,isaccusedofwidespreadcorruption.Butheoffersstability—anddeclaresthat"anyotherpresident"wouldusherinyearsofuncertainty.[B]Mr.Ratsirakamightindeedfeelaggrievedffhedidlosepowerjustastheeconomyiscomingright.Afteratwo-decadespellasasocialist,thenafewyearsofexile,hebouncedbackintothepresidencyin1996toimposeaustereneo-liberalreforms.Thesearenowpayingoff.Manypeoplearestilldesperatelybadlyoff,livinginvillageswithoutroads,electricityordoctors.But,accordingtoanoptimisticIMFreportonDecember13th,theeconomymaymmouttohaveenjoyed6.7%growththisyearandinflationislow.[C]Inahighturnout,hetooknearly80%ofthevotesinthecapital,andwelloverhalfinothercities.Resultsfromthelesssusceptiblecountrysideareslowlycomingin.Theynarrowthegap,buthestillseemstohaveachanceofeitherbeatingtheincumbent,DidierRatsiraka,outrghtorfacinghiminarun-offnextyear.[D]Aswellingflowoftouristscomestotheislandtoseeitsrainforests,lemursandtropicalbeaches.SalesoftextilestoAmericaaredoingwell,thankstotariffreductionsthere.And.inthepastfewyears.Asianinvestorshaveopeneddozensoffactoriesinspecialexportzonesaroundthecapital.Mr.Ratsirakahasmanagedtonegotiatedebtreliefthatalmosthalvestheamountthecountryspendsonservicingitsdebts.Risthusabletospendabitmoreonschoolsandhospitals.Incomesinthecitiesareclearlyup.Agoodriceharvestthisyear.andtheabsenceofcyclones,haseasedhangerinthecountryside.[E]Asmayor,Mr.Ravalomananawonmanycitizens'heartsbycleaningupthecapital,andseeingtonewroadsandstreetlighting.Heoversawabuildingboom.theriseofadozen'flashynewsupermarkets,morepolicemenonthestreetsandacutincrime.Heis.knowninthecountryatlarge,too.thankstohisTikofoodempire,whichdeliversyoghurtandothergoodthingstoMadagascar'semergingmiddleclass.HisfaceiseverywhereonT-shirts.baseballcapsandbagsallpartsofaslickcampaignthatwashelpedalongbyhisownradioandtelevisionstations.HisChristianfervour,andhisjobonacouncilofProtestantchurches,havealsohelpedhim,especiallyamongtheruralpoor.[F]AllthisisraregoodnewsforAfrica.Mightitberiskediftherewereachangeofpresident?Somepointtopossibleethnictension:Mr.RavalomananaisfromthehighlandImerinapeople,whohaveamixofAsian-settlerandAfricanblood,whohaveneverbeforeheldpoliticalofficeovertheblackercoastalcommunities.Othersworrythathewillhavelittlesupportinparliament,andthathisbusinesscareerhasnotpreparedhimforpoliticalcompromises.Abiggerconcern,perhaps,isthathemightnotseriouslyundertaketospreadthegoodtimesenjoyedinthecapitalintotheimpoverishedcountryside.[G]ExcitementisintheairinMadagascar,avastislandof15mpeopleofftheeastcoastofAfrica.OnDecember16th,itsvoterstrudgedtothe.pollsfromtheirhomesinhighlandtownsandremoteforestvillagestopickapresident.ManyfavouredMareRavalomanana,atycoonwhoisalsothehandsomeyoungmayorofthecapitalAntananarivo.Order:

填空题Nonverbal communication is hugely important in any interaction with others; its importance is multiplied across cultures. This is because we tend to look for nonverbal cues when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous, as they are more likely to be across cultures. (1) . Low-context cultures like the United States and Canada tend to give relatively less emphasis to nonverbal communication. This does not mean that nonverbal communication does not happen, or that it is unimportant, but that people in these settings tend to place less importance on it than on the literal meanings of words themselves. In high-context settings such as Japan or Colombia, understanding the nonverbal components of communication is relatively more important to receiving the intended meaning of the communication as a whole. (2) . For instance, it may be more socially acceptable in some settings in the United States for women to show fear, but not anger, and for men to display anger, but not fear. At the same time, interpretation of facial expressions across cultures is difficult. In China and Japan, for example, a facial expression that would be recognized around the world as conveying happiness may actually express anger or mask sadness, both of which are unacceptable to show overtly. (3) . For a Westerner who understands smiles to mean friendliness and happiness, this smile may seem out of place and even cold, under the circumstances. Even though some facial expressions may be similar across cultures, their interpretations remain culture-specific. It is important to understand something about cultural starting-points and values in order to interpret emotions expressed in cross-cultural interactions. (4) . In a comparison of North American and French children on a beach, a researcher noticed that the French children tended to stay in a relatively small space near their parents, while US children ranged up and down a large area of the beach. (5) . These examples of differences related to nonverbal communication are only the tip of the iceberg. Careful observation, ongoing study from a variety of sources, and cultivating relationships across cultures will all help develop the cultural fluency to work effectively with nonverbal communication differences. A. These differences of interpretation may lead to conflict. Suppose a Japanese person is explaining her absence from negotiations due to a death in her family. She may do so with a smile, based on her cultural belief that it is not appropriate to inflict the pain of grief on others. B. Another variable across cultures has to do with ways of relating to space. Crossing cultures, we encounter very different ideas about polite space for conversations and negotiations. North Americans tend to prefer a large amount of space, perhaps because they are surrounded by it in their homes and countryside. Europeans tend to stand more closely with each other when talking, and are accustomed to smaller personal spaces. C. Americans are serious about standing in lines, in accordance with their beliefs in democracy and the principle of "first come, first served" The French, on the other hand, have a practice of line jumping, that irritates many British and US Americans. D. Since nonverbal behavior arises from our cultural common sense, we use different systems of understanding gestures, posture, silence, spatial relations, emotional expression, touch, physical appearance, and other nonverbal cues. Cultures also attribute different degrees of importance to verbal and nonverbal behavior. E. The difficulty with space preferences is not that they exist, but the judgments that get attached to them. If someone is accustomed to standing or sitting very close when they are talking with another, they may see the other's attempt to create more space as evidence of coldness, or a lack of interest. F. It is said that a German executive working in the United States became so upset with visitors to his office moving the guest chair to suit themselves that he had it bolted to the floor. G. Some elements of nonverbal communication are consistent across cultures. For example, research has shown that the emotions of enjoyment, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise are expressed in similar ways by people around the world. Differences surface with respect to which emotions are acceptable to display in various cultural settings, and by whom.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a text about the topic of nuclear fusion, followed by a list of explanations (or examples). Choose the best explanation/example from the list A--F for each numbered subheading/generalization( 41--45). There is one extra explanation/example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1. Scientists say they have achieved small-scale nuclear fusion in a tabletop experiment, using tried and true techniques that are expected to generate far less controversy than past such claims. This latest experiment relied on a tiny crystal to generate a strong electric field. While the energy created was too small to harness cheap fusion power, the technique could have potential uses in medicine, spacecraft propulsion, the oil drilling industry and homeland security, said Seth Putterman, a physicist at the University of California at Los Angeles. Putterman and his colleagues at UCLA, Brian Naranjo and Jim Gimzewski, report their results in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature.{{B}}41. Held up to ridicule{{/B}} Previous claims of tabletop fusion have been met with skepticism and even derision by physicists. ( ){{B}}42. Sound theoretical basis{{/B}} Fusion experts said the UCLA experiment will face far less skepticism because it conforms to well-known principles of physics. ( ){{B}}43. Energy in waiting{{/B}} Fusion power has been touted as the ultimate energy source and a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels like coal and oil. Fossil fuels are expected to run short in about 50 years. ( ){{B}}44. Process of fusion{{/B}} In the UCL'A experiment, scientists placed a tiny crystal that can generate a strong electric field into a vacuum chamber filled with deuterium gas, a form of hydrogen capable of fusion. Then the researchers activated the crystal by heating it. ( ){{B}}45. Commercial uses{{/B}} UCLA's Putterman said future experiments will focus on refining the technique for potential commercial uses, including designing portable neutron generators that could be used for oil well drilling or scanning luggage and cargo at airports. ( ) In the Nature report, Putterman and his colleagues said the crystal-based method could be used in "microthrusters for miniature spacecraft." In such an application, the method would not rely on nuclear fusion for power generation, But rather on ion propulsion, Putterman said. "As wild as it is, that's a conservative application," he said. A. In fusion, light atoms are joined in a high-temperature process that frees large amounts of energy. It is considered environmentally friendly Because it produces virtually no air pollution and does not pose the safety and long-term radioactive waste concerns associated with modern nuclear power plants, where heavy uranium atoms are split to create energy in a process known as fission. B. The resulting electric field created a Beam of charged deuterium atoms that struck a nearby target, which was embedded with yet more deuterium. When some of the deuterium atoms in the beam collided with their counterparts in the target, they fused. The reaction gave off an isotope of helium along with subatomic particles known as neutrons, a characteristic of fusion. The experiment did not, however, produce more energy than the amount put in-- an achievement that would be a huge breakthrough. C. Another technique, known as sonoluminescence, generates heat through the collapse of tiny bubbles in a liquid. Some scientists claim that nuclear fusion occurs during the reaction, but those claims have sparked sharp debate. D. In a Nature commentary, Michael Saltmarsh of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory said the process was in some ways "remarkably low-tech,' drawing upon principles that were first recorded by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus in 314 B. C.. "This doesn't have any controversy in it because they're using a tried and true method," David Ruzic, professor of nuclear and plasma engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbane-Champaign, told The Associated Press. "There's no mystery in terms of the physics. ' E. In one of the most notable cases, Dr. B. Stanley Pons of the University of Utah and Martin Fleischmann of Southampton University in England shocked the world in 1989 when they announced that they had achieved so-called cold fusion at room temperature. Their work was discredited after repeated attempts to reproduce it failed. F. The technology also could conceivably give rise to implantable radiation sources, which could target cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. "You could bring a tiny crystal into the body, place it next to a tumor, turn on the radiation and blast the tumor," Putterman told MSNBC. com.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofilleachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountainsnearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthevast,unexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamiliesperished.Onesmallgroupof49ers,lookingforashortcutacrosstheSierraNevadaMountains,happenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.Itwasluckyforthemitwaswinter,forinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmostdesolateplaceonearth.Asitwas,oneofthegroupdiedofthirst,anditwasthe49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname.[B]ThecompletionoftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCalifornia,italsobroughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplains,andtotherancherswhowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightears.Infact,thenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnowstretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans.[C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedforstealingahorse,yetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank.Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknown,theydependedabsolutelyontheirhorsesandtheirguns.Ifamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedeserts,mountainsorforestsofNevada,ArizonaandeasternCalifornia,hestoodnochance.Hunger,thirst,agrizzlybear,amountainlion,orhostileIndianswouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetough,braveandresourcefulinthosedays.[D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwasgivenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroad,oneofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.CongressdecidedthatthelayingofthetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothebuildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraphsystem,developedintoarace.TheEasterners,movingacrosstheplains,progressedfaster,fortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsorbridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th,1867.Therewasgreatexcitement,andaspecialceremonytomarktheoccasion.[E]Deserts,mountainsandforestsarestillthefrontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulatedwildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.Eventoday,Nevadahashardlymorethan500thousandinhabitants,mostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasandReno.[F]Later,in1865,aftertheCivilWar,disillusionedsoldiers,unabletofrndwork,followedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydidnotfindmuchgold,buttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.ItwastheywhofoundedtheUSA'sgreatfoodindustry,andtheyworkedwiththevigorandcourageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible.[G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.Americansdonotlikebeingwithoutwork,andtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajob,showingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedyinaspeechtothenation,spokeofthis"NewFrontier."Thefrontierspiritcertainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoon,themostrecentofallfrontierstobecrossed.