填空题 At picnics, ants are pests. But they have their uses. In industries such as mining, farming and forestry, they can help gauge the health of the environment by just crawling around and being antsy. It has been recognized for decades that ants--which are highly sensitive to ecological change—can provide a near-percent barometer of the state of an ecosystem. Only certain species, for instance, will continue to thrive at a forest site that has been cleared of trees.{{U}} (41) {{/U}} And still others will move in and take up residence. By looking at which species populate a deforested area, scientists can determine how "stressed" the land is.{{U}} (42) {{/U}}Ants are used simply because the>; are so common and comprise so many species. Where mine sites are being restored, for example, some ant species will recolonize the stripped land more quickly than others.{{U}} (43) {{/U}}Australian mining company Capricorn Coal Management has been successfully using ant surveys for years to determine the rate of recovery of land that it is replanting near its German Creek mine in Queensland. Ant surveys also have been used with mine-site recovery projects in Africa and Brazil, where warm climates encourage dense and diverse ant populations. "We found it worked extremely well there,' says Jonathan Majer, a professor of environmental biology. Yet the surveys are perfectly suited to climates throughout Asia, he says, because ants are so common throughout the region. As Majer puts it. "That's the great thing about ants.' Ant surveys are so highly-regarded as ecological indicators that governments worldwide accept their results when assessing the environmental impact of mining and tree harvesting.{{U}} (44) {{/U}}. Why not? Because many companies can't afford the expense or the laboratory time needed to sift results for a comprehensive survey. The cost stems, also, from the scarcity of ant specialists.{{U}} (45) {{/U}}.[A] This allowed scientists to gauge the pace and progress of the ecological recovery.[B] Yet in other businesses, such as farming and property development, ant surveys aren't used widely.[C] Employing those people are expensive.[D] They do this by sorting the ants, counting their numbers and comparing the results with those of earlier surveys.[E] The evolution of ant species may have a strong impact on our ecosystem.[F] Others will die out for lack of food.'[G] Gretaceous ants shared a couple of wasp-like traits together with modern ant-like characteristics.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a text about The Big Melt, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A--F for each numbered subheading (41--45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Say goodbye to the world's tropical glaciers and ice caps. Many will vanish within 20 years. When Lonnie Thompson visited Peru's Quelccaya ice cap in 1977, he couldn't help noticing a school-bus-size boulder that was upended by ice pushing against it. Thompson returned to the same spot last year, and the boulder was still there, but it was lying on its side. The ice that once supported the massive rock had retreated far into the distance, leaving behind a giant lake as it melted away. Foe Thompson, a geologist with Ohio State University's Byrd Polar Research Center, the rolled-back rock was an obvious sign of climate change in the Andes Mountains. "Observing that over 25 years personally really brings it home," he says. "Your don't have to be a believer in global warming to see what's happening. "{{B}} 41. Thawed ice caps in the tropics.{{/B}} Quelccaya is the largest ice cap in the tropics, but it isn't the only one that is melting, according to decades of research by Thompson's team. NO tropical glaciers are currently known to be advancing, and Thompson predicts that many mountaintops will be completely melted within the next 20 years.{{B}} 42. Situation in areas other than the tropics.{{/B}} The phenomenon isn't confined to the tropics. Glaciers in Europe, Russia, new Zealand, the United States, and elsewhere are also melting.{{B}} 43. The worsening effects of global warming.{{/B}} For many scientists, the widespread melt-down is a clear sign that humans are affecting glottal climate, primarily by raising the levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.{{B}} 44. Receding ice caps.{{/B}} That's not to say that glaciers, currently found on every continent except Australia, haven't melted in the past as a result of natural variability. These rivers of ice exist in a delicate balance between inputs (accumulating snow and ice)and outputs (melting and "calving" of large chunks of ice). Over time, the balance can tilt in either direction, causing glaciers to advance or retreat. What's different now is the speed at which the scales have tipped. "We've been surprised at how rapid the rate of retreat has been," says Thompson. His team began mapping one of the main glaciers flowing out of the Quelccaya ice cap in 1978,using satellite images and ground surveys.{{B}} 45. Thinning ice cores.{{/B}} And its' not just the margin of the ice cap that is melting. At Qaelccaya and Mount Kilimanjaro, the researchers have found that the ice fields are thinning as well. Besides mapping ice caps and glaciers, Thompson and his colleagues have taken core samples from Queleeaya since 1976, when the ice at the drilling location was 154 meters thick. Thompson and his colleagues have also drilled ice cores from other locations in South America, Africa, and China. Trapped within each of these cores is a climate record spanning more than 8,000 years. It shows that the past 50 years are the warmest in history. The 4-inch-thick ice cores are now stored in freezers at Ohio State. On the future, says Thompson, that may be the only place to see what's left of the glaciers of Africa and Peru. [A] The latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, prepared by hundreds of scientists and approved by government delegates from more than 100 nations, states: "There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities." The report, released in January, says that the planet's average surface temperature increased by about 0.6℃ during the 20th century, and is projected to increase another 1.4 ℃ to 5.8 ℃ by 2100. That rate of warming is "with-out precedent during at least the last 10,000 years," says the IPCC. [B] Alaska's massive Bering and Columbia Glaciers located in nontropical regions, for example, have receded by more than 10 kilometers during the past century. And a study by geologists at the University of Colorado at Boulder predicts that Glacier National Park in Montana, under the influence of melting, will lose all of its glaciers by 2070. [C] For example, about 97 per cent of the planet's water is seawater. Another 2 per cent is locked in icecaps and glaciers. There are also reserves of fresh water under the earth's surface but these are too deep for us to use economically. [D] For example, Africa's Mount Kilimanjaro in tropical areas has lost 82 percent of its ice field since it was first mapped in 1912. That year, Kilimanjaro had 12.1 square kilometers of ice. By last year, the ice covered only 2.2 square kilometers. At the current rate of melting, the snows of Kilimanjaro that Ernest Hemingway wrote about will be gone within 15 years, Thompson estimates. "Butit probably will happen sooner, because the rate is speeding up." [E] "I fully expect to be able to return there in a dozen years or so and see the marks on the rock where our drill bit punched through the ice," says Thompson. If that happens, it will mean that a layer of ice more than 500 feet thick has vanished into thin air. [F] The glacier, Qori Kalis, was then retreating by 4. 9 meters per year. Every time the scientists returned, Qori Kalis was melting faster. Between 1998 and 2000, it was retreating at a rate of 155 meters per years (more than a foot per day), 32 times faster than in 1978. "You can almost sit there and watch it move," says Thompson.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 --46, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A--F to fit into each of the numbered blank. There is one extra choice that does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. As more and more material from other cultures became available, European scholars came to recognize even greater complexity in mythological traditions. Especially valuable was the evidence provided by ancient Indian and Iranian texts such as the Bhagavad-Gita and the Zend-A-vesta From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely, not only by geographical region but also by historical period. (41) __________________ He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the concerns of a basic agricultural community, whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society. Scholars also attempted to tie various myths of the world together in some way. From the late 18th century through the early 19th century, the comparative study of languages had led to the reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language to account for striking similarities among the various languages of Europe and the Near East. These languages, scholars concluded, belonged to an Indo-European language family. Experts on mythology likewise searched for a parent mythology that presumably stood behind the mythologies of all the European peoples. (42) __________________. For example, an expression like "maiden dawn" for "sunrise" resulted first in personification of the dawn, and then in myths about her. Later in the 19th century the theory of evolution put forward by English naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced the study of mythology. Scholars researched on the history of mythology, much as they would dig fossil-bearing geological formations, for remains from the distant past. (43) __________________ Similarly, British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three-stage evolutionary scheme in The Golden Bough. According to Frazer's scheme, human beings first attributed natural phenomena to arbitrary supernatural forces (magic), later explaining them as the will of the gods (religion), and finally subjecting them to rational investigation (science). The research of British scholar William Robertson Smith, published in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (1889), also influenced Frazer. Through Smith's work, Frazer came to believe that many myths had their origin in the ritual practices of ancient agricultural peoples, for whom the annual cycles of vegetation were of central importance. (44) __________________. This approach reached its most extreme form in the so called functionalism of British anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, who held that every myth implies a ritual, and every ritual implies a myth. Most analyses of myths in the 18th and 19th centuries showed a tendency to reduce myths to some essential core--whether the seasonal cycles o5 nature, historical circumstances, or ritual. That core supposedly remained once the fanciful elements of the narratives had been stripped away. In the 20th century, investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves. (45) __________________ [A] German-born British scholar Max Muller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India--the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language--reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology. Muiler attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena [B] The myth and ritual theory, as this approach came to be called, was developed most fully by British scholar Jane Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim, Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society. [C] Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud held that myths--like dreams--condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols. [D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor. In Primitive Culture (1871), Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages. [E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottlob Heyne, who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths (instead of fabula, meaning "fable" ) to refer to the tales of heroes and gods. [F] German scholar Karl Otfried Mailer ,followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology, t825.

填空题Today there is widespread agreement that multinational corporations will have an important effect on international relations and world economy. But there is little agreement on exactly what that effect will be. There are two groups of those who see them as benevolent and those who see them as evil. Among those who see multinational corporations as benevolent, many emphasize their importance in helping reduce the gap between rich countries and poor ones. These business giants are referred to as " engines of development " , because it is claimed that they do more to improve the economic life in less developed countries than all governmental foreign aid programs have ever done. By setting up factories abroad, they provide jobs; by equipping these factories with the latest machines and equipment, they make available the most modern technology. 41)______. In fact, they do better on their own. It may have been necessary in the mid-nineteen century for Admiral Perry to threaten the Japanese with naval bombardment if they did not allow western countries to trade with them. Such threats would make no sense today. 42)______. The leaders of multinational corporations see patriotism as old-fashioned, the nation-state obsolete, and war in pursuit of national glory downright foolish. They believe that the multinational corporation is " a modern concept evolved to meet the requirements of modem age " , while the nation-state is " still rooted in archaic concepts unsympathetic to the need of our complex world. " 43)______. " I think, " an official of General Electric once said, " getting General Electric everywhere in the world is the biggest thing we can do for world peace. " These proponents of the multinational corporations come by and large from the business world. There are, however, many critics among academic students of multinational corporations who regard them as a sinister force. They have produced detailed studies to prove that the benefits of multinational corporations are mostly illusory. To the claim that multinational corporations provide jobs, they point out that this is at the cost of jobs in other countries. To the claim that multinational corporations transfer technology, they reply: a) often the equipment shipped overseas is out of date; b) their technology is often unsuitable for many of the less developed countries where labor is plentiful and therefore cheap. 44)______. Therefore, they maintain that instead of being the " engines of development " , the multinational corporations are actually " engines of impoverishment " . These critics do not deny that consumption of the products of these corporations has risen in countries around the world. 45)______. Therefore, although these corporations may breakdown national frontiers they strengthen class distinctions, widening the gap between the rich and the poor, creating greater social injustice and instability.[A] The long, expensive American war in Vietnam did not bring new opportunities in Southeast Asia for the multinational corporations. The decision of the Nixon administration to improve relations with China was more profitable to them.[B] The fact that both American teenagers and Mexican peasants are drinking Coca Cola does not mean that the life of the Mexican peasants is getting better due to the multinational corporations.[C] They therefore characterize themselves as hard-headed people who are helping to bring about a more co-operative system or world order by breaking down national, geographical, political, economic and ideological barriers.[D] One study actually showed that multinational corporations do not invest capital from wealthy countries, but prefer to finance their operations from the local economy. In other words, they are simply transferring wealth from poorer countries to richer ones.[E] According to these critics, states will soon realize that they have lost their control over issues such as taxation, employment and even the stability of their own currency.[F] But they point out that this so-called " Global Shopping Center " is available only to a very small portion of the local population.[G] Because goods are now produced within the less developed countries, there is less need for them to import from abroad, and their balance of payments will improve. Multinational corporations today do not need their countries to provide military force to open foreign countries to their investment, products and sales.

填空题[A]THINGShavenotbeengoingwellforSonylately.LastmonthseniorexecutivesattheJapaneseelectronicsgiantissuedanunprecedentedapologyafterdiscoveringthat9.6mlaptopbatteries,suppliedtoothercomputer-makers,werefaultyandwouldhavetoberecalledatacostof$436m.Sony'sBlue-rayhigh-definitiontechnology,launchedthissummer,hassufferedfromdelaysandcomponentshortages."Theyreallyneedsomegoodnews,"saysPaulJacksonofForrester,aconsultancy.[B]Ingaming,SonyfacesfarstrongercompetitionthanitdidwhenitlaunchedthePlayStation2in2000.ThePS2wentontosellover100munits,givingSony70%ofthemarket.Butgamingisacyclicalbusiness,andsuccessinonerounddoesnotguaranteesuccessinthenext.Microsofthasalreadysoldover6mofitsXbox360consoles,launchedayearago,andexpectstohavesold10mbytheendof2006.ManufacturingproblemsdelayedthePS3'slaunchfromMayandmeantthatonly93000consoleswereavailablefortheJapaneselaunch,Sonyhopestosell2mbytheendoftheyear,butevenifitdoesso,itwillstarttheraceinthirdplace.[C]YetitwillbesometimebeforeitispossibletotellwhetherthePS3canrescueSony.Beneaththeshort-termtroubles,thecompanyisplayingalonggame.SonyisbettingthatthePS3'sadvancedtechnologywillsustainthecompanyforadecadebyextendingthePlayStationfranchisebeyondgaming.[D]Finally,thePS3isalitmustestforSirHoward'sturnaroundeffort,oneoftheaimsofwhichistogetSony'svariousdivisionstoco-operatemorefully.Sonyhasimprovedmarginsinitselectronicsbusinessandreducedheadcountby10000aheadofschedule.SirHowardevensuggestedthisweekthatthebatteryfiascohadhelpedbymakingiteasierforhimtoconvincedoubterswithinSonyoftheneedtochange.[E]SonyneedsthePS3tosucceedforthreereasons:tomaintainitslucrativedominanceofthegamesindustry;toseedthemarketforBlue-rayandestablishSonyintheemergingmarketforinternetvideodownloads;andtodemonstratethattheturnaroundbeingledbyHowardStringer,whotookoveraschiefexecutivein2005,isworkingandthatSony'sgaming,electronicsandcontentdivisionsreallycanworktogether.DespitetheenthusiasmofthePS3'searlybuyers,successineachoftheseareasisfarfromassured.[F]Americanregulatorsbeganinvestigatingthecompanylastmonthaspartofaninquiryintoallegationsofprice-fixinginthememory-chipmarket.Andhavingbragbeentheworld'smostvaluableelectronicsfirmbystockmarketvalue,Sony'smarketcapitalisationhasfallentolessthanhalfthatofSamsung,itsSouthKoreanrival.[G]SoalotisridingonthePlayStation3(PS3),thelatestincarnationofSony'sindustry-leadinggamesconsole,whichwaslaunchedwithmuchfanfareinJapanonNovember11th.AttheYurakuchoflagshipstoreofBicCamera,oneofJapan'slargestelectronicsretailers,hundredsofgarnersqueuedthroughacoldnight.KenKutaragi,whorunsSony'sgamingdivision,wastheretowelcometheminthemorning.[H]ThePS3isalsomeanttoensurethatBlue-raytriumphsoverHD-DVDasthehigh-definitionsuccessortotheDVDvideoformat.TheideaisthatmillionsofPS3sboughtbygarnerswillseedthemarketforBlue-ray,providingitwithcriticalmassandensuringthatHollywoodstudios,whicharereluctanttobacktworivalstandards,plumpforBlue-rayoverHD-DVD.ButinsteadofridingthePS3asaTrojanhorse,Blue-rayhasinsteadhobbleditbyincreasingitspriceanddelayingitsintroduction.[I]Soafewteethingproblemsintheearlydaysarenothingtoworryabout;besides,thePS2wasalsocriticisedforbeingexpensive,over-engineeredandunreliablewhenitfirstappeared.Buthavingachieved70%marketsharelasttimearound,Sonyiscertaintolosegroundthistime.Theonlyquestionishowmuch.

填空题46) Thomas Hardy"s impulses as a writer, all of which he indulged in his novels, were numerous and divergent, and they did not always work together in harmony. Hardy was to some degree interested in exploring his characters" psychologies, though impelled less by curiosity than by sympathy. Occasionally he felt the impulse to comedy (in all its detached coldness) as well as the impulse to farce, but he was more often inclined to see tragedy and record it. He was also inclined to literary realism in the several senses of that phrase. He wanted to describe ordinary human beings; he wanted to speculate on their dilemmas rationally (and, unfortunately, even schematically); and he wanted to record precisely the material universe. Finally, he wanted to be more than a realist. 47) He wanted to transcend what he considered to be the banality of solely recording things exactly and to express as well his awareness of the occult and the strange. In his novels these various impulses were sacrificed to each other inevitably and often. Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way that novelists such as Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least resistance. Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared. 48) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower. In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style. 49) But on other occasions Hardy abandoned a perilous, risky, and highly energizing impulse in favor of what was for him the fatally relaxing impulse to classify and schematize abstractly. When a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style—that sure index of an author"s literary worth—was certain to become verbose. Hardy"s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. He submitted to first one and then another, and the spirit blew where it listed; hence the unevenness of any one of his novels. 50) His most controlled novel, Under the Greenwood Tree, prominently exhibits two different but reconcilable impulse—a desire to be a realist-historian and a desire to be a psychologist of love—but the slight interlockings of plot are not enough to bind the two completely together. Thus even this book splits into two distinct parts.

填空题The acronym DINK--double income, no kids--originated in the US in the 1960s.41)__________. This choice was not irrational. After all, nowadays retired people can live on their pensions and savings, so they are no longer compelled to depend on their offspring in old age. And a child is undeniably an expensive proposition: so much time and money are required. Why bother having one? It is hard to condemn those who opt out of parenthood. And in China their decisions are perfectly in keeping with the drive to limit population growth. 42)__________. A baby enters the world with a mind like blank paper, and gradually he or she acquires the ability to think, to talk and finally to communicate easily. Isn't there something magical about it? When you see the process happening before your very eyes, you feel a happiness like no other. A Chinese DINK said to me recently, "If you didn' t have three children, you could go to a bar or the cinema with your wife on weekends--how unrestrained and romantic that would be!, But I would say that no matter how wonderful Hollywood films or Broadway performances are, watching them is far less interesting than seeing my extrovert of a daughter sing and dance. If it's true that there are rewards to be gotten from having children, then surely the happiness of seeing them grow up is the greatest.43)__________. But this is a happiness that can be felt only after you become a parent; there's no appreciating it otherwise. However, who begets a child out of curiosity to see him or hex grow up? None of my friends had this in mind when they or their wife got pregnant. For some the pregnancy was unexpected.44)__________. And some said that having a child can bring stability to a troubled marriage—but is that really true? I myself didn't give it much thought. I just assumed it was the natural thing to do, and since my wife enjoyed big, cheerful, lively families, we went ahead end had three kids. No regrets. I know my words won't change any minds.45)__________. No, raising a child is not easy. The happiness of seeing a child grow, in contrast, is largely in the mind of the parents, end other people cannot so readily perceive lt. Little wonder, then, that so many people without children believe parenthood is all work end no fun.A. What DINKs say is obviously true: children really de require lots of parental energy and money. Just watch a mother bring a sick child to a hospital; you can see the tension, the worry, and all the self-control it takes to seem calm and reassuringB. Another Chinese friend of mine complained: "I provided the funds for my child to go to collage and then off to America for a master's degree, but so far I haven't gotten any rewards out of playing parent." To him I would say that the rewards were there all along—for any parent open to the wonder of seeing a child begin to speak, or surprise us with a new word used for the first timeC. Fearing that children might constrain their freedom, married working women began to avoid pregnancy; the result was many busy, prosperous young DINK couplesD. Each individual has his or her own reasons for wanting or not waning children, and his or her own happiness to build. The saddest people are those who have children but come to regret it, [or whatever reason. Regretful parents axe usually closed to family happiness. And without the happiness, all that remain are the burdensE. Yet few couples with children would agree that they were stupid to become parents. Most are very happy that they have had the experience of witnessing a child grow to maturityF. My wife end I have three small children. Chinese friends often ask why three children, not one or none: Doesn't raising three children limit my career in business and in my wife's case, teaching?G. Others had parents eager to have grandchildren. A few said they had children because a person's life would be incomplete without one. Some said that there were millions and millions of children in the world and they just wanted to see what theirs would be like

填空题[A] Negotiation Is a Two-way Street[B] Correct Common Negotiation Mistakes[C] Do the Right Kind of Homework[D] Don’t Be Afraid to Have Difficult Conversations[E] Tactic Is Dictated by Situation[F] Try to Ask Good Questions[G] Deal with Issues up front “Most people think of negotiation only when they need to get something more”, says Tammy Lenski, a professional mediator who helps universities and businesses nationwide with conflict management. “The reality is that at work, pretty much every conversation is a negotiation. You’re negotiating deadlines, the quality level, what might be taken off your plate to make room for this priority project and what benefit you might get for taking on that project. The minute you walk into the workplace in the morning, you’re negotiating. “ Here are some of Lenski’s tips on becoming a good negotiator — and improving your situation at work: 41．______ People either are too confrontational or cave in because they’re afraid to ask some basic questions. “If people think of a negotiation more as a conversation than something that needs to be won, they’ll do much better, “ says Tammy Lenski. 42．______ Playing hardball in the office can backfire when you need to work with your coworkers every day. “You have an ongoing relationship with these folks, and you’re trying to not leave debris, “ Lenski says. “People need to stop thinking about negotiating as getting more of what I need, which means getting less of what you need. “ Instead, find out the other person’s needs, and try to come to a conclusion that helps both of you. “The best negotiating is using the really good human relation skills in an effective way, “ Lenski says. “It isn’t about pushing or convincing or manipulating the other person. It’s about having them figure out what they want and how you can help them get it. “ 43．_______ In negotiations, you know what you want. But you also need to find out what the other side wants in return. It’s most efficient if you just ask openly. When starting her private practice 10 years ago, Lenski presented her fee to provide conflict-management services to a company in turmoil. The department head asked her to slash her price 20 percent. Lenski said this was her bottom-line number, but the department head said everything is negotiable. Lenski then asked the essential question: “Why do you believe everything is negotiable?” The department head explained the head of finance would ask if she bargained and got a good deal. At that point, Lenski crossed out the original fee and wrote a new one that was about 25 percent higher. “Will this work?” she asked. The department head said, “Well, I’ll have to offer you 20 percent less than that. “ And they had a deal. 44．______ Instead of keeping quiet and thus becoming resentful, “negotiating is figuring out how to raise the things that are bothering you so they can be sorted out, ”Lenski says. Instead of just thinking about what might make it difficult to accomplish your goal, talk with your boss about those issues right away. “It’s much more helpful in general to think about under what conditions you might make it possible, and how can you help me do that, ” Lenski says. 45．______ Lenski says people tend to waste a lot of time worrying about scary negotiation scenarios. “They go into it thinking about all the ways it can go wrong, ” she says, even though the negotiation generally turns out much better than expected. “Instead, they should spend their time thinking of it from the perspective of the other person. What would make them want to join with you to figure things out? Not what will make them change their mind, but what will make them want to sort this out with me. Invite them into joint problem-solving. ”

填空题At Yale University, some ten students live off campus in a cooperative home they call the Green House.41)__________. Late at night, they drive to the store and quietly jump into its car-sized dumpster, picking out unopened packages of still fresh food. They find milk, eggs, bread and cookies, chocolate, soup, vegetables, even frozen pizzas and soymilk. Not only are most Green House residents vegetarian, but they are also moderate freegans, meaning that they eat mainly what they can get for free. These students, of course, are trying to leave as small an "ecological footprint" as possible. 42)__________. Across America other devout environmentalists tire "off the grid", building shacks in the wilderness without running water or electricity. Frustrated with environmental destruction and waste, they have renounced the system that fosters and perpetuates it. Such ascetic anti-consumerism may be the most dramatic side of environmentalism, and it leads to cultural ferment that can set into motion political and economic change. Its practitioners focus on personal sacrifice, hoping that their ideals and asceticism will spread like a religion. 43)__________. Our political and economic systems are deeply immature. Environmentalists need m spend just as much energy organizing political and economic environmentalism. Also, old-fashioned environmentalism often assumes that business is opposed to environmental protection. In fact, thousands of US companies are discovering, often with the help of energy consultants, how much money they have to stand from becoming environmentally efficient: saving energy and recycling within industry. The recent book Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution by Paul Hawkenetal now translated into Chinese, should get some of the credit for bringing about this transformation in attitudes. Paradoxically, the US is both the birthplace of global environmentalism and the world's biggest environmental spender. Romanticism, the European and American literary and artistic movement that found God in the wilderness, had a strong long term impact on American thinking, starting in the middle third of the 19th century. In particular, renewed attention to the essays of Henry David Thoreau (1817-62) helped launch modern environmentalism a century after his death.44)__________Why the discrepancy? Most environmental damage cannot be boiled down to the choices made by individuals. Rather, individuals are locked into a system in which heavy industry commits the majority of ecological crimes, buttressed by an economic system that squanders natural resources. The government gives away mining rights and opens public forests to loggers practically for free——and big business spends millions of dollars to make sure politicians keep on doing so.45)__________.For many environmental problems, the solution is organized political pressure and entrepreneurial innovation.A. At times, the moral conviction and worldview of the Green House appear as all encompassing as a religious faith. Green House inmates live in the most environmentally "pious" way one could conceive of in the city.B. But effective environmentalism requires more than words, more than cultural change. It requires legal and economic reform. It demands historically unprecedented policies incorporating the value of cherished natural resources in market calculations. It calls for new organizations and entrepreneurial commitment. Anyone have any ideas?C. But one drawback of focusing environmentalist energy on abstaining from personal consumption is that such an approach can distract people from the larger muses of environmental destruction, which cannot be affected by individual choices to consume or not to consume.D. Other government subsidies support several filthy industries. While the government pays for new freeways, thus subsidizing automobiles, it ignores trains and bus networks. Polluters don' t pay the real cost of externalities such as toxic waste and air and water pollution.E. They recycle cans, bottles and paper meticulously, sorting them into the bins collected by municipal trucks in American cities. They reuse "grey water", meaning that they plug the drain when they shower and then use buckets to flush the toilet with the old soapy water. To prevent food from going to waste, they even get most of their groceries out of the trash of an upscale grocery store.F. We should recall, however, that environmentalists have often been fobbed off with token gestures, idle talk and unimplemented treaties. Even President Bush, who has the worst environmental record of any American president so far, has mastered the art of (largely empty) environmentalist rhetoric.G. Yet today America, with only 596 of the world's population, produces 2496 of global carbon dioxide emissions. The US, like many other rich countries, has cleaned up its air and water, but it is still the biggest contributor to the greatest environmental threat ever global climate chang

填空题 41) ____________. The synthetic (合成的) polymer (聚合的) device is the first flexible hydrophilie (吸水的) artificial cornea to be produced and inserted into a human. It is the product of 8 years work by researchers at the Lions Eye Institute of the University of WA'S Department of Ophthalmic Biomaterials. 42) ____________. "First, the plastic material used to construct the artificial cornea absorbs water and becomes elastic and soft like human tissue." Prof. Chirial told Australian Science. "A second novel characteristic is that the periphery (外围) is a sponge with pores allowing host tissue to grow into it. Third, the device uses interpenetrating (渗透) polymer networks to link the central transparent area with the non-transparent periphery." 43) ____________. The first recipient (接纳者)of the device, a 79-year-old WA man who was blind in one eye, can now read large print. A further eight patients are awaiting the technically challenging two-step procedure, with the first due to be operated on this month. 44) ____________. Many patients admitted to the trial have experienced rejection of previous human corneal grafts due to an immune reaction or medical syndrome. In others who have had a chemical burn to an eye, the artificial graft offers their only hope of restored vision. A senior opthalmologist with the team, Dr. Geoffrey Crawford, said the artificial cornea was a promising development for people in underdeveloped countries where an absence of eye banks meant that less than 1% of those needing a human corneal graft ever get one. 45) ____________.[A] It is novel in three ways according to its designer, Romanian-trained polymer chemist Professor Trainan Chirial, who set up the department in 1986.[B] The device is designed to replace a diseased or damaged cornea or a failed human graft and can give back sight to some patients.[C] The artificial cornea was made from a transparent matrix of collagen and a synthetic polymer.[D] Before the device can be marketed, an international trial of at least 50 patients in five centers worldwide needs to be completed successfully.[E] However, he conceded that the cost of the device would need to fall dramatically for it to be used in any widespread way.[F] He explained that material in the center and periphery have an identical chemical composition but are produced by different chemical processes, hence their different light-transmitting qualities.[G] Western Australian researchers have patented an artificial cornea with the potential to benefit blind or partially sighted individuals worldwide.