填空题[A] Market Data [B] Market Prosperity [C] Secret of Success [D] Questions to Ask [E] Understanding Your Market [F] Market Research Successful small business expansions and new job formation lead the way in creating new markets, innovations and jobs that fuel economic growth and prosperity. In recognition of the importance of small business to a strong economy, the U. S. Small Business Administration (SBA) is pleased to help meet the information needs of existing business owners and aspiring entrepreneurs. 41. ______ Your business will not succeed just because you want it to succeed. Determining if there is a market for your products or services is the most critical item of planning. Once you decide on your product or service, you must analyze your market--a process involving interviewing competitors, suppliers and new customers. Before you begin researching your market, however, you should take a brief, but close, look at your product or service from an objective standpoint. You should ask yourself the following questions : --Is this product or service in constant demand? --How many competitors provide the same service or product? --Can I create a demand for my product or service? --Can I compete effectively in price, quality and delivery? --Can I price my product or service to assure a profit? Once you are satisfied that these preliminary questions are answered, move on to performing your research. 42. ______ It is extremely beneficial to investigate a market because the information gathered can increase your profit potential. Specifically, it: --Indicates alternative sales approaches to your market. --Provides a more accurate base for making profit assumptions. --Aids in the organization of marketing activities. --Assists in the development of critical short/mid-term goals. --Helps establish your market"s profit boundaries. Unfortunately, many entrepreneurs fail to complete this critical section of their business plan. Collecting research data can be frustrating unless you have defined your goals and organized the collection and analysis process. To prevent this from happening, you must plan how you will collect, sort and analyze the information. Maintain a notebook and file in which to store, organize and retrieve data as needed. 43. ______ Your research should ask these questions: --Who are your customers? --Where are they located? --What are their needs and resources? --Is your service or product essential in their operations or activities? --Can the customer afford your service or product? --Where can you create a demand for your service or product? --What areas within your market are declining or growing? --What is the general economy of your service or product area? 44. ______ Knowing your market requires an understanding not only of your product, but also of your customers" socioeconomic characteristics. This information wii1 serve as a map in letting you know what is ahead. More market information can be found in: --Library listings of trade associations and journals. --Regional planning organizations" studies on growth trends. --Banks, realtors and insurance companies. --Competitors. --Customer surveys in your market area. Once you have obtained and analyzed this information, it will become the foundation of your business plan. Research information is important because it supports the basic assumptions in your financial projection--your reason for going into business. 45. ______ To be successful, a small business owner must know the market. Market research is simply an orderly, objective way of learning about people--the people who will buy from you.

填空题[A]Yetthievesstillreaparichharvest.InadequateprotectionofU.S.patents,trademarksandcopyrightscoststheU.S.economy＄80billioninsaleslosttopiratesand250,000jobseveryyear,accordingtoGaryHoffman,anintellectualpropertyattorneyatDickstein,Shapiro＆MorininWashington.Thecomputerindustrylosesupwardsof＄4billionofrevenuesayeartoillegalcopyingofsoftwareprograms.Piracyofmovies,booksandrecordingscoststheentertainmentbusinessatleast＄4billionannually.[B]Withintellectualpropertynowaccountingformorethan25%ofU.S.exports(comparedwithjust12%eightyearsago),protectionagainstinternationalpiracyrankshighontheBushAdministration'stradeagenda.TheU.S.InternationalTradeCommission,thefederalagencythatdealswithunfair-tradecomplaintsbyAmericancompanies,ishandlingarecordnumberofcases(38lastyear).SaysITCChairmanAnneBrunsdale:"Conceptualpropertyhasreplacedproduceandheavymachineryasthehotbedoftradedisputes."[C]Thebattleiswidening--U.S.companiesfiledmorethan5,700intellectual-propertylawsuitslastyearincontrastto3,800in1980--andthestakescanbeenormous.Inthebiggestpatent-infringementcasetodate,EastmanKodakwasorderedlastOctobertopay＄900millionforinfringingonsevenPolaroidinstant-photographypatents.Inafar-reachingcopyrightcase,bookpublishersscoredanimportantvictoryinMarchwhenafederalcourtinNewYorkCityfinedtheKinko'sGraphicsnationalchainofcopyingstores＄510,000forillegallyphotocopyingandsellingexcerptsofbookstocollegestudents.[D]Althoughtheverdictissubjecttoappeal,theawardunderscoresthegrowingimportanceofprotectingintellectualproperty.ThatphrasemayseementirelytoograndtoapplytoasonglikeIfYouDon'tWantMyPeaches,You'dBetterStopShakingMyTree,butitactuallyencompassesthewholevastrangeofcreativeideasthatturnouttohavevalue--andmanyofthemhavemorevaluethanever.FromWaltDisney'sMickeyMousetoUpjohn'sformulaforitsanti-baldnesspotion,patents,trademarksandcopyrightshavebecomecorporatetreasuresthattheirownerswilldoalmostanythingtoprotect.[E]Inaneconomyincreasinglybasedoninformationandtechnology,ideasandcreativityoftenembodymostofacompany'swealth.Thatiswhyinnovationsarebeingpatented,trademarkedandcopyrightedinrecordnumbers.Itisalsowhytoday'scleverthiefdoesn'trobbanks,manyofwhicharebrokeanyway;hemakesunauthorizedcopiesofKevinCostner'slatestfilm,sellsfakeCartierwatchesandstealstheformulaforMerck'snewestpharmaceutical.That'swherethemoneyis.[F]Onereasonisthatanycountriesofferonlyfeebleprotectiontointellectualproperty.RealizingthatsuchlaxnesswillexcludethemfrommuchworldtradeasWellashobblenativeindustries,nationseverywherearerevisinglawscoveringpatents,copyrightsandtradenames.Malaysia,Egypt,China,turkey,BrazilandeventheSovietUnionhaveallrecentlyannouncedplanseithertoenactnewlawsorbeefupexistingsafeguards.InanefforttowinU.S.congressionalsupportforaproposedfree-tradepact,Mexicolastmonthrevealed,planstodoublethelifeoftrademarklicensesto10yearsandextendpatentprotectionforthefirsttimetosuchproductsaspharmaceuticalsandfood.[G]Companiesarecrackingdownonpirateswhostealdesigns,moviesandcomputerprograms.Thebattleisgettinghotter--andmoreimportant.WhenJohnson＆.Johnsonintroducedanewfiber-glasscastingtapeforbrokenbonesseveralyearsago,executivesatMinnesotaMining＆Manufacturingflewintoarage.Thetape,whichsetsfracturesfasterthanplaster,wasremarkablysimilarindesignandfunctiontoacastingtapedevelopedby3Mscientists.TheSt.Paul-basedcompanyquicklysued,chargingJ＆Jwithviolatingfourofitspatents.Lastmonthafederalcourtbacked3MandorderedJ＆Jtopay＄116millionindamagesandinterest--thefourthlargestpatent-infringementjudgmentinhistory.Order:

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There age two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Cardiologists have pioneered the world's first non-surgical bypass operation to turn a vein into an artery using a new technique to divert blood flow in a man with severe heart disease. 41. ______________________ Although major heart surgery is becoming commonplace, with more than 28,000 bypass operations in the UK annually, it is traumatic for patients and involves a long recovery period. The new technique was carried out by an international team of doctors who performed the non-invasive surgery on a 53-year-old German patient. 42. ______________________ According to a special report in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association, cardiologists developed a special catheter (导管)which was inserted into one of :his leg arteries, threaded up through the aorta (主动脉) to the top of the diseased artery, which was the only part still open and receiving blood. 43. ______________________ A thin, flexible wire was threaded through the needle and the needle and catheter were with- drawn, leaving the wire behind and a small angioplasty(血管成形术) balloon, which was used to widen the channel. Finally, the vein was blocked off just above the new channel allowing blood from the artery to be re-routed down the vein. 44. ______________________ Dr. Stephen Oesterle, who led the team, said: "This milestone marks the first coronary artery bypass performed with a catheter. The technology offers a realistic hope for truly minimally invasive bypass procedures in the future." Dr. Oasterle is director of cardiology at Massachusetts General Hospital and associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston. Melanie Haddon, cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, said it was likely to be many years before the procedure was routinely used in hospitals. "Non-invasive surgery, such as this new method, could help minimize the risks, bringing great benefits to the patient." A clot-busting drug combined with 10-minute spurts of exercise has been found to grow new blood vessels in children with heart disease. 45. ______________________ X-rays showed that over a five month period a network of tiny new blood vessels formed in two of the patients. In all seven individuals, the treatment was associated with improved blood flow to the heart muscle in the areas around the blockage.[A] In every case, the therapy increased the size of the blocked artery allowing more blood to pass through.[B] The diabetic patient, who has not been named, had suffered severe chest pains because one of his coronary arteries was severely blocked and depriving his heart muscle of oxygen, but he was considered by doctors to be unsuitable for traditional bypass surgery.[C] Then, guided by ultra-sound a physician pushed a needle from inside the catheter through the artery wall and into the adjacent vein.[D] The keyhole procedure, which avoids the extensive invasive surgery of a conventional bypass, will offer hope to tens of thousands of people at risk from heart attacks. Coronary heart disease, where the arteries are progressively silted up with fatty deposits, is responsible in a major industrial country like Britain for more than 160,000 deaths each year.[E] After the procedure, the vein effectively became an artery, carrying blood in the reverse direction from the previous way, and feeding the starved heart tissue with oxygen.[F] Researchers in Japan studied seven children and teenagers, aged 6 to 19, who had a totally blocked artery and could not be helped by surgery. They were asked to exercise on a bicycle ma- chine twice a day for 10 days and given the anti-clotting drug before each session.[G] It is very premature to suggest that this technique will significantly reduce the need for coronary bypass surgery in the near future. It won't be a solution for everyone. The reality is that veins are not always located that close to an artery, so it wouldn't work under certain circumstances.

填空题Even if we could make it impossible for people to commit crimes, should we? Or would doing so improperly deprive people of their freedom? This may sound like a fanciful concern, but it is an increasingly real one. The new federal transportation bill, for example, authorized funding for a program that seeks to prevent the crime of drunken driving not by raising public consciousness or issuing stiffer punishments — but by making the crime practically impossible to commit. 1 ______ The Dadss program is part of a trend toward what I call the "perfect prevention" of crime: depriving people of the choice to commit an offense in the first place. The federal government"s Intelligent Transportation Systems program, which is creating technology to share data among vehicles and road infrastructure like traffic lights, could make it impossible for a driver to speed or run a red light. 2 ______ Such technologies force us to reconcile two important interests. On one hand is society"s desire for safety and security. On the other hand is the individual"s right to act freely. Conventional crime prevention balances these interests by allowing individuals the freedom to commit crime, but punishing them if they do. The perfect prevention of crime asks us to consider exactly how far individual freedom extends. Does freedom include a "right" to drive drunk, for instance? It is hard to imagine that it does. 3 ______ For most familiar crimes (murder, robbery, rape, arson), the law requires that the actor have some guilty state of mind, whether it is intent, recklessness or negligence. 4 ______ In such cases, using technology to prevent the crime entirely would not unduly burden individual freedom ; it would simply be effective enforcement of the statute. Because there is no mental state required to be guilty of the offense, the government could require, for instance, that drug manufacturers apply a special tamper-proof coating to all pills, thus making the sale of tainted drugs practically impossible, without intruding on the thoughts of any future seller. But because the government must not intrude on people"s thoughts, perfect prevention is a bad fit for most offenses. 5 ______ Even if this could be known, perhaps with the help of some sort of neurological scan, collecting such knowledge would violate an individual"s freedom of thought. Perfect prevention is a politically attractive approach to crime prevention, and for strict liability crimes it is permissible and may be good policy if implemented properly. But for most offenses, the threat to individual freedom is too great to justify this approach. This is not because people have a right to commit crimes; they do not. Rather, perfect prevention threatens our right to be free in our thoughts, even when those thoughts turn to crime. [A] But there is a category of crimes that are forbidden regardless of the actor"s state of mind: so-called strict-liability offenses. One example is the sale of tainted drugs. Another is drunken driving. [B] The Dadss program, despite its effectiveness in preventing drunk driving, is criticized as a violation of human rights because it monitors drivers" behavior and controls individual"s free will. [C] And the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 has already criminalized the development of technologies that can be used to avoid copyright restrictions, making it effectively impossible for most people to illegally share certain copyrighted materials, including video games. [D] If the actor doesn"t have the guilty state of mind, and he commits crime involuntarily, in this case, the actor will be convicted as innocent. [E] Perfect prevention of a crime like murder would require the ability to know what a person was thinking in order to determine whether he possessed the relevant culpable mental state. [F] The program, the Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety (Dadss), is developing in vehicle technology that automatically checks a driver"s blood-alcohol level and, if that level is above the legal limit, prevents the car from starting. [G] But what if the government were to add a drug to the water supply that suppressed antisocial urges and thereby reduced the murder rate? This would seem like an obvious violation of our freedom. We need a clear method of distinguishing such cases.

填空题News reports often focus on disputes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science-　1　because it has not been widely　2　and accepted-is called frontier science. The media　3　to focus on frontier science because its so-called "breakthroughs" make good news stories. Just because something is in the　4　of frontier science,　5　, does not mean that it isn''t worthy of serious consideration;　6　, such matters need further study to determine their　7　. 　　　8　contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is　9　considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to　10　both frontier and consensus science, without　11　The media preference　12　frontier science gives the public the　13　impression that frontier science　14　very certain conclusions, which may or may not be correct. 　　However,　15　some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely　16　that consensus science is also quite uncertain. We need to take both frontier and consensus science　17　but recognize their differences. One way to find out what scientists generally agree　18　is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to　19　consensus in　20　areas of science and technology.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a list of headings and a text about image and behind it. Choose the most suitable from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41—45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] The important role of image is particularly evident in the business world. [B] In the long run image keep the same wavelength with the substance and fact. [C] In the long term the singnificance of image wanes considerably. [D] The growing singnificance of image is also evident in the political realm, when it comes to presidential Politics. [E] Bad image, however, can make the situation from bad to worse. [F] Image is becoming increasingly the centre of attention. 41.______ Has creating an image become more important in our society than the reality or truth behind the image? I agree that image has become a more central concern, at least where short-term business or political success is at stake. Nevertheless, I think that in the longer term image ultimately yields to substance and fact. 42.______ Consider, for example, today's automobile industry. American cars are becoming essentially identical to competing Japanese cars in nearly every mechanical and structural respect, as well as in price. Thus, to compete effectively auto companies must now differentiate their products largely through image advertising, by conjuring up certain illusory benefits such as machismo, status, sensibility, or fun. The increasing focus on image is also evident in the book-publishing business. Publishers are relying more and more on the power of their brands rather than the content of their books. Today mass market books are supplanted within a year with products that are essentially the same-except with fresh faces, titles, and other promotional angles. I find quite telling the fact that today more and more book publishers are being acquired by large media companies. And the increasing importance of image is especially evident in the music industry, where originality, artistic interpretation, and technical proficiency have yielded almost entirely to sex appeal. 43.______ Admittedly, by its very nature politicking has always emphasized rhetoric and appearances above substance and fact. Yet, since the invention of the camera presidential politicians have become increasingly concerned about their image. For example, Teddy Roosevelt was very careful never to be photographed wearing a tennis outfit, for fear that such photographs would serve to undermine his rough-rider image that won him his only term in office. With the advent of television, image became even more central in presidential politics. After all, it was television that elected J. EK. over Nixon. And our only two-term presidents in the television age were elected based largely on their image. Query whether Presidents Lincoln, Taft, or even ED. R. would be elected today if pitted against the handsome leading man Reagan, or the suave and politically correct Clinton. After all, Lincoln was homely Taft was obese, and ED. R. was crippled. 44.______ The image of the Marlboro man ultimately gave way to the truth about the health hazards of cigarette smoking. Popular musical acts with nothing truly innovative to offer musically eventually disappear from the music scene. And anyone who frequents yard sales knows that today's best-selling books often become tomorrow's pulp. Even in politics, I think history has a knack for peeling away image to focus on real accomplishments. I think history will remember Teddy Roosevelt, for example, primarily for building the Panama Canal and for establishing our National Park System-and not for his rough-and-ready wardrobe. 45.______ In the final analysis, it seems that in every endeavor where success depends to some degree on persuasion, marketing, or salesmanship, image has indeed become the central concern of those who seek to persuade. And as our lives become busier, our attention spans briefer, and our choices among products and services greater, I expect this trend to continue unabated—for better or worse.

填空题[A] What route does HIV take after it enters the body to destroy the immune system?[B] How and when did the long-standing belief concerning AIDS and HIV crop up?[C] What is the most effective anti-HIV therapy?[D] How does HIV subvert the immune system?[E] In the absence of a vaccine, how can HIV be stopped?[F] Why does AIDS predispose infected persons to certain types of cancer and infections? In the 20 years since the first cases of AIDS were detected, scientists say they have learned more about this viral disease than any other. Yet Peter Piot, who directs the United Nations AIDS program, and Stefano Vella of Rome, president of the International AIDS Society, and other experts say reviewing unanswered questions could prove useful as a measure of progress for AIDS and other diseases. Among the important broader scientific questions that remain: 41. __________. A long-standing belief is that cancer cells constantly develop and are held in check by a healthy immune system. But AIDS has challenged that belief. People with AIDS are much more prone to certain cancers like non-Hodgkins lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoms, but not to breast, colon and lung, the most common cancers in the United States. This pattern suggests that an impaired immune system, at least the type that occurs in AIDS, does not allow common cancers to develop. 42. __________. When HIV is transmitted sexually, the virus must cross a tissue barrier to enter the body. How that happens is still unclear. The virus might invade directly or be carried by a series of different kinds of cells. Eventually HIV travels through lymph vessels to lymph nodes and the rest of the lymph system. But what is not known is how the virus proceeds to destroy the body's CD-4 cells that are needed to combat invading infectious agents. 43. __________. Although HIV kills the immune cells sent to kill the virus, there is widespread variation in the rate at which HIV infected people become ill with AIDS. So scientists ask. Can the elements of the immune system responsible for that variability be identified? If so, can they be used to stop progression to AIDS in infected individuals and possibly prevent infection in the first place? 44. __________. In theory, early treatment should offer the best chance of preserving immune function. But the new drugs do not completely eliminate HIV from the body so the medicines, which can have dangerous side effects, will have to be taken for a lifetime and perhaps changed to combat resistance. The new policy is expected to recommend that treatment be deferred until there are signs the immune system is weakening. Is a vaccine possible? There is little question that an effective vaccine is crucial to controlling the epidemic. Yet only one has reached the stage of full testing, and there is wide controversy over the degree of protection it will provide. HIV strains that are transmitted in various areas of the world differ genetically. It is not known whether a vaccine derived from one type of HIV will confer protection against other types. 45. __________. Without more incisive, focused behavioral research, prevention messages alone will not put an end to the global epidemic.

填空题[A] Share the Responsibility [B] Keep Your Receipts [C] Cut Bad Habits [D] Balance Your Checkbook [E] Remain Flexible [F] Pay Down Debt [G] Focus on Savings You have a big expense coming up. You need a better car, or a bigger home, or you want to go back to college. What do you do? Borrow, borrow, borrow——right? Well, maybe not. If you've created a budget, you know exactly how much money you have coming in, and how much is going out. You can make some plans concerning that big expense. But if you don't have a budget plan, you probably don't have a very good picture of your finances, and you may be tempted to borrow more money rather than squeezing all you can from your income. It's definitely better in the long run——for you and for your money——to have a budget. 41.______ By now, you've set up your budget. You know how much money you have. But you could still use some help staying on budget. Here are some tips that can help you stick to your budget and get ahead on that major purchase. Determine the amount of your budget that you can afford to save each month. Have it direct-deposited to your savings account, or to your mutual fund. Wherever you decide to keep your savings, make sure you put money into it every month. That savings will make a big difference for you later. 42. ______ Whether it's alcohol or tobacco, if you use much of either, you know how expensive bad habits can be. Stop smoking and drinking, and put the beer/cigarette money toward your other expenses. You'll see your bills come down——and feel your health improve——in no time. You'll also save on health care expenses down the road, and you may become eligible for lower insurance premiums. 43.______ Make sure you're not the only member of your household concerned about your budget. If you're working hard to save money, but your spouse is out spending you into debt, you're fighting a losing battle. Sit down together and make a plan to determine how much spending money you should each have. Then, check in every week to see how well you're doing. If the entire family shares the responsibility for the budget, everyone can cut back just a little and make a big difference. One person shouldn't have to shoulder the entire burden alone. 44.______ If you have credit card debt, you may feel like it's going to take forever to pay it off. But you can get ahead by choosing one card——ideally, the one with the highest interest rate—— and paying as much as you can on it every month. If you have other cards, pay the minimum balance on those until you've paid off the first card. Then, choose the next card and pay extra on it while you pay minimums on the others. If you pay only the minimums on all your cards, you'll be paying a lot more in interest than you may realize. 45.______ You probably monitored your expenses for several weeks to make a budget. Once the budget is made, though, it can be tempting to stop keeping up with every little expense. But keeping track really can help you stick to your budget. Save your receipts, and write down the places you spend money. You'll be less likely to overspend if you realize how much money has actually gone through your hands.