填空题A. More troubling than determining how to patent the genome is the larger question of whether anyone ought to be laying claim to human DNA at all. This is partly an economic issue. If the entire genetic schematic is pre-emptively owned by the research teams studying it now, where is the incentive for independent scientists—often sources of great innovation—to work on it later? Licensing costs, warns Jeffrey Kahn, director Of the University of Minnesota"s Center for Bioethics, could hold medical progress hostage. Patenting proponents insist that an equally persuasive argument could be made that the large genome-mapping groups need patent protection to make their work worthwhile to them. B. It"s not for nothing that scientists are in such a footrace to get the human genome mapped. There"s more than just knowledge at stake, after all—there"s money. Who walks away with most of the booty won"t be decided in labs or universities, however, but in courts and patent offices. C. Not only can such filings be sloppy genetics, they can also be bad business. EST applications may lead to so-called submarine patents, claims that are made today and then vanish, only to reappear when some unsuspecting scientist finds something useful to do with genes hidden in the patent. To prevent this, Lehman requires that EST applications include no more than 10 genetic sequences. Each 10 after that requires a separate application—and a separate filing fee. "Companies will now have an incentive to file more selective applications," says Lehman. D. The biggest problem with patenting genes is that while scientists have at least a general idea of what specific strands of genetic coding do, often it"s just that—general. Investigators do sometimes succeed in isolating a single, crisp gene with a single known function. Often, however, researchers trying to map genes get no further than marking off fragmentary stretches of DNA that may be thousands of bases in length. These so-called expressed sequence tags may have real genetic information embedded in them, but determining where those nuggets are and what their structure is takes more digging. E. Stickier than the economic question is the ethical one. Most of us reflexively shrink from the idea of anyone"s owning the rights to any part of the human form. Besides, if the first anatomist to spot, say, the pancreas was not granted title to it, why should modem genome-mapping scientists be able to claim even a single gene? As Kahn points out, "You could patent a system for mining gold from ore. We don"t let people patent the gold." That kind of argument is grounded not in law but in the very idea of what it means to be human—an issue that even the highest federal court is not likely to settle. F. Geneticists have lately been filing patent applications for these ESTs anyway, figuring that it"s best to protect their turf now and go spelunking around in it later. In a science that prizes precision above all else, this can be an odd way to do business. "I would guess that in many cases the scientists didn"t even examine all the material," says Bruce Lehman, commissioner of the Patent and Trademark Office. G. Though deciphering the entire human genetic blueprint is still a few years away, scientists have begun laying claim to the stretches of DNA whose codes they have succeeded in cracking. In recent years researchers have flooded the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office with applications for thousands of genes and gene fragments—and they have stirred a lot of controversy in the process. B→______→______→F→______→______→______

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a text about stress, followed by a list of arguments. Choose the best argument from the list A--G for each numbered subheading (41--45). There are two extra arguments which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. {{B}}41. Two types of stress:{{/B}} There are basically two types of stress placed on human beings--physical and mental.{{B}}42. Effects of stress--physical or emotional:{{/B}} Whether physical or emotional in origin, stress causes the body to react in the same way.{{B}}43. Guilty--useful, though most harmful:{{/B}} Probably the most harmful of all the stresses is guilt.{{B}}44. Instances--no need to feel guilty:{{/B}} However, many of us as children learned rules that we no longer need.{{B}}No one is perfect:{{/B}} Guilt and the worry that often accompanies this major stress are difficult to eradicate, but people subject to excessive guilt feelings should realize, as simple as it sounds, that no one is perfect. People cannot always be cheerful and helpful to every one they meet. Another good lesson is that mistakes should be forgotten, not lingered over and brought out to examine periodically.{{B}}45. Life with a little stress--significant:{{/B}} A life without stress, such as retirement with nothing to do, would be boring.{{B}}Notes:{{/B}} respiration 呼吸。pupil 瞳孔。dilate 膨胀。perspiration 出汗，勤奋。date 约会。sour 使别扭。eradicate vt.消除，根除。at best 充其量。linger over 细细品味。meditation 深思，沉思，might as well 不妨。[A] Fat adults should no longer feel guilty about leaving a little food on the plate, a successful businessman need not feel guilty about spending a little too much money on a vacation, nor should he feel guilty that he can combine a business trip to the West Coast with some swimming and golf at an ocean resort. But many people do feel guilty over such apparently innocent actions. Excessive guilt can sour all of life and make life not worth living; it can also cause self-hatred as well as other fears and anxieties that cause all life's successes to be bittersweet, at best.[B] Stress from physical activity, if not carried too far, is actually beneficial. Exercise relaxes you and may help forget about mental and emotional stress. But mental stress is almost always bad for you. If mental stress is unrelieved l it can actually cause diseases such as ulcers, migraine headaches, heart problems, or mental illness.[C] Just as we need a little guilt--to keep us correct--and a little worry--to make us plan ahead--we need a little stress to stay interested in life. But when stress begins to bother you, you might as well change your routine. Take your mind off your worries with some physical activity; you may discover a solution you have overlooked before.[D] Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and iii health.[E] Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities, others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties.[F] In the first stage, your body prepares to meet the stress. The heartbeat and respiration rates increase, and the pupils of the eyes dilate; the blood sugar level increases, and the rate of perspiration speeds up, while digestion slows down as blood and muscular activity is diverted elsewhere. In the second stage, your body returns to normal and repairs any damage caused by the stressful situation. However, if stress continues, the body cannot repair itself, and the final stage, exhaustion, then begins. If this stage continues, if for example you are frustrated by your work and continue to be frustrated for a long time, physical or emotional damage will occur. These stages of stress reaction are always the same, whether the stress is caused by a cross-country run, a first date, buying a house, or narrowly missing an automobile accident.[G] This common emotion is useful to have when it helps us to realize that we have, in fact, committed some error, violated our own rules or social rules. If we did not feel guilty, we would never do anything except the things that brought us immediate pleasure--we'd never obey the law, work, exercise, or even study in school, unless we wanted to do so in the first place. As a person's conscience develops, guilt feelings become inevitable; guilt is the sorrow we experience when we know we have done something incorrect.

填空题(41) Conflicts: If you do get a place in the student dormitory, it is likely that you will have to share your living space with one other student. While having an American roommate will help you to learn more about American ways, there will probably be many times that discomfort or conflict will arise due to cultural differences. (42) Sex: With regard to sex in general, American behavior is quite different from the norms found in China. (43) Relationship Between Teachers & Students: On the campus, particularly where classes are small, I found a strange informality that characterized the relationship between students and their professors. (44) Gifts: In my interaction with American friends, I noticed that the concept of a gift is quite different here. Many things we give to each other in China are not called "gifts" but are considered to be a reflection of ordinary duties and mutual obligations. Accustomed as we are to using the word "gift" to refer to something valuable given on special occasions, it comes as a surprise to see how often the word is used in America. In the United States, "gifts", given on many different occasions, are only services. (45) Social Intercourse. When you do enter American homes, you will have an opportunity to observe different ways of greeting people. On the whole, Americans tend to be far more physical than we in their greetings.[A] I was astonished, for example, when a friend told me that he was offering to care for his younger brother and sister so that his father could take a vacation for his birthday--this was a gift to him. For us, this would be considered duty rather than a gift. Even between friends gestures of this sort might be considered "gifts" here.[B] While many students do call their professors, "Professor" so and so or "Dr. " so and so, some professors prefer to be called familiarly by their first names. And in the spirit of informality, many professors may invite students to their homes or can be seen chatting with students over a meal or a cup of coffee in the school cafeteria. A good number of instructors even request that students fill out class evaluation forms which assess the content and presentation of the course.[C] My roommate was very sociable and had many boyfriends who came to visit often very late. One night, after midnight, I had to stay in the bathroom for an extra 40 minutes because I had heard a man's voice in my room. My roommate did not realize how awkward I would feel meeting a man while I was in my nightgown. You see, American students tend to be much more casual about these matters.[D] On many occasions, for instance, close friends or sometimes even casual acquaintances embrace or kiss each other on the cheeks in greeting or bidding farewell. It may even happen that where couples are close friends, the two husbands will kiss the other man's wife![E] In the United States, for example, if a student wants to invite his teacher to a dinner party, the invitation should be sent a week or so before the party date. If the invitation is extended only three or four days before the party date, the teacher will feel he is not highly regarded.[F] For example, many American students seem to like to listen to popular and sometimes loud music while studying in their rooms. Sometimes they will even leave the music on when they leave the room. For some reason, many will tell you, music helps them to relax and concentrate, an idea which other foreign students and I found very strange and disturbing. We'd like to study quietly without any disturbance.

填空题[A]ThepetitionersarguethatrepealingthetaxwillcosttheTreasurybillionsofdollarsinlostrevenuesandwillresultineitherincreasedtaxesinthelongrunorcutstoMedicare,SocialSecurity,environmentalprotectionandothergovernmentprograms.Repealingthelevy"wouldenrichtheheirsofAmerica'smillionairesandbillionaires,whilehurtingfamilieswhostruggletomakeendsmeet,"thepetitionsays.[B]About120wealthyAmericanshadsignedorsupportedapetitiontoopposephasingoutthetax.PresidentBushhasincludedtherepealofthetaxinhis$1.6trilliontax-cutproposal.Normallywhen"dozens"ofAmericansjoininapoliticalcause,itisnotparticularlynoteworthy,butinthiscasethedozensinclude:GeorgeSoros,abillionairefinancier;WarrenBuffett,aninvestorlistedasAmerica'sfourth-richestperson;thephilanthropistDavidRockefellerJr.;andWilliamGatesSr.,aSeattlelawyerandfatherofAmerica'srichestman,MicrosoftCorp.ChairmanBillGates.[C]Buffettandcompanycitethesefactorsintheirpetitioncallingforoppositiontotheestate-taxrepeal.Theyalsodiscusssomethingthat'sequallyemotionalandfarmorecomplex:theprincipleofmeritocracy.TheideathateveryoneinAmericahasanequalchance,thatourfatesarenotdeterminedbyaccidentsofbirth,isoneofourcorevalues.Andnowhereisthisprinciplemorereveredthaninthetechnologyeconomy;entrepreneurshipisalmostbydefinitionanexpressionofmeritocracy.[D]BuffetttoldtheTimesthatrepealingtheestatetaxwouldbea"terriblemistake"andtheequivalentof"choosingthe2020Olympicteambypickingtheeldestsonsofthegoldmedalwinnersinthe2000Olympics."[E]Anoldbrokeragecommercialsays:"Hemadehismoneytheold-fashionedway:Heearnedit."Therewasaperfectparodyoftheadinwhichthelineread:"Hemadehismoneytheold-fashionedway:Heinheritedit."In20or50or100years,whichoftheselineswillberight?BuffettandSorosandfriends,totheircredit,wanttohelpmakethefirstonereal.Let'shopethisisonlyonestepinthatprocess.[F]ItwasrefreshingtoseeBuffettandGeorgeSorosandanumberofotherextremelywealthyluminariesstandupinoppositiontoPresidentBush'sproposedrepealoftheestatetax.Whilethepolicyhassomeemotionalattractions—itwouldprotecttheinheritorsofsomesmallbusinessesfromhavingtosellthecompaniestopaytaxes,anditistruethatmostpeoplehavebeentaxedontheirsavingsoncealready—inpracticethetaxrepealwouldmainlybeawindfallforaverysmallnumberofvery,veryrichpeople.[G]Presidentwillmakehiscaseforhis$1.6trilliontaxcutplan,deliveringaspeechatacommunitycenterinSt.Louis.Theproposalwouldslashfederaltaxratesacrossalllevelsofincome,eliminatetheso-calledmarriagepenaltyandphaseoutestatetaxes.Democratscomplainthattheplan—whichwouldcutthetopratefrom39to33percent—woulddisproportionatelybenefitthewealthyandunnecessarilysquanderexpectedbudgetsurpluses.SomeoftherichestAmericansareurgingCongressnottorepealtheestatetax,TheNewYorkTimesreportedonWednesday.(Feb.14)Order:

填空题A recession marked the early years of Reagan's presidency, but conditions started to improve in 1983 and the United States entered one of the longest periods of sustained economic growth since World War Ⅱ. However, an alarming percentage of this growth was based on deficit spending. In 1988, former vice president George Bush became President. He continued many of Reagan's policies. Bush's efforts to gain control over the federal budget deficit, however, were problematic. The 1990s brought a new president, Bill Clinton, a cautious, moderate Democrat, whose liberal initiatives created a myth for the American economy. 41)__________. Still, although Clinton reduced the size of the federal work force, the government continued to play a crucial role in the nation's economy. Mast of the major innovations of the New Deal, and a good many of the Great Society, remained in place. And the Federal Reserve system continued to regulate the overall pace of economic activity, with a watchful eye for any signs of renewed inflation. 42)__________. Technological developments brought a wide range of sophisticated new electronic products. Innovations in telecommunications and computer networking spawned a vast computer hardware and software industry and revolutionized the way many industries operate. 43)__________. No longer are Americans afraid that the Japanese will overwhelm them with superior technology or that they will saddle their children with government debt. America's labor force changed markedly during the 1990s. Continuing a long term trend, the number of farmers declined. A small portion of workers had jobs in industry, while a much greater share worked in the service sector, in jobs ranging from store clerks to financial planners. If steel and shoes were no longer American manufacturing mainstays, computers and the software that make them run were. 44)__________. Economists, surprised at the combination of rapid growth and continued low inflation, debated whether the United States had a "new economy" capable of sustaining a faster growth rate than seemed possible based on the experiences of the previous 40 years. 45)__________. Asia, which had grown especially rapidly during the 1980s, joined Europe as a major supplier of finished goods and a market for American exports. Sophisticated worldwide telecommunications systems linked the world's financial markets in a way unimaginable even a few years earlier.A. The economy, meanwhile, turned in an increasingly healthy performance as the 1990s progressed. With the fall of the Soviet Union and Eastern European communism in the late 1980s, trade opportunities expanded greatly.B. Still, Americans ended the 1990s with a restored sense of confidence. By the end of 1999, the economy had grown continuously since March 1991, the longest peacetime economic expansion in history.C. Clinton sounded some of the same themes as his predecessors. After unsuccessfully urging Congress to enact an ambitious proposal to expand health-insurance coverage, Clinton declared that the era of "big government" was over in America. He pushed to strengthen market forces in some sectors, working with Congress to open local telephone service to competition. He also joined Republicans to reduce welfare benefits.D. Finally, the American economy was more closely intertwined with the global economy than it ever had been. Clinton, like his predecessors, had continued to push for elimination of trade barriers. A North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA. had further increased economic ties between the United States and its largest trading partners, Canada and Mexico.E. While many Americans remained convinced that global economic integration benefited all nations, the growing interdependence created some dislocations as well. Workers in high-technology industries at which the United States excelled fared rather well, but competition from many foreign countries that generally had lower labor costs tended to dampen wages in traditional manufacturing industries.F. The expansion that began in March 1991 has raised real gross domestic product by more than a third, minted 100,000 more people earning a million dollars a year. After peaking at $290,000 million in 1992, the federal budget deficit steadily shrank as economic growth increased tax revenues. In 1998, the government posted its first surplus in 30 years, although a huge debt mainly in the form of promised future Social Security payments to the baby boomers remained.G. Best of all, the healthy economy has transformed the psyche of millions of Americans. The pervasive gloom at the beginning of the 1990s is gon

填空题Since childhood, most of us have been bombarded with roles—don't be selfish, don't complain, don't be unreasonable, don't interrupt, etc. 41) __________Do you wish you could learn to deal with minor irritations before anger festers into intense resentment and explosive aggression? Assertiveness training can reduce stress by teaching you to stand up for your legitimate rights without bullying or being bullied. Step one is realizing that changes are needed. Then you must take action to make those changes a reality. Assertiveness training might be offered through your employer, your university or a private consultant. It might even be offered through distance learning on the Internet. 42)__________. Such a workshop might include two workshop leaders for up to 18 participants in an all-day, six-hour event or two morning sessions one week apart, with "homework" being assigned between the two sessions. What kind of homework? Practicing what you have learned and describing the experience in a personal diary. 43) __________. Long breaks encourage free talk and generate enthusiasm among participants. It helps to know that others like yourself share your problems. At the beginning of the workshop, you may be asked to describe specific situations that you would like to handle better. During the workshop, you will hear lectures, see vignettes on DVD or video, and receive printed information on how to become more forthright. Role playing is an important element in assertiveness training. The workshop leader will present a scenario submitted by a workshop participant. 44) __________ Research has shown that an American man is much likelier to feel at ease asking for a higher starting salary than an American woman. A woman with the same qualifications being considered for the same position is commonly inclined to fret: "If I ask for a higher salary, maybe they won't hire me, "or" Maybe the company will think I don't have enough experience for such a high salary." 45) __________. The real-life situation can be thought of as a game; once that perception takes root, some of the stress and inhibition disappears. Meanwhile, the already more confident males in the workshop gain a better understanding of how the situation looks and feels for an inhibited job seeker. They acquire a bit of sympathy. And of course women aren't the only people who ever ask for a higher starting salary or a raise; the communication techniques tried out in assertiveness workshops can be used by anyone.A. Since assertiveness training arose in the US. the principles trainers try to instill would need to be adjusted for a non-Western culture. Yet many would doubtless be as much in place in China as they are in North America or Europe.B. But what if those "rules" have made you into a passive, unassertive, accommodating, compliant person when you would really prefer to speak up more about your true feelings and desires?C. The role playing session helps female workshop participants find out how it feels to ask for a higher salary. They see what the possible responses are, and the workshop participants pool their brains and experience to come up with useful tactics.D. A typical example might be a situation from a job interview: the employer is offering a certain salary but the prospective employee thinks it's too low. How to make it clear that you want a higher salary without sacrificing your chances of landing the job? The workshop leader will have small groups work out strategies. probably involving a female job seeker and a male employer.E. If you are highly motivated, you could read and learn about how to become more assertive independently. Probably the best way to build assertiveness is a good assertiveness training workshop.F. For example, North American trainees are urged to focus positively on goals, not g on the other person. You may not like the other person. You may, in fact, mistrust, despise or fear the other person, but he is the fellow you have to negotiate with.G. The workshop should take place in a hospitable atmosphere with plenty of room, a comfortable temperature and light refreshments during breaks.

填空题41)__________. In today's prosperous societies the distinction has become blurred because so many wants have been turned into needs. A writer, for instance, can work with paper and pencils. These are legitimate needs for the task. But the work can be done more quickly and efficiently with a word processor. Thus a computer is soon viewed as a need rather than a want. 42) __________. The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty goods and unsought goods. It must be emphasized that all of these types are based on the way shoppers think about products, not on the nature of the products themselves. What is regarded as a convenience item in France(wine, for example)may be a specialty goods in the United States. People do not spend a great deal of time shopping for such convenience items as groceries, newspapers, toothpaste, razor blades, aspirin, and candy. The buying of convenience goods may be done routinely, as some families buy groceries once a week. Such regularly purchased items are called staples. Sometimes convenience products are bought on impulse: someone has a sudden desire for an ice cream sundae on a hot day. 43) __________. Shopping goods are items for which customers search. They compare prices, quality, and styles, and may visit a number of stores before making a decision. 44) __________. Shopping goods fall into two classes: those that are perceived as basically the same and those that are regarded as different. Items that are looked upon as basically the same include such things as home appliances, television sets, and automobiles. Having decided on the model desired, the customer is primarily interested in getting the item at the most favorable price. Items regarded as inherently different include clothing, furniture, and dishes. Quality, style, and fashion will either take precedence over price, or they will not matter at all. Specialty goods have characteristics that impel customers to make special efforts to find them. Price may be no consideration at all. Specialty goods can include almost any kind of product. Normally, specialty goods have a brand name or other distinguishing characteristics. Unsought goods are items a consumer does not necessarily want or need or may not even know about. Promotion or advertising brings such goods to the consumer's attention. 45) __________.[A] In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they are purchased.[B] Or they may be purchased as emergency items.[C] What it really does is give unprecedented insight into the consumer mind. And it will actually result in higher product sales.[D] The product could be something new on the market as the Sony Walkman once was or it may be a fairly standard service, such as life insurance, for which most people will usually not bother shopping.[E] Buying an automobile is often done this way.[F] The traditional distinction between products that satisfy needs and those that satisfy wants is no longer adequate to describe classes of products.[G] These proprietary annual surveys address shopping frequency, store preference, shopper profiles, purchase patterns and drivers of shopping behavior.

填空题A. Analyzing your own taste B. Being cautious when experimenting C. Finding a model to follow D. Getting the final look absolutely right E. Learning to be realistic F. Making regular conscious choices G. How to judge people When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they look. And, of course it"s something that works both ways, for we too are being judged on our appearance. When we look good, we feel good, which in turn leads to a more confident and self-assured manner. People then pick up on this confidence and respond positively towards us. Undoubtedly, it"s what"s inside that"s important, but sometimes we can send out the wrong signals simply by wearing inappropriate clothing or not spending enough time thinking about how others see us. 11 For example, people often make the mistake of trying to look like someone else they"ve seen in a magazine, but this is usually a disaster as we all have our own characteristics. Stand in front of a full-length mirror and be honest with yourself about what you see. There is no need to dwell on your faults—we all have good points and bad points—but think instead about the best way to emphasize the good ones. 12 When selecting your clothes each day, think about who you"re likely to meet, when you"re going to be spending most of your time and what tasks you are likely to perform. Clearly, some outfits will be more appropriate to different sorts of activity and this will dictate your choice to an extent. However, there"s no need to abandon your individual taste completely. After all, if you dress to please somebody else"s idea of what looks good, you may end up feeling uncomfortable and not quite yourself. 13 But to know your own mind, you have to get to know yourself. What do you truly feel good in? There are probably a few favorite items that you wear a lot—most people wear 20 percent of their wardrobe 80 percent of the time. Look at these clothes and ask yourself what they have in common. Are they neat and tidy, loose and flowing? Then look at the things hanging in your wardrobe that you don"t wear and ask yourself why. Go through a few magazines and catalogues and mark the things that catch your eye. Is there a common theme? 14 Some colors bring your natural coloring to life and others can give us a washed-out appearance. Try out new colors by all means, but remember that dressing in bright color when you really like subtle neutral tones, or vice versa, will make you feel self-conscious and uncomfortable. You know deep down where your own taste boundaries lie. And although it"s good to challenge those sometimes with new combinations or shades, take care not to go too far all at once. 15 So, you"ve chosen an outfit that matches your style, your personality, your shape and your coloring. But does it fit? If something is too tight or too loose, you won"t achieve the desired effect, and no matter what other qualities it has, it won"t improve your appearance or your confidence. Sometimes, we buy things without thinking. Some people who dislike shopping grab the first thing they see, or prefer to use mail-order or the Internet. In all cases, if it doesn"t fit perfectly, don"t buy it, because the finer details are just as important as the overall style. Reappraising your image isn"t selfish because everyone who comes into contact with you will benefit. You"ll look better and you"ll feel a better person all round. And if in doubt, you only need to read Professor Albert Mehrabian"s book Silent Messages to remind yourself how important outward appearances are. His research showed that the impact we make on each other depend 55 percent on how we look and behave, 38 percent on how we speak and only 7 percent on what we actually say. So, whatever stage you are at in your life, whatever role you play, isn"t it time you made the most of yourself?