问答题YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题The primitive root of the pleasure of parenthood is two-fold. (46) On the one hand, there is the feeling of part of one's own body externalized, prolonging its life beyond the death of the rest of one's body, and possibly in its turn externalizing part of itself in the same fashion, and so securing the immortality of the germ plasma. On the other hand there is an intimate blend of power and tenderness. The new creature is helpless, and there is an impulse to supply its needs, an impulse which gratifies not only the parent's love towards the child, but also the parent's desire for power. (47) So long as the infant is felt to be helpless, the affection which is bestowed upon it does not feel unselfish, since it is in the nature of protection to a vulnerable portion of oneself. (48) But from a very early age there comes to be a conflict between love of parental power and desire for the child's good, for, while power over the child is to a certain extent decreed by the nature of things, it is nevertheless desirable that the child should as soon as possible learn to be independent in as many ways as possible, which is unpleasant to the power impulse in a parent. Some parents never become conscious of this conflict, and remain tyrants until the children are in a position to rebel. Others, however, become conscious of it, and thus find themselves a prey to conflicting emotions. In this conflict their parental happiness is lost. (49) After all the care that they have bestowed on the child, they find to their mortification that he turns out quite different from what they had hoped. They wanted him to be a soldier, and they find him a pacifist, or, like Tolstoy, they wanted him to be a pacifist, and he joins the Black Hundreds. But it is not only in these later developments that the difficulty is felt. (50) If you feed an infant who is already capable of feeding himself, you are putting love of power before the child's welfare, although it seems to you that you are only been kind in saving him trouble. If you make him too vividly aware of dangers, you are probably actuated by a desire to keep him dependent upon you. If you give him demonstrative affection to which you expect a response, you are probably endeavoring to grapple him to you by means of his emotions. In a thousand ways, great and small, the possessive impulse of parents will lead them astray, unless they are very watchful or very pure in heart.

问答题Directions: You want to apply for the following job. Write a letter to Mr Moore describing your previous experience and explaining why you would be suitable for the job. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Suppose you are a college student and you intend to work part time during your vacation. In your letter, you are supposed to include the post you would like to apply for, your experience and your hobbies, etc. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions: You are supposed to write a notice to invite your former classmates to a dinner party to celebrate the 10th anniversary of your graduation from high school. Your notice should include the following information: 1) purpose of the dinner party 2) time and place of the dinner party; and 3) other organizational details. Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use "Alumni Association of Grade 04" instead.

问答题The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. 46)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. 47)New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world's population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. 48)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001? To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. 49)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home. In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. 50)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food".

问答题1)Describethepicture2)Deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepicture3)Suggestcounter-measures.

问答题 In the early 1800s, groups of English workers wrecked machines that they felt threatened their jobs. (46){{U}}They were called "Luddites" after one of their leaders, a term that is now used for anyone who puts up resistance to new technologies.{{/U}} (47) {{U}}The odd thing about nanotechnology's Luddites is that they have started resisting before the technology has really established itself.{{/U}} As people start to buy products involving nanotechnology, from odour-resistant shirts to window glass that repels dirt, they will realise that many of these new things are useful and harmless. And as awareness of nanotechnology grows, they will begin to understand that it covers a range of different ways of doing things, some of which carry some risk and others do not. As a result, the technology's detractors will probably become more nuanced in their complaints. Nanotechnology has the potential to cause an industrial upheaval, just as electricity did in its time. (48) {{U}}Like electricity, though, it has so many and such diverse applications that it is unlikely to arrive in one huge wave, as nanotechnology's critics fear.{{/U}} Instead, there will be a series of smaller waves. (49){{U}}Many of the innovations the technology may bring are a long way off, leaving plenty of time to prepare.{{/U}} Nanotechnology, like any new discovery, offers both risks and rewards. There will undoubtedly be some need to control its exploitation to minimize the risks, but there are also strong arguments for allowing the unfettered pursuit of knowledge: without it, innovation cannot flourish. Twenty years ago, nobody could have foreseen that the invention of a new microscope would launch a remarkable new technology, perhaps a revolution. (50) {{U}}Scientists should be allowed to work with as little hindrance as possible to gain a better understanding of the object of their study-however large or small.{{/U}}

翻译题A team of researchers had traveled through a region, stopping here and there to collect artifacts and administer various psychological tests on local people. What my audience did not know, and what I had considered too obvious to tell them, was that in the USA everyone speaks English, even shopkeepers. 46 However, the fieldwork techniques of Malinowski were clearly designed for smaller communities, ones where it was possible for the anthropologist to get to know a fair proportion of the inhabitants. As we go about our daily lives, we are not aware of all the things we learned as children, the taken-for-granted ways of behaving, the general understandings of the way things are. In this sense, 'culture' is invisible. 47 If we suddenly become self-conscious about it, it is usually because we have crossed some kind of cultural boundary that are by no means restricted to anthropologists. Instead they are a common human experience, almost inescapable in the modern world. All that anthropologists can claim is that they knowingly seek out such cultural boundaries. That attempt can be arduous, however. It involves at a minimum acquiring the necessary language skills, and being prepared to commit a great deal of time and effort. Fieldwork situations vary so widely that adaptability and resourcefulness are required. Moreover, anthropologists are not immune to the disorientation of cultural displacement. They are as likely as anyone else to feel lonely and vulnerable. 48 Nor are they immune to cultural misleading because people everywhere communicate their emotions and intentions in the most subtle ways, ways that the newly-arrived stranger is not likely to follow. Consequently he or she is easily misled, whether maliciously or merely in fun. Most fieldworkers are only too aware of the limits of what they know. But those things that interest us most, the cultural webs in which we all hang suspended, are more elusive. 49 One of the earliest pieces of travel literature to make a major impression in Europe was Marco Polo's The Travels, which circulated in over 119 manuscripts in the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and brought the first detailed report of the fabulously wealthy and exotic civilizations of South and East Asia. From the sixteenth century onwards, the trickle of travel literature rapidly expands to a flood, in which many books by anthropologists described their fieldwork experiences, as opposed to their findings. 50 However, concerned with how people differ among themselves and what those differences signify, the anthropologists must then have discussed what the differences were, and what sense to make of them.

翻译题The growth of the use of English as the world's primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades. 46 But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future. Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol. 47 His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities. David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that, 48 many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages. If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other languages such as Japanese, French and German, spreads. 49 The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK's providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly ￡1. 3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related exports earn up to ￡10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the numbers of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage. The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant: 50 It gives a basis to all organizations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.

翻译题WWII was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies

翻译题'Nobody really knows' was Donald Trump's assessment of man-made global warming, in an interview on December 11th. As far as the atmosphere is concerned, that puts him at odds with most scientists who have studied the matter. They do know that the atmosphere is warming, and they also know by how much. But turn to the sea and Mr. Trump has a point. 46 Though the oceans are warming too, climatologists readily admit that they have only a rough idea how much heat is going into them, and how much is already there. Many suspect that the heat capacity of seawater explains the climate pause of recent years, in which the rate of atmospheric warming has slowed. 47 But without decent data, it is hard to be sure to what extent the oceans are acting as a heat sink that damps the temperature rise humanity is visiting upon the planet—and, equally important, how long they can keep that up. This state of affairs will change, though, if a project described by Robert Tyler and Terence Sabaka to a meeting of the American Geophysical Union, held in San Francisco this week, is successful. 48 Dr. Tyler and Dr. Sabaka, who work at the Goddard Space Flight Centre, in Maryland, observe that satellites can detect small changes in Earth's magnetic field induced by the movement of water. They also observe that the magnitude of such changes depends on the water's temperature all the way down to the ocean floor. That, they think, opens a window into the oceans which has, until now, been lacking. To measure things in the deep sea almost always requires placing instruments there—either by lowering them from a ship or by putting them on board submarine devices. 49 The supply of oceanographic research vessels, though, is limited, and even the addition in recent years of several thousand 'Argo' probes (floating robots that roam the oceans and are capable of diving to a depth of 2,000 metres) still leaves ocean temperatures severely under-sampled. All this means that, if you know where and how ocean water is displaced, the changes in the magnetic field, as seen from a satellite, will tell you the heat content of that water. 50 Dr. Tyler and Dr. Sabaka therefore built a computer model which tried this approach on one reasonably well-understood form of oceanic displacement, the twice-daily tidal movement caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon.

翻译题 It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; 46 yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression. One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a 'still point of the turning world,' to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. 47 A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one's relation to one's environment. 48 The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn't exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand. Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we're barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, 49 most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors,small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. 50 It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word 'garden' though in a 'liberated' sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms. (440 words)

翻译题 46 The climatic phenomenon that is being blamed for floods, hurricanes and early snowstorms also deserves credit for encouraging plant growth and helping to control the pollutant linked to global warming, a new study shows. El Nino—the periodic warming of eastern Pacific Ocean waters—causes a burst of plant growth throughout the world, and this removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, researchers have found. 47 The new study shows that natural weather events, such as the brief warming caused by El Nino, have a much more dramatic effect than previously believed on how much carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants and how much of the gas is expelled by the soil. Atmospheric carbon dioxide, or CO2, has been increasing steadily for decades. This is thought to be caused by an expanded use of fossil fuels and by toppling of tropical forests. Scientists have linked the CO2 rise to global warming, a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect. 48 Alarmed, nations of the world now are drawing up new conservation policies to reduce fossil fuel burning, in hopes of reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. But David Schimel of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, a co-author of the new study, says that before determining how much to reduce fossil fuel burning we should consider the effects of natural climate variations on the ability of plants to absorb CO2. Schimel said satellite measurements of CO2, plant growth and temperature show that natural warming events such as El Nino at first cause more CO2 to be released into the atmosphere, probably as the result of accelerated decay of dead plant matter in the soil. But later, within two years, there is an explosion of growth in forests and grasslands, which means plants suck more carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. 'We think that there is a delayed response in vegetation and soil to the warming effects of such phenomena as El Nino, and this leads to increased plant growth,' said Schimel. 49 However, he said, it is not clear whether the warming by El Nino causes a net decrease in the buildup of CO2 over the long haul. 'We don't really know that yet, 'said Schimel. What the study does show, however, is that the rise and fall of CO2 in the atmosphere is strongly influenced by natural changes in global temperature, said B.H. Braswell of the University of New Hampshire, another co-author of the study. Braswell said that in years when the global weather is cooler than normal, there is a decrease in both the decay of dead plants and in new plant growth. This causes an effect that is the opposite of El Nino warming: CO2 atmosphere levels first decline and later increase. 50 'I think we have demonstrated that the ecosystem has a lot more to do with climate change than was previously believed, ' said Braswell, 'Focusing on the role of human activity in climate change is important, but manmade factors are not the only factors.'

翻译题One answer to the question, 'What ate dinosaurs?' is, obviously, 'Other dinosaurs.' Theropod predators like Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus loom large in the imagination of every lover of prehistoric monsters, and their animatronic fights with the likes of Diplodocus and Stegosaurus are the stuff of cliche. 46 Science tries to look beyond the obvious, and at this year's meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology, held in Las Vegas, some of the speakers asked whether the top predators of the Mesozoic era really were all dinosaurs. Their conclusion was 'no'. Another group of reptiles, until recently neglected, were also important carnivores. And it is a group that is still around today: the crocodiles. That the past role of crocodiles (or, strictly, crocodilians, since they came in many sizes and shapes. not all of which resemble the modem animals) has been underestimated was suggested a few years ago by Paul Sereno. 47 Dr. Sereno, a paleontologist at the University of Chicago, uncovered a crocodile-dominated ecosystem from about 100m years ago in what is now North Africa. Besides, water-dwelling giants are similar to (though much bigger than) today's animals, he found a range of forms including vegetarians and species that ran on elongated legs—more like dogs than crocodiles. That discovery has prompted other fossil hunters to look elsewhere. 48 As a result, even the well-studied rocks of North America are revealing that dinosaurs did not have it all their own way in the ecosystems of the Mesozoic. The Cretaceous equivalent of zebra and antelopes—the victim species in every wildlife documentary about the dramas of the African savannah—were herbivorous dinosaurs called ornithopods. Frequently, these were taken by theropods, but not always. 49 When Ms. Drumheller and Mr. Boyd examined the bones 0f juvenile upper-Cretaceous ornithopods dug up in Utah they saw marks on one skeleton that looked suspiciously like those modem crocodiles inflict when biting and tearing at their prey. On examining these marks more closely, they found a crocodilian tooth stuck in one of them. It was not a large tooth. Its size suggests the animal which made it was no more than a meter and a half (about 5 feet) long. Such a predator would have been unable to take on an adult ornithopod. Nevertheless, this tooth is the first unarguable proof that crocodilians did indeed snack on dinosaurs. 50 Moreover, it helps to confirm suspicions that the other crocodile-bite-like marks that Ms. Drumheller and Mr. Boyd have discovered really are what they look like. By combining that with an analysis of the whole site, the two researchers argue that what they have; discovered is a dinosaur nesting ground that was being raided by crocodilians.

翻译题What is it that brings about such an intimate connection between language and thinking? Is there no thinking without the use of language, namely in concepts and concept combinations for which words need not necessarily come to mind? Has not every one of us struggled for words although the connection between 'things' was already clear? 46 We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete independence from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment. Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to what extent the same language means the same mentality. In this sense thinking and language are linked together. What distinguishes the language of science from languages as we ordinarily understand the word? How is it that scientific language is international? 47 What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration, let us take the language of Euclidean geometry and Algebra. They manipulate with a small number of independently introduced concepts, respectively symbols, such as the integral number, the straight line, the point, as well as with signs which designate the fundamental concepts. This is the basis for the construction, respectively definition of all other statements and concepts. The connection between concepts and statements on the one hand and the sensory data on the other hand is established through acts of counting and measuring whose performance is sufficiently well determined. 48 The super-national character of scientific concepts and scientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of all countries and all times. In solitude and yet in cooperative effort as regards the final effect they created the spiritual tools for the technical revolutions which have transformed the life of mankind in the last centuries. Their system of concepts has served as a guide in the bewildering chaos of perceptions so that we learned to grasp general truths from particular observations. What hopes and fears does the scientific method imply for mankind? I do not think that this is the right way to put the question. Whatever this tool in the hand of man will produce depends entirely on the nature of the goals alive in this mankind. Once these goals exist, the scientific method furnishes means to realize them. Yet it cannot furnish the very goals. 49 The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere, and it would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding. Perfection of means and confusion of goals seem—in my opinion—to characterize our age. 50 If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety, the welfare and the free development of the talents of all men, we shall not be in want of the means to approach such a state. Even if only a small part of mankind strives for such goals, their superiority will prove itself in the long run.