填空题Throughout history and through a cross-section of cultures, women have transformed their appearance to conform to a beauty ideal. American and European women lived in the 1800s cinched in their waists so tightly that some suffered internal damage. The North American ideal of beauty has continually focused on women's bodies: the tiny waist of the Victorian period, and the voluptuous curves that were the measure of beauty between the 1930s and 1950s. (1) However, this relentless pursuit of thinness is not just an example of women trying to look their best; it is also a struggle for control, acceptance and success. (2) One of the negative psychological side effects associated with eating disorders is the patient's distortion of their own body image, body image being defined as the picture a person has in his mind of his own body, that is, the way his body appears to him. Many women who are caught up in the relentless pursuit of thinness also experience some degree of disturbed body image. (3) (4) . Women with perfectly normal bodies see themselves as being heavy; so that the definition of "normal" becomes inaccurate and this perceived normalcy is represented by a very small percentage of women. It follows that if body image is so closely linked to self-image, it is important for women to learn to feel comfortable with the body they live in, despite any "imperfections". (5) . Advertising is a major vehicle for presenting images and forming attitudes. The majority of ads incorporate young, beautiful, slender models to present their products and services. While individual ads may not be seen as a big issue, it is the cumulative, unconscious impact that has an effect on attitudes toward women, and in women's attitudes toward themselves. As women are consistently exposed to these feminine forms through both print and television, it becomes difficult to distinguish what is normal, and even more difficult not to compare themselves to this form. A. The experiences and practices of women who "simply diet" are not radically different from those who are diagnosed with eating disorders. For some women, achieving the "perfect" body form becomes the most important goal in life. B. Current standards emphasize a toned, slender look, one that exudes fitness, youth, and health. According to psychologist Eva Szekely, "Having to be attractive at this time means unequivocally having to be thin. In North America today, thinness is a precondition for being perceived by others and oneself as healthy". C. The images that are presented in advertising are designed to create an illusion, a fantasy ideal that will keep women continually consuming. Advertisers are well aware of the insecurities that most women feel about their own bodies. D. So why during this process of development so many women become dissatisfied, self-critical, and judgmental about their own bodies? One of the reasons may have to do with the media and various forms of advertising. Ads sell more than just products; they present an idea of normalcy, who we are and who we should be. E. While women continue to struggle for equality on an economic scale and within their relationships, they still maintain control over their own bodies. It is important that women begin to accept themselves for who they are, regardless of their body type, and to feel comfortable with the body they live in. F. In attempting to mould their appearance to meet the current ideal, numerous women are literally starving themselves to death. The incidence of eating disorders has doubled during the last two decades. This increase is no longer limited to women in their teens and twenties, but is increasingly diagnosed in patients in their thirties and forties. G. Feelings about body are closely related to a woman's sense of self; the body is perceived as acceptable or unacceptable, providing a foundation for self-concept. It is alarming, then, that almost 80% of women think they're overweight. Body image has very little to do with the way a person actually looks; many women who appear to fit the ideal body type are actually dissatisfied with their appearance.

填空题It is hardly necessary to point out that we live in a world of increasing industrialization. While this process enables us to raise our standard of living at an ever-accelerating rate, it also leads to a corresponding growth of interdependence between the different regions of the world. 41) ______ What, then, is to be done? Although it is difficult to know where to begin to deal with such a large subject, the first step is perhaps to consider the main economic difficulties an underdeveloped or emerging region has to face. 42) ______ A number of quite common occurrences are therefore sufficient to cause immediate and serious interference with this export production- unfavorable weather conditions, plant or animal epidemics, the exhaustion of soil fertility or mineral deposits, the development of substitute products in the industrialized regions, etc. The sensitivity of the economy is greatly intensified in cases where exports are confined only to one or two products--"monocultures" as they are sometimes called. 43) ______ This also applies to the manufactured goods required to provide their populations with the "necessities of life". This economic structure makes it difficult for them to avoid being politically dependent on the countries which absorb their exports and provide their essential imports. Since, under modern conditions, a rapid rise in population is a phenomenon closely associated with underdevelopment. This cause alone can subject the economy to severe and continuous stress. 44) ______ In the first place, to set up modern industries necessitates capital on a large scale, which only industrialized regions are able to provide; secondly, they lack the necessary trained manpower; thirdly, their industries -- when established -- are usually not efficient enough to compete with foreign imports, and any restriction on these imports is likely to lead to counter-action against their own exports. From another point of view, it is necessary to bear in mind that there are invariably political, educational, social and psychological obstacles which tend to interfere seriously with any measures taken to deal with the economic difficulties outlined above. 45) ______ To conclude, it seems clear that if we are to succeed in solving the many inter-related problems of underdevelopment, only the fullest and most intelligent use of the resources of all branches of science will enable us to do so. [A] For example, the economies of such countries are orientated primarily toward the production of raw materials, i. e. agricultural and mineral products; these are then exported to the industrialized countries. [B] Given these conditions, it is easy to see that any permanent economic or political instability in one area is bound to have an increasingly serious effect upon the rest of the world. Since the main source of such instability is underdevelopment, it is clear that this now constitutes a problem of international dimensions. [C] As far as "necessities of life" are concerned, they represent a concept which is continually being enlarged through the mass media of communication such as newspapers, films, the radio and advertising. [D] Although it is obvious that industrialization is the key to development, it is usually very difficult for emerging countries to carry out plans of this nature. [E] Being under-industrialized, these countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipment needed to produce the raw materials they export. [F] To consider only one point: it is obviously useless to devote great efforts and expense to education, technical training and planning if, for psychological reasons, the population as a whole fails to turn theory into effective action. [G] This sudden increase in the population of the underdeveloped countries has come at a difficult time. Even if their population had not grown so fast they would have been facing a desperate struggle to bring the standard of living of their people up.

填空题A. You may have to impress the company HR representatives as well. HR reps are typically trained to ask very specific and personal questions, like what salary you expect and what you"ve made in the past. They might ask you about your impressions of the company and the people who interviewed you. They might also ask if you have other offers. If so, chances are good that they are willing to compete for you. But if you say that you have other offers, be prepared to back it up with the who, what and when, because they might challenge you. The HR reps are also the people who will conduct or arrange reference and background checks. They might have the final say. B. Besides management, you might also interview with one or more of your future coworkers. Regardless of the questions they ask, what they most really want to know is how well you"ll fit into the team, if you"ll cause them more work instead of less, and if they should feel threatened by you. When answering, be eager enough to show that you are a good team player and will pull your load, but not so eager as to appear to be a back-stabbing ladder climber! C. Always research a company before you interview, and remember that attire, body language and manners count, big time. Try to avoid common mistakes. You may think that this is common sense, but crazy stuff really happens! D. Job interviewing is one of the most popular career topics on the Web. But no career advisor can tell you exactly what to say during a job interview. Interviews are just too up-close and personal for that. About the best that career advisors can do, is to give you some tips about the typical questions to expect, so you can practice answering them ahead of time. But, while there are many canned interview questions, there are few canned answers. The rest is up to you. E. Be prepared to attend a second interview at the same company, and maybe even a third or fourth. If you"re called back for more interviews, it means that they"re interested in you. But, it doesn"t mean you"re a shoo-in. Most likely, they are narrowing the competition, so keep up the good work! F. To put you somewhat at ease, many interviewers really don"t know how to interview effectively. Frontline interviewers are typically managers and supervisors who have never been or are barely trained in interviewing techniques. They"re a little nervous too, just like you. Some don"t even prepare in advance. This makes it easier for you to take control of the interview, if you have prepared. But in controlling an interview, it"s not a good idea to try to dominate. Instead, try to steer it toward landing the job. G. After interviewing, immediately send a thank you letter to each of your interviewers. It"s professional and expected, and might even be the deciding factor in your favor. H. Remember, it"s a two-way street. It"s the employer"s chance to judge you, but it"s also very much your chance to judge the employer. In fact, if you handle yourself well and ask the right questions, you"ll put the interviewer in the position of selling the company to you. If this happens, you"re probably doing well. Order: 16 → 17 → 18 →A 19 → 20 → 21 →G

填空题Teachers need to be aware of the emotional

填空题[A] Knight acknowledges the challenge. "We have to be beautiful as well as big. It"s no mean feat," says Scott Bedbury, former global ad chief for Nike. "The worst ease scenario would be to become Microsoft," says Kevin Keller, a marketing professor at Duke. Best ease: be like Coea-Cola. "They"re everywhere, but no one seems to resent them for it. " [B] One answer is to play down the Swoosh, and some Nike watchers say it will do just that. Nike is marketing new products, including its ACG (All Condition Gear) line for hiking and outdoor styles. [C] Last week was particularly glum at Nike"s headquarters in suburban Portland. Managers had warned of layoffs but hadn"t revealed any names. On Wednesday, 250 employees were told to pack up their desks, while stunned colleagues looked on. [D] Phil Knight doesn"t speak in public very often. And when you hear from him these days, he doesn"t sound happy. Talking to Wall Street analysts from his Oregon headquarters last week, the founder and head of Nike Inc. didn"t mince words: "This is a dark day around these halls. " [E] Yet Nike is now facing a marketing conundrum: can you be big and cool? When Teenage Research Unlimited did its latest survey, 40 percent of kids named Nike as one of the " coolest" brands, down from 52 percent just six months ago. Kim Hostetler of Paper, a New York magazine, says that the coolest things around now are brilliantly colored suede sneakers by New Balance. Even Adidas, torpedoed by Nike and Reebok in the [980s, is staging a comeback. [F] Knight"s problems would worry any CEO: a stock price that has slid to the bottom from the top, a plunge in profits and warehouses lull of shoes that aren"t selling. But most critical is a price war that has sliced U. S. sales and is a sign that Nike"s lock as the champion of "cool" may be weakening. Although Nike prides itself on technical innovation, losing its cool would be tantamount to losing the game. [G] At most corporate offices, that scene, though painful, wouldn"t be cataclysmic, but for Knight and his employees, even a setback bears the agony of defeat. Nike rose about as high and fast in the 1990s as any company can. It took on a new religion of brand consciousness and broke advertising sound barriers with its indelible Swoosh, "Just Do It" slogan and deified sports figures. Nike managed the deftest of marketing tricks: to be both anti-establishment and mass market, to the tune of $ 2 billion in sales last year. Order: [D]→41. ______ →42. ______ →43. ______ →44. ______→45. ______→[B]

填空题Universities the world over love symbols from medieval scholastic garb at degree ceremonies to the owls and scrolls of scholastic badge. But for many universities, especially in Britain and elsewhere in Europe, a more accurate emblem would include slummy buildings, dog eared books and demoralized dons. That's why Britain's government is next week risking defeat in the House of Commons to bring more private money into the country's universities'--and why European and developing countries now busy expanding higher education need to think hard about how much government involvement is good for universities. 41)__________. America's flourishing universities exemplify the former Europe's the latter. Britain's government wants to move towards the American modal. The subject of next week' s rebellion is a bill that would allow English universities Scotland and Wales are different to charge up to 3000 pounds (5460 dollars) in tuition fees instead of the current flat rate 1125. Students will borrow the money through a state run loan scheme and pay it back once they are earning enough. 42)__________. But it reflects an important shift in thinking. First that the new money universities need should come from graduates rather than the general taxpayer. Second and most crucially it abandons the egalitarian assumption that all universities are equally deserving. That is commendable just because a course is cheap does not mean it is worthless and the existence of costly ones is not in itself a sign of iniquitous social division. Yet old thinking has deep roots. Bandying phrases such as "excellence for all" and "education for the many not the few", politicians, especially left wing ones, want to dap the university educated label on ever more people regardless of merit cost or practicality. 43)__________. It humiliates the talented but disadvantaged whose success is then devalued and it infuriates the talented who are not deemed underprivileged enough and who feel their merits ignored and it makes universities do a job they are bound to be bad at. Public funding is addictive and the withdrawal symptoms are painful.44)__________. Inflated tuition fees are a big worry and alumni preference looks unfair. But overall America's system looks sustainable in a way that the Old World's does not. In short the model to strive for is varied institutions charging varied fees. Not all courses need last three years or bring a full honors degree.45)__________. It is better to do some things well rather than everything indifferently. It is because politicians have forgotten that some of the world's oldest universities risk a future that is a lot less glorious than their past.A. Some will be longer and deeper; others shorter and shallower. Some universities may specialize as teaching only institutions like America' s liberal arts colleges. Others may want to concentrate mainly on research. All must have the right to select their intake.B. Universities can indeed give the disadvantaged a leg up—but they will do it much better if the state stands hack. Micromanaging university admissions as the British government has been trying to do on grounds of class with targets quotas fines and strictures risks the same consequences as similar American experiments based on racial preference.C. Alison Wolf a British economist terms this the "two aspirin good five aspirin better" approach to university finance. It is deeply flawed. In reality, there is no proven connection between spending on universities and prosperity, nor can there be.D. But as British dons and politicians straggle with these issues and their European counterparts ponder whether one day they might just have to do something similar, the message for emerging economies like China and India who are investing heavily in their own systems of higher education is clear—avoid a nationalized and uniform system and go for one that is diverse and independent America's universities have their problems.E. It is a very limited start faced with sweeteners for students from poor backgrounds. The best universities worry that the maximum fee should be many times higher.F. Indeed, faced with aging populations Britain and most European countries arguably should be encouraging their young people to start earning earlier in their lives rather than later.G. There are broadly two models for running universities. They can be autonomous institutions mainly dependent on private income such as fees, donations and investments or they can be state financed and as a result, state run.

填空题[A]Ifthekrillcanfeedsuchhugecreaturesaswhales,theymustcertainlybecontendersasfoodforhumans.Actually,theyarenotmerelyfoodforpeople.Inhumanstudies,KrillOilsupplementationdemonstratesanti-agingcharacteristicsandanti-wrinklefightingpower,supportshealthyjoints,theheart,lipidandbloodsugarlevels,energyproduction,athleticperformanceandliverfunction,andeaseswomen"sPMSsymptoms.[B]Nooneyethasseriouslysuggestedthat"planktonburgers"maysoonbecomepopulararoundtheworld.Asapossiblefarmedsupplementaryfoodsource,however,planktonisgainingconsiderableinterestamongmarinescientist.[C]Despiteitsenormousfoodpotential,littleeffortwasmadeuntilrecentlytofarmplanktonwefarmgrassesonland.Now,marinescientistshaveatlastbeguntostudythispossibility,especiallyasthesea"sresourcesloomevenmoreimportantasameansoffeedinganexpandingworldpopulation.[D]Krillswimaboutjustbelowthesurfaceinhugeschoolssometimesmileswide,mainlyinthecoldAntarctic.Thiscreatureisveryhighinfoodvalue.Eachkrillconsistsofabout15%highqualityproteincontainingvitalaminoacidsandabout3%fatandvitamins.Italsosuppliesmineralssuchasiron,phosphorus,andcalcium.Apondofthesecrustaceanscontainsabout460calories—aboutthesameasshrimporlobster,towhichtheyarerelated.[E]ThenameofplanktonisderivedfromtheGreekword("planktos"),meaning"wanderer"or"drifter".Planktonhasbeendescribedastheequivalentofthegrassesthatgrowonthedrylandcontinents,andthecomparisonisanappropriateone.Inpotentialfoodvalue,however,planktonfaroutweighsthatofthelandgrasses.Onescientisthasestimatedthatwhilegrassesoftheworldproduceabout49billiontonsofvaluablecarbohydrateseachyear,thesea"splanktongeneratesmorethantwiceasmuch.[F]Onetypeofplanktonthatseemstohavegreatharvestpossibilitiesisatinyshrimplikecreaturecalledkrill.ThenamecomesfromaNorwegiantermmeaning"smallfry",andspecificallyreferstoaspeciesofpelagicmarineplanktoniccrustaceans.Growingtotwoorthreeincheslong,krillprovidethemajorfoodforthegiantbluewhale,thelargestanimalevertoinhabittheearth.Realizingthatthiswhalemaygrowto100feetandweigh150tonsatmaturity,itisnotsurprisingthateachonedevoursmorethanonetonofkrilldaily.[G]Inviewofthedistributionofthekrill,farmingiscertainlydifficult,butthe2008fishingseasonofkrillintheAntarcticOceanstartedinFebruary/March.TherehasbeenspeculationthattheharvestingofkrillintheAntarcticisdecreasingthepopulationtooquicklyduetoglobalwarming.However,thecurrentquotaforkrillharvestingsetdownbytheindustryhasnotbeenreached.ThedangertotheecosystemoftheAntarcticregionisthereforenotbeingharmedbythecurrentamountofkrilltakenfromtheocean.[H]Scatteredthroughtheseasoftheworldarebillionsoftonsofsmallplantsandanimalscalledplankton,Mostoftheseplantsandanimalsaretoosmallforthehumaneyetosee.Whilesomeformsofplanktonarecapableofindependentmovementandcanswimuptoseveralhundredsofmetersverticallyinasingleday(abehaviorcalleddielverticalmigration),theirhorizontalpositionisprimarilydeterminedbycurrentsinthebodyofwatertheyinhabit.Theydriftaboutlazilywiththecurrents,providingabasicfoodformanylargeranimals.Order:

填空题A. The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens"s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine . From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle , earned him a modest reputation. B. The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers , as it is generally known today, secured Dickens"s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure. C. Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour"s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 and was first published in book form in 1837. D. Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer, Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society. E. Soon after his father"s release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get on even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter"s eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or add, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines. F. Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England"s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British Navy pay office—a respectable position, but with little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper, possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dickens"s mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dickens"s birth, his mother"s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family"s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren"s Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polishing factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentle-man." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father"s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens"s greatest wound and became his deep secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the acknowledged foundation of his fiction. G. After Pickwick , Dickens plunged into a bleaker wortd. In Oliver Twist , he traces an orphan"s progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby , his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick . The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters. D→ 11 → 12 → 13 → 14 →B→ 15

填空题[A]Assumedinhospitablenesstosocialdevelopment[B]Pricepaidformisconceptions[C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology[D]Falsebeliefsrevised[E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness[F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact[G]PopularviewonresidentsIn1942AlanRHolmberg,adoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversity,USA,ventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.Theresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestruggleforsurvival,aviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday.TheSiriono,Hohnbergwrote,leda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforest,whileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepleted,thetribemovedon.Asfortechnology,Holmbergnoted,theSiriuno"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".Otherthanbows,arrowsandcrudediggingsticks,theonlytoolstheSirionoseemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives".AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecades,theimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.Tocasualobservers,aswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplanners,theluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemageless,unconquerable,ahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology,,livingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot--andcan"tsustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboralecullureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregion,abandonedlodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment.ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfiomanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatedthattheregionhassupportedaseriesoflocal/indigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas10000—thrivedthereformorethan1,000yearsbeforethearrivalEuropeans.Farfrombeingevolutionarilyretarded,prehistoricAmazonianpeopledeelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive",theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure.TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaeeologist,PeterFeinsinger,hasnoted,anapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongersensible.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants.Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupation,someenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironically,onemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislation,developmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedonalargescaleovervastareas.Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonians,whosehabitsofhunting,fishing,andslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.Intheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddevelopers,theIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAinazonia,however,pointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpast,itseems,offerhopeforthetuture.

填空题Certain activist lawyers have grabbed headlines recently in their campaign to grant legal rights, first, to chimpanzees and then to other animals. (1) . Proponents of animal rights build their case with these arguments: (1) certain animals share qualities of consciousness that have heretofore been seen as uniquely human; (2) animals are: brutalized in research; (3) research with animals has been made obsolete by computers and other technologies. (2) . Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, there is no substitute for animal research to understand biological processes that affect a living organism. Think of it this way: Why use costly animals if equally useful non-animal research tools were available? (3) . With every medical breakthrough of the past century the direct result of animal-based research, such research is not only ethical, but is our obligation. (4) . Philosopher Peter Singer first made the argument that some animals ought to count as "persons", whereas mentally defective humans should not and that the lives of healthy animals ought to be weighed equally with human beings. Singer says parents of a newborn with Down's syndrome would be justified in ending her life to make room in their lives for a baby with normal intelligence. Recall, though, that Nazi Germany used the same kind of personhood criterion to justify killing the physically and mentally handicapped. (5) . Animals are not little persons: The necessity of distinguishing between a person and animal strikes at the heart of the dilemma faced by a scientist who is very fond of animals, yet who uses them in research. I have come to realize the obvious: We decide what animals are to be in relation to us. I adore my cat, Buster, but I also used members of his species in my research for years. A. They believe that these animals deserve legal protection, including an end to their use as subjects of medical research. As a research scientist who for 40 years has used animals in sleep studies, I am deeply concerned. B. We have a great obligation to the animals under our control: We have a moral responsibility to care for animals and should not treat them cruelly. And we scientists are obligated to perform critical experiments as skillfully and humanely as possible. C. All human beings are persons: This is obvious to most—but not to some in the animal rights movement. D. While perhaps superficially credible, these assertions are simplistic and, in my view, simply wrong. First, limited similarities of consciousness are not sufficient grounds to make the important leap of granting legal personhood to animals. Secondly, scientists have every reason to treat animals humanely because good science depends on healthy animals. E. Our first obligation is to our fellow humans: As a biologist, I say that the most powerful imperative for the use of animals in research is that of survival, of protecting kin and, by extension, other persons from conquerable disease and untimely death. Viewed this way, scientists' work seems no different from a mother eagle's dismembering prey to feed her babies. F. Granting "personhood" to animal species deemed to share qualities with us, such as cognition, autonomy and self-awareness, is not a benign campaign to protect animals. It is an effort to use the legal system as a tool to enforce a flawed ethic concerning the relationship between humanity and the animal world. G. We would be foolish, at best, to ignore the realities of Nature and the power of natural impulses for survival.