填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the foll6wing article, some sentences have been removed. For Question 41—45, choose the most suitable one the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Is Harvard worth it? Conventional wisdom says yes. But with the price of a degree from America's most famous university and other elite private colleges now surpassing $125,000, many families — and a number of economists — aren't so sure. Here's a look at the evidence. For American's high school, seniors, April is the cruelest month. That's when colleges flood the postal system with news of who has won a place in next fall's freshman class. For more than a few families, a difficult decision will follow: Is it worth paying some $125,000 to give their child an education at an elite best private college? Or would her future be just as bright if she went to less expensive school? 41. ______ Certainly many neurotic boomer parents — and their stressed-out resume-building teenagers — assume that it is always better to choose Harvard over Big State U. because of Harvard' s presumably superior educational environment, better alumni connections, and more lucrative (profitable) on-campus recruiting opportunities. 42. ______ It's also true that if you want a career in big leading firms in the US, a gilt-edged diploma is a distinct advantage. Then again, there's plenty of anecdotal evidence that an elite education is hardly necessary. The majority of top CEOs (chief executive officer) surveyed by FORTUNE in 1990 did not attend an elite college. 43. ______ The academic evidence is murky to start with the basics: College pays. On average, a person with an undergraduate degree now earns almost twice as much as someone with only a high school diploma, up from 1.5 times in 1975. The economic literature on the payoff of graduating from an elite college, however, as opposed to any college, is far less conclusive. Several studies during the past decade found a connection between higher future earnings and attendance at a college with high SAT scores. Most of the research concluded that for each 100-point increase in the average SAT score, a graduate could expect a 3% to 7% increased in lifetime's earnings. 44. ______ You would expect graduates of selective schools — which attract successful students — to have successful careers. (It would be stunning if they didn't.) What such studies do not measure is how an individual's earnings are affected by the choice of college. Researchers found that those who went to the more prestigious schools reported higher earnings. 45. ______ Admissions offices at elite schools include many other criteria in their decisions — grades, extracurricular activities, recommendations, essays, interviews. These factors may reveal abilities, like good communication skills, that are far more valuable in the workplace than a perfect 1600. Because economists have no data on these traits, they term them" unobserved." But they are hardly unimportant. Until recently, no one had tried to control for unobserved characteristics in measuring the effect of an elite education on earnings. [A] What is less clear to many parents and their college-bound youngsters is whether it makes economic sense to attend an elite school with a total four-year price tag big enough to buy a nice suburban house in many parts of the country. [B] So what kind of return is there likely to be on that $125,000 investment? And how does it compare with the return on a less expensive but also less prestigious education? [C] These questions have no easy answers. Of course, that's not the impression you get from the $500-million-a-year college-admissions industry, with its magazine rankings, test prep courses, and guidebooks. [D] But the studies compared schools, not people. [E] School selectivity, measured by the average SAT score of the students at a school, doesn't pay off in a higher income over time. [F] It's true that big law firms, major teaching hospitals, and investment banks — even the offices of FORTUNE — are stuffed with Ivy Leaguers. [G] But SAT scores are not everything.

填空题[A] A millionaire may describe his "just-right" wife as charming, beautiful, sexy, intelligent, and well developed. On the other hand, a poor man may define his "just-right" wife as pleasing, attractive, desirable, knowledgeable, and shapely. Both men describe their just-right wife with the game physical qualities, but use different words. The millionaire's definition of the just- right wife is more elegant, whereas the poor man's definition is a more common, everyday description.[B] Men from all nationalities also have their definition of the just-right wife. For example; the Italian man describes his wife as a woman who stands six feet one-inch tall with blonde hair and blue eyes, and who is well developed in the upper portion of her body. On the other band, the French man may describe his ideal wife as a woman who stands only five feet three inches with brown hair and green eyes, and who is moderately built.[C] On the other hand, the fat man defines his just-right wife as a woman who gets up at eight o'clock in the morning, takes the children to McDonald’s for breakfast, and drops them off at school. Then she comes back home and lies on the couch watching soap operas all day, children 'have to walk home from school in the afternoon. When they arrive at home, she instructs them to clean the house, do the laundry, and fix some hotdogs for dinner. Both men define their just-right wife with qualities that they admire by themselves.[D] Although some men define the just, fight wife by her physical qualities, other men describe their just-fight wife as a woman who loves to fish, to camp, to hunt, and to water ski, whereas the inside sportsman may define his just-fight wife as a woman who enjoys watching football, basketball, baseball, and wrestling. Both of these men define their just-right wife by her sports qualities but in two different atmospheres.[E] Still, there are other men who have their own definitions of the just-right wife. For instance, consider the fit man and the fat man. The fit man may describe his just-right wife as a woman who gets up every workday morning at six o'clock and runs two or three miles. After running, she prepares breakfast, washes the dishes, takes the children to school, and then goes to work. After work, she arrives at home, washes a couple loads of laundry, goes to exercise class, picks up the children from school on her way home, and then cooks dinner. After dinner, she deans the kitchen, bathes the children, and puts them to bed.[F] In addition to these men’s definitions of the just-right wife, the bachelor also has a definition. He says that the just-fight wife is someone else’s wife. He picks her up in a bar, takes her to his house, and takes her name in the morning. The bachelor has no real definition of the just- fight wife. That is why he is still a bachelor.[G] For years men and women have been getting married. They say their wedding vows which bring them together as one. They promise to love and cherish each other until death do them part. When a man and a woman get married, it is one of the biggest decisions they will make in life. A man may select a woman because he, in his own eyes, sees her as the just-right wife for him. Every man has his own definition of what the "just-right" wife is. For instance, the millionaire man and the poor man both may define their just-right wife according to her physical qualities.

填空题 John Winston Lennon was born into a world at war with itself — a perfect symbol of the internal contradictions that defined his life and music. German aircraft were dropping bombs on his city at the very moment of his arrival. 41 ____________. Lennon also had a powerful attachment to his mother Julia that lingered long after she died in 1958; the classic 1968 album The Beatles, (known as the "White Album" for its white album liner) included his song "Julia" —an exquisite expression of raw sorrow. When he and McCartney first met on July 6th, 1957—at a church picnic where Lennon's band was a star attraction—Lennon was budding into a fusion of bold attitude, keen wit and honest charm. The Beatles gave him the room to bloom. 42 ____________. In a few ways, the current boy-band phenomenon is simply the Beatles with a modern twist: huge record sales, adoring young women queued up on the sidewalks outside their concerts, and the circus-like atmosphere surrounding their every move. With his sharp, handsome features and an attractive warmth contrasted by his acid turn of phrase, Lennon evoked as much hysterical female desire as any member of the Back Street Boys, if not all of them put together. 43 ____________. Lennon and Ono skillfully used the disbelief and scorn that often greeted their provocative exploits to promote their peace campaigns: demonstrating in their bed clothes for an end to the Vietnam War in the spring of 1969 and paying for huge "WAR IS OVER!" signs in twelve cities around the world the following Christmas. 44 ____________. A peculiar irony of Lennon's story is the way we tend to worship the Man and the Beatle at the expense of the solo artist. To be frank, Lennon was not always terrific on his own. 45 ____________. A. Today, the popularity of the Beatles seems like a distant miracle, an ancient explosion of energetic teenage joy. Surviving films and historical accounts only hint at the magic of the two years, 1963 and 1964, in which the Beatles brought Britain, and then America happily to their knees. B. The Beatles wore suits and chatted cheerfully with reporters in that first couple of years. They also moved quickly to seize control—of their music, their careers and their individual destinies. C. His image as the intellectual Beatle—the shy, brilliant seeker of truth with a stubborn streak and a smart mouth—was rooted in his days as a would-be art student and teenage rebel with a remarkable intellect. He found substitute father figures in American rock musicians. D. On the final day of his life, Lennon gave an interview to promote what would be his final album. When asked about his 1971 single recording "Power to the People," Lennon said he now believed that people do have the power. "I don't mean the power of the gun," he explained. "They have the power to make and create the society they want." E. The couple planted trees for peace at Coventry Cathedral in England and, in early 1970, cut their hair for peace. In openly courting public scorn, Lennon and Ono engineered a vital public debate about peace and love as realistic goals, not just naive nonsense. F. The key line in those "WAR IS OVER!" signs was in the small type near the bottom: IF YOU WANT IT. When John Lennon died, he left us with a unique body of work and the most valuable lesson rock & roll has to offer: anything is possible—if you want it. G. He never did better than the intensity and howl of his John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band album, but there is much in Lennon's post-Beatle music to be appreciated. Recorded during his so-called lost weekend—a period of separation from Ono—the 1974 album Walls and Bridges is a striking testimony to the wretched desperation he felt.

填空题 Internet, computer-based global information system. The Internet is composed of many interconnected computer networks. Each network may link tens, hundreds, or even thousands of computers, enabling them to share information with one another and to share computational resources such as powerful supercomputers and databases of information. The Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to communicate with one another effectively and inexpensively. 41__________. The Internet has brought new opportunities to government, business, and education. Governments use the Internet for internal communication, distribution of information, and automated tax processing. In addition to offering goods and services online to customers, businesses use the Internet to interact with other businesses. 42__________. Use of the Internet has grown tremendously since its inception. The Internet's success arises from its flexibility. Instead of restricting component networks to a particular manufacturer or particular type, Internet technology allows interconnection of any kind of computer network. 43__________. Internet service providers (ISPs) provide Internet access to customers, usually for a monthly fee. A customer who subscribes to an ISP's service uses the ISP's network to access the Internet. Because ISPs offer their services to the general public, the networks they operate are known as public access networks. 44__________. An organization that has many computers usually owns and operates a private network, called an intranet, which connects all the computers within the organization: To provide Internet service, the organization connects its intranet to the Internet. Unlike public access networks, intranets are restricted to provide security. 45__________. A. The current number of people who use the Internet can only be estimated. One survey found that there were 61 million Internet users worldwide at the end of 1996, 148 million at the end of 1998, and 407 million by the end of 2000. ,Some analysts said that the number of users was expected to double again by the end of 2002. B. Only authorized computers at the organization can connect to the intranet, and the organization restricts communication between the intranet and the global Internet. The restrictions allow computers inside the organization to exchange information but keep the information confidential and protected from outsiders. C. Unlike traditional broadcasting media, such as radio and television, the Internet does not have a centralized distribution system. Instead, an individual who has Internet access can communicate directly with anyone else on the Internet, make information available to others, find information provided by others, or sell products with a minimum overhead cost. D. No network is too large or too small, too fast or too slow to be interconnected. Thus, the Internet includes inexpensive networks that can only connect a few computers within a single room as well as expensive networks that can span a continent and connect thousands of computers. E. Many individuals use the Internet for communicating through electronic mail (e-mail), for news and research information, shopping, paying bills, and online banking. Educational institutions use the Internet for research and to deliver courses and course material to students. F. In the United States, as in many countries, ISPs are private companies; in countries where telephone service is a government-regulated monopoly, the government often controls ISPs. G. The Internet has doubled in size every 9 to 14 months since it began in the late 1970s. In 1981 only 213 computers were connected to the Internet. By 2000 the number had grown to more than 100 million.

填空题[A]DrDanielStanley,anoceanographer,hasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgyptthathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMikeRampino,aclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversity,showthattheresultingashcloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarkness,aswellasgeneratinglightningandhail,twoofthe10plagues.[B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedtherainfall,causingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffectsoftheeruption,pollutioncouldhaveturneditred,ashappenedinarecentenvironmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillionsoffrogsontotheland,thesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddie,removingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice—thethirdandfourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattle(thefifthplague)andboilsandblisterstohumans(thesixthplague).[C]Moses,whichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002,willsuggestthatmuchoftheBiblestorycanheexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisaster,ahugevolcaniceruptionontheGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC.[D]Thehour-longdocumentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSea,whichallowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywasdrowned,mayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.Itrepeatsthetheorythat"RedSea"isamistranslationoftheSeaofReeds,amuchshallowerswamp.[E]TheprogrammetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptafteraseriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientificresearchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeentriggeredbytheeruption,whichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerfulthananuclearbomb.[F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorinieruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwave,travelingatabout400milesanhour,whichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenitreachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedforgenerations,andmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory.[G]FreshevidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenaturaleventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBCdocumentary.Order:

填空题[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mail,sayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarnings,eventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected.[B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglish,thatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft'sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory.[C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthors,theystillcauseddamage.Forinstance,theyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworks,includingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroom,andtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSX,afreightcompanyonAmerica'seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed.[D]Mostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystem,butwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumour,sincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting.[E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.However,accordingtoMr.Haley,WelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritself,byoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers.[F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mail,meaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspread(some500,000computerswereinfected)thatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthat,onecommoncounter-measurebackfired,increasingtrafficstillfurther.[G]KevinHaleyofSymantec,afirmthatmakesanti-virussoftware,thinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKing,ofCERT,aninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburgh,notesthat,unlikeitsprecursors,SoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneously,allowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes.

填空题 Harold Varmus is a man on a mission-a quest to liberate scientific knowledge from the bounds of journals and copyrights and make it free to all. This is no small issue to the Nobel winner, cancer researcher, and president of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}} To Varmus, what scientists do, how they think, and what they write should be immediately and freely available online throughout the world. And if taxpayers support science, he says, sharing should be mandatory. Varmus began promoting "open access" in 1999 during his last year as director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Later, with a few colleagues and heavy philanthropic support, he established the Public Library of Science to show the way by publishing several prestigious open-access journals. Historically, scientific journals pay for peer reviews, editing, and other costs through ads and subscription fees. {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}By contrast, the open-access model calls for the researchers (or their grants) to pay for publishing at a cost of some ＄2,000 to ＄3,000 or more per article. It sounds sensible, but the author-pay approach has faced resistance on several fronts. Some scientists, particularly those younger and less well funded, worry that the fees will limit their publishing. {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}Journals fault a model that burdens relatively few researchers with costs now shared by the large reader base. And others worry, about government intrusion. The push-back is something Varnms concedes he underestimated. But he got an inkling when an effort he led in 2000 fell flat. Thousands of scientists had pledged to boycott journals unwilling to make their articles free through the National Library of Medicine, but few "kept their promise. Scientific careers still depend greatly on publishing in established journals. But Vannus persisted. He stressed that lay readers, not just scientists, were being deprived of knowledge. And now, more organizations are endorsing the concept. Varmus, 67, admits that the project has consumed more time than he had hoped. But it is succeeding so far because of his leadership. On this, he gives a nod to his Nobel Prize. "I don't believe that some of the things that I've been able to do in the last few years would have been possible without that little ornament," he says. {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}At Sloan-Kettering, as he did at NIH, he walks around tieless and carrying a backpack, and he works alongside students in his own research lab. As he does, he urges researchers to go beyond the lab, to become scientific activists for a better world. {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}The common language of science not only can help solve problems, he says; it also can unite people across unfriendly borders. A. It's more than that, though. Informing his leadership is a passion for science-with its "special powers and special beauties"-and his identity as a working scientist, not just an administration. B. If we speak that language, Varmus says, "we'll build one world. If we don't, we're going to live in a fragmented world, as we do now." C. Access to scientific literature is only one step; poorer nations also need a greater share of scientific investment, he says. D. In fact, it is symbolic of Varmus's view that science is critical to improving the human condition and, thus, must be shared. E. A bill in Congress would require scientists supported by the NIH to submit work only to journals that agree to make it free online within a year. F. Subscriptions often amount to hundreds of dollars per year, posing financial hurdles to readers, especially when multiplied by many journals. G. Others are concerned that hundreds of millions of NIH dollars will be diverted from research and into publishing.

填空题Directions:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]Ifsuchpillscatchon,theycouldgeneratesignificantrevenuesfordrugcompanies.InPfizer'scase,thegoalistotransferasmanyqualifiedpatientsaspossibletothecombopill.Norvasc'spatentsexpirein2007,butPfizercouldavoidlosingallitsrevenuesfromthedrugatonceifitwerepartofasuperpill.SenaLund,ananalystatCathayFinancial,seesPfizerselling＄4.2billionworthofNorvasc-Lipitorby2007.ThatwouldhelptakeuptheslackforfallingsalesofLipitor,whichheprojectswilldropto＄5billionin2007,downfrom＄8billionlastyear.[B]Asusual,economicscouldtipthescales.PatientsnowtakingbothLipitorandNorvasc"couldcuttheirinsuranceco-payinhalf"byswitchingtothecombodrug,Gavrisnotes.That'sakeyadvantage.Controllinghypertension,forinstance,canrequirethreeormoredrugs,andthefi-nancialburdenonpatientsmountsquickly.Ifpatientsalsobenefit—asPfizerandotherdrugcompaniescontend—makingtheswitchtosuperpillscouldbeadvantageousforeveryone.[C]Multifunctionsuperpillsaren'tnearlyasfarfetchedastheymaysound.Andreducingsuchseriousriskstohearthealthassoaringcholesterol,diabetes,andhighbloodpressurepotentiallycouldsavemanylivesandbehighlylucrativefordrugcompanies.AcombopillfromPfizer(PFE)ofitshypertensiondrugNorvascandcholesterol-loweringagentLipitor"couldhavehugepotential,"saysShaojingTong,analystatMehtaPartners."Offeringtwofunctionsinonepillitselfisahugeconvenience."[D]Someotherphysiciansaremoreskeptical."Ifyouwanttochangedosageononeofthenewpill'stwodrugs,you'restuck,"fearsDr.IreneGavris,professorofmedicineatBostonUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Shesaysshewouldfeelmostcomfortabletryingthecombinationpillonpatientswho"havebeenonthedrugsforawhile"andarethusunlikelytoneedchangesindosage.[E]Combiningtreatmentswouldchallengedoctorstoapproachheartdiseasedifferently.Butbetterpatientcomplianceisimportantenough,saysRockson,thatheexpectsdoctorstobeopentotryingthecombinedpill.[F]DoctorsalsomaybequicktoadoptNorvasc-Lipitor,Pfizerfigures,becauseit'smadeupoftwowell-studieddrugs,whichmanyphysiciansarealreadyfamiliarwith.ButDr.StanleyRockson,chiefofconsultativecardiologyatStanfordUniversityMedicalCenter,saysfixed-dosecombinationpillsrepresent"aninterestingcrossroads"forphysicians,whoaretypicallytrainedto"approacheachindividualproblemwithcare."[G]Pfizerarguesthataddressingtwodistinctandseriouscardiovascularriskfactorsinonepillhasadvantages.PeoplewithbothhypertensionandhighLDLcholesterol(the"bad"kind)numberaround27millionintheU.S.,notesCraigHopkinson,medicaldirectorfordualtherapyatPfizer,andonly2%ofthatpopulationreachesadequatetreatmentgoals.Takingtwotreatmentsinonewillincreasethenumberofpatientswhotakethemedicationsproperlyand"assistingettingpatientstogoal,"hesays.

填空题　　Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They　 ---|||________|||---　th in the long run industrializion grely raised the standard of living for the　 ---|||________|||---　man. But they insisted th its　 ---|||________|||---　results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the　 ---|||________|||---　of the English populion.　 ---|||________|||---　contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a　 ---|||________|||---　agricultural country, a period of gre abundance and prosperity. 　　This view,　 ---|||________|||---　, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists　 ---|||________|||---　history and economics, have　 ---|||________|||---　two things: th the period from 1650 to 1750 was　 ---|||________|||---　by gre poverty, and th industrializion certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.

填空题A. International students have the same needs as local students and should be accorded equivalent rights and protections—except in a few areas, such as voting in national elections. A more comprehensive and rights-based approach to the security of international students could be obtained through bilateral negotiations between the countries that send and receive them. China, India, Malaysia, and other nations should seek a systematic regime of protection and respect for their citizens who study in other countries. As a pattern of bilateral negotiations became established, common global standards could emerge. B. What did we find? The experience of international students differs from that of local students in three ways. First, the lives of international students are more marginal, lonelier, and less informed than those of their local peers. Second, the majority of international students in Australia face at least some barriers to communicating in English that affect not just academic progress but also daily life. Problems of abuse or discrimination are often associated with communications issues. Third, there are pronounced differences between local and international students in areas where cultural identity are at play, not just in cross-cultural relations but in looking for rental housing, seeking a job, and so on. C. National and state governments should also subsidize affordable housing, for a mix of international and local students, in areas where students study and work. The governments should also require inspections of students' rental housing. They should provide supervised transport, especially at night. The police should patrol hot spots where violence is occurring or might occur. International students should receive adequate information about safety and security upon arrival in their new countries. D. We defined student security as including the full range of issues affecting the empowerment and protection of international students: financial support, housing, health, safety, work issues, and relations with their universities and the government's immigration department. We also looked into international students' personal networks, communications, and intercultural issues. We conducted the empirical work for our study in Australia, but our research and that of other scholars show that the underlying issues are common, to some extent, to all countries. E. The fundamental problem, however, lies with nations' regulatory frameworks, which should be modified for a globalized world. We must find ways of moving international-student security up the policy agenda of national governments, multilateral forums, and global agencies. Australian international education, for example, is now regulated through the Education Services for Overseas Students Act. It imposes obligations on provider institutions, mostly in relation to consumer protection and immigration compliance. But safety on campus is not mentioned. The act does not cover students' lives in the community outside the campus, where most problems of security occur. F. But delve deeper and you will find that although most students succeed abroad and have satisfying experiences, certainly not all of them do—and some have major problems, which can range far beyond loneliness and difficulties adjusting to new cultures. Some international students are victims of terrible crimes. Unfortunately, their security is not adequately ensured by the countries where they study, which still treat them as outsiders and their rights as privileges that can be ignored. Even though global mobility in education has rendered such an approach obsolete, national regulations have not kept pace. G. What should be done to improve the safety and security of international students? For them, security means not only protection but also the capacity to operate as free human agents making choices. For many international students, acquiring communication skills is almost as important as acquiring degrees. Universities in English-speaking countries should make English-language communication a formal requirement for degree status.

填空题41)__________. The mystery involves a change in the atmoshpere—a hole, or thinning, of the ozone in the atmosphere over Antarctica. Scientists were not sure what was causing it. 42) __________. It is found both in the air we breathe and in the upper atmosphere. Near the earth, ozone in the air is a danger to life. It is a pollutant. But ozone found 10 kilometers to 50 kilometers up in the atmosphere protects life on earth. Ozone forms in the atmosphere through the action of solar radiation. Once formed, the ozone blocks harmful radiation from reaching the earth. Scientists say a decrease in ozone and an increase in the harmful radiation will cause many more cases of skin cancer and will harm crops, animals and fish. 43) __________. Chlorine is released into the air from the chlorofluorocarbons—or CFCs—used in plastic, air conditioners and spray cans. The use of CFCs has greatly increased worldwide since 1960 and is continuing to increase. The destruction of the ozone in the atmosphere also has increased. An international effort is being made to halt the loss of atmospheric ozone. But many experts fear the effort will not produce results fast enough to prevent harm to life on earth. Thirty-one nations negotiated a treaty last year (1987) calling for a reduction in the worldwide production of chlorofluorocarbons. It was praised at the time as a major step in halting further destruction of the ozone. Cuts in the present production of CFCs will begin in the mid-1990s. 44) __________. Harmful chemicals take from 7 to 10 years to rise up into the atmosphere. Damage from the increase use of CFCs in this past decade still has not been felt. Government scientists say more than two times the mount of these gases will be in the atmosphere before the levels stop rising. 45) __________. Scientists point out a molecule of chlorine remains in the atmosphere for as long as 100 years. During that time, it destroys tens of thousands of ozone molecules.[A] Why has the ozone problem developed? No one knows for sure. But scientists say the evidence is very strong that the chlorine in chlorofluorocarbons (含氯氟烃)is causing much of the problem.[B] Almost 30 years after scientists discovered that common industrial gases were destroying Earth's protective ozone layer, satellite readings and ground observations show for the first time that the dangerous rate of ozone loss is finally slowing.[C] Ozone is a three-atom form of oxygen gas.[D] There have been some new developments in a continuing mystery we have reported about many times.[E] Scientists also say damage to ozone will continue because of the long life of the chemical gases released into the atmosphere.[F] The ozone problem caused by CFCs was first noticed as early as the 1960s.[G] However, most scientists now agree destruction of the ozone will continue for decades. They say this will happen even though industries and governments do their best to control the damage.

填空题Historians are detectives searching out the evidence of the past in their pursuit of history. This is a challenging and frequently engaging quest　1　its own, but evidence must be turned to　2　. Primary sources that are uncovered　3　many forms that vary　4　the questions asked and the period studied, but written records are　5　historians use more than any other. The historian does not　6　evidence in the manner of courts of law, where questions of admissibility and truth versus falsehood are　7　. The historian''s use of evidence is much more　8　 Determining how and with what end 9 mind any piece of evidence came into existence are the first tasks 10 the historian in the internal criticism of historical sources. It is important to know, for instance, who 11 a particular census and with what instructions, or　12　a correspondent was addressing a friend or foe, colleague or opponent. 　　For many years historians divided evidence into the two　13　of primary and secondary sources. The former were considered as any　14　or artifact from the period　15　 study, the latter as descriptions or reconstructions based on primary sources. The function of the historian, it was　16　, was to convert primary sources into secondary sources. This　17　misleads. What have been called secondary sources am not historical sources at all, but　18　that reveal the historian''s point of view. All evidence used by the historian was a primary source at the time it was　19　and it is always partial and incomplete. Therein lies part of the　20　of history.