问答题The determination of the sources of copper ore used in the manufacture of copper and bronze artifacts of Bronze Age civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge of cultural contacts and trade in that era when preliminary industry was on the horizon. Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects. Elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic. And high concentrations of cobalt or zinc noticed in some artifacts, appear in a variety of copper-ore sources. Moreover, the processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes in the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the resulting metal. Some elements evaporate during smelting and roasting; different temperatures and processes produce different degrees of loss. (47) Finally, flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add to the final product quantities of elements that are mixed together with copper. An elemental property that is unchanged through these chemical processes is the isotopic composition of each metallic element in the ore. Isotopic composition, the percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore. (48) Of course, for this purpose it is necessary to find an element whose elemental composition is more or less constant throughout a given ore body, but varies from one copper ore body to another or, at least, from one geographic region to another. The ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used to investigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copper itself. It has been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper. However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found. (49) An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (50) While some of the lead found in an artifact may have been introduced from flux or when other metals were added to the copper ore, lead so added in Bronze Age processing would usually have the same composition as the lead found in the copper ore. Lead isotope studies may thus prove useful for interpreting the archaeological record of the Bronze Age.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturebriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourowncomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

问答题 In a game the moves are set Up beforehand. In a non-game situation the moves are supposed to arise out of events as these develop. A girl wants to encourage her boyfriend so she pretends to be busy when he phones her or she pretends that someone else is courting her. (46) {{U}}A young child who is reluctant to go to bed deliberately spills milk from a cup onto the carpet so that the ensuing fuss and scolding the immediacy of his bedtime will be forgotten.{{/U}} Diplomats at a conference make a great fuss over the shape of the table as they play the procedural game. (47) {{U}}An agent selling the film rights in a first novel casually mentions other parties who have shown an interest in buying the rights.{{/U}} A hostess deliberately places a seductive lady next to a husband with a jealous wife. Union negotiators go through a ritual of complains before setting down to discuss the current issue. The characteristic of a game is that a sequence of moves are recognizable as part of the game. The game may be played very seriously; it may also be played for a purpose rather than as an end in itself. Nevertheless each move in the sequence is determined by the requirements of the game rather than the realities of the situation itself. (48) {{U}}Someone who is aware that a game is being played sits back and waits for the game to be played out.{{/U}} Someone who is not aware that it is a game gets involved and manipulated by the games player who knows the moves of the game better. It is this expertise in the moves of the game which makes it worth playing. If the player knows, from long experience, the moves, reactions and counter-moves then he only has to entice the other person to play the game to achieve success. If the situation works it out naturally neither side has an advantage. But if one side sets up a game with which only he is familiar then that side immediately acquires the advantage of skill and fore-knowledge. A good games player not only knows how to make the next move, he can think one, two or three moves ahead. This is extremely difficult for an inexperienced player. (49) {{U}}Thus the player who sets up a familiar game can lay traps several moves ahead with very little chance of the opponent noticing what is being done.{{/U}} (50) {{U}}Just as a philosopher will always try to run an argument according to his own definitions so a games player will always try to make an opponent play his special game.{{/U}}

问答题Everyone must have had at least one personal experience with a computer error by this time. Bank balances are suddenly reported to have jumped from 379 into the millions, appeals for charitable contributions are mailed over and over to people with crazy-sounding names at your address, department stores send the wrong bills, utility companies write that they're turning everything off, that sort of thing. 46)If you manage to get in touch with someone and complain, you then get instantaneously typed, guilty letters from the same computer, saying, "Our computer was in error, and an adjustment is being made in your account." These are supposed to be the sheerest, blindest accidents. Mistakes are not believed to be part of the normal behavior of a good machine. If things go wrong, it must be a personal, human error, the result of fingering, tampering, a button getting stuck, someone hitting the wrong key. The computer, at its normal best, is infallible. I wonder whether this can be true. 47)After all, the whole point of computers is that they represent an extension of the human brain, vastly improved upon but nonetheless human, superhuman maybe. 48)A good computer can think clearly and quickly enough to beat you at chess, and some of them have even been programmed to write obscure verse. They can do anything we can do, and more besides. It is not yet known whether a computer has its own consciousness, and it would be hard to find out about this. 49)When you walk into one of those great halls now built for the huge machines, and stand listening, it is easy to imagine that the faint, distant noises are the sound of thinking. And the turning of the spools gives them the look of wild creatures rolling their eyes in the effort to concentrate, choking with information. But real thinking, and dreaming, are other matters. On the other hand, the evidences of something like an unconscious, equivalent to ours, are all around, in every mail. 50)As extensions of the human brain, they have been constructed with the same property of error, spontaneous, uncontrolled, and rich in possibilities. Mistakes are at the very base of human thought, embedded there, feeding the structure like root nodules. If we were not provided with the art of being wrong, we could never get anything useful done. We think our way along by choosing between right and wrong alternatives, and the wrong choices have to be made as frequently as the right ones. We get along in life this way. We are built to make mistakes, coded for error.

问答题Congress is now deliberating legislative and budgetary changes that would dramatically redefine the nation's responsibilities for the least advantaged. Debate about these responsibilities should be welcomed and new ideas given careful consideration. It is not written in stone or in the Constitution that the federal government needs to take care of the poor. (1) Current programs are widely viewed as deficient, in large part because they are perceived as encouraging dependency and the dissolution of the family. In some areas, the federal role has become too intrusive. And without new taxes, money is in short supply. Returning responsibility to the states with a tie-off grant from the federal government to ease the transition is seen by many as the solution. In my own view, arguments that current proposals are the best means of dealing with these problems are somewhat disingenuous. (2) As many have argued, these proposals could more accurately be described as a Trojan horse designed to dismantle the welfare state that has existed for the past 60 years. If the objective is to encourage work and marriage, these reforms send the right signals but may disappoint in practice. If the objective is to provide states with greater flexibility, the solution is a streamlined waiver process and other modest reforms. (3) States already have a great deal of flexibility and could readily be given more within a framework that establishes minimum protections for the poor and accountability for the public's money. If the objective is to reduce the deficit, this could be achieved without cutting so deeply into programs that help the most vulnerable. The poorest 20 percent of the population now receives roughly 4 percent of all income in the United States. Any deficit reduction package that asks them to pay more than 4 percent of the total burden is arguably unfair. Yet chances are that they will end up paying far more than this. Deficit reduction is a worthy goal, but numerous tax subsidies and entitlement programs could be tapped before low-income programs were cut. (4) As it is, safety-net programs are being restructured in ways that not only yield federal savings but also promise less state effort as well. Finally, if the objective is to reduce poverty without encouraging dependency, the most important thing that government can do is to assist low-income working families with such measures as the EITC, child care, subsidized health insurance, and adjustments in the minimum wage. (5) If personal commitments to work and family are the surest way out of poverty, as they have been in the past, then these work-oriented measures are the best way to keep those who play by the rules from falling further behind.

问答题The four girls in "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants" make a pact. (46)Having found the magic every woman dreams of, a pair of jeans that fits all four of them perfectly, they vow to share them long-distance during their first summer apart. The jeans must be magic, because the girls' shapes couldn't be more different. Petite Lena (Alexis Bledel) is allergic to boys who see her as a beautiful face. Witty Carmen (America Ferrera ) is too curvy to fit into the bridesmaid's gown ordered for her by Lydia (Nancy Travis), the Southern bride-to-be of her divorced father (Bradley Whitford). Bridget (Blake Lively), a lanky star athlete, has never come to terms with her mother's suicide. (47) And Tibby (Amber Tamblyn) is a blue-haired cynic whose summer job at a superstore named Wallman's is paying for video equipment to make her first film. (48)The girls pass the jeans around to bring them luck when they are separated: Lena with relatives on Santorini where Kostas (Michael Rady) changes her mind about men; Carmen with the father she never sees, whose new family is a shock; Bridget in a Mexican soccer camp, where she sets her sights on Eric(Mike Vogel), forbidden fruit because he's a coach; and Tibby videotaping her co-workers. "A documentary," says one interview subject. "That's like a movie, only boring?" Delia Ephron and Elizabeth Chandler's screenplay is nicely served by the direction of a comedy veteran, Ken Kwapis.(49) He creates a fairytale summer world where the girls grapple with real issues: love and family, death, losing your virginity for the wrong reasons, divorce, racism and having an unfashionable body type. (50)The magic, of course is in the girls, as they help each other achieve insights that few of their elders could manage. gently sprinkled sprinkled with tears. Ann Brashares, who wrote the novel on which the film is based, has written two more books about the Sisterhood. If this one clicks, Warner Bros may find itself the proud owner of the first summer film franchise for teenage girls.

问答题Directions:A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefully,andwriteanessayofatleast200words,B.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1)Describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning.2)Giveyourcommentonthephenomenon.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. There can be no doubt that the computer revolution has touched virtually every person in the country in some way or other. Nor can there be any doubt that it has brought tremendous improvements in productivity and efficiency. 46){{U}}Indeed, there are many tasks undertaken by computers that could not be done without them, and we have reached the point that the benefits of computerization are taken for granted.{{/U}} Having accepted that computers are here to stay, what is the downside? 47){{U}}The most obvious answer is that because of increased efficiency, less people are needed and the loss of jobs, particularly in the service industries, has been enormous, with more job losses yet to come.{{/U}} However, on a more insidious note, many users have not realized how computers have introduced vulnerability to their business. If computers are soon a boon, how do we cope when something goes wrong? Computers have many uses, varying from pure accounting or back-office systems to stock or production control, or computer-aided design or manufacturing. 48){{U}}In many instances, manual systems can quickly be introduced to ensure some continuity of the business; but in many cases if the computer is down, so is the business.{{/U}} The most probable causes of interruption in the past have been accidental damage or breakdown, and these can usually be dealt with expeditiously. However, in recent times the exposure causing most concern to insurers have been theft. 49){{U}}Initially the problem was the theft of PCs, and because most of these were based in offices which had not been targeted by thieves in the past, and thus had relatively poor security, losses mounted very quickly.{{/U}} It was common practice for a thief to make a fresh visit once the equipment had been replaced, as the new equipment would be more attractive due to rapid technological advances. The equipment would usually be covered by insurance, but problems could be experienced if there were no back-ups of date and/or programmes. The initial reaction by insurers was to step up requests for security improvements, including alarms and devices such as lock-down plates or cables. 50){{U}}However, the criminal fraternity quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiable, so even when caught the police have trouble proving the theft.{{/U}} This led to even greater demands for security, including encapsulation and computer safes.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In almost every vocation, college students are supposed to undertake such activities as offering their knowledge to those who need most, performing some social investigations, taking part time jobs, or volunteering to do whatever that the society needs. Write something you did that was worth mentioning in previous summer vocation as a letter to one of the editors of a newspaper. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions: Recently, due to your teacher"s help, you have been successful in a job interview. Write a letter to Miss Wang to express your sincere thanks to her. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题A "scientific" view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguists who affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century . Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. 47) If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic as they were by these "scientific" thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard, for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person . It presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. 48) Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering . It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstances -- real or fictional -- that are similar to our own circumstances . 49) Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse, they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances . A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears. Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. It takes into account what the "scientific" view leaves out. If it is weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness. 50) But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action must either be liars themselves or be very naive . Pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Recently you were a visitor wanting to exit a gallery and you were confronted with misleading signs that read rather awkwardly, "Way Out" or "Export". Write a letter to the department concerned, politely suggesting they rectify the mistranslations. You should elaborate an effective way to deal with this problem. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayto1)describethepictures,2)interpretthemeaning,and3)giveyourcomment.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsonANSWERSHEETⅡ.