填空题Today, some 30% of small business owners don"t have a Web presence at all, while the vast majority who do are watching their sites sit stale, waiting and wanting for business. Where did things go wrong? There are common principles followed by those whose dreams of online success have become reality. 6 Build your site around your customer: Thinking of your site as your online storefront, built around delivering the highest-quality customer experience from the moment your customer steps through the "door". 7 Just because you built it doesn"t mean they"ll come: If you aren"t seeing a large volume of targeted traffic to your site, it"s time to up the ante. 8 Integrate customer loyalty programs and promotions: Methods contain discounts, news, or friendly service reminders. Use discount promotional offers to stay in touch with past visitors to your site. 9 Justify your monthly spending through product bundling: While pay-per-click Internet advertising is much more cost-effective than traditional media channels, bundling products together will not only increase your sales revenue, but also enable you to get more out of your per-click ad rates. 10 Measure your progress: Your site may be live, but how is it performing? Armed with these simple lessons, vow to make your business realize the true promise of the Internet. A. A manufacturing company selling $50 items was having trouble justifying the cost of online keyword ads. By bundling products to create packages of $100 or more and advertising to wholesale customers looking to buy in bulk, the manufacturer dropped its sales representative agencies and focused on large-volume buyers, such as Wal-Mart and Target. Needless to say, the company had no trouble exceeding its yearly sales quota. B. One of my past clients had a well-designed physical storefront, solid prices, and quality offerings. However, he wasn"t able to drive enough store traffic despite targeted advertising efforts in print publications and other offline venues. We decided to shift those ad dollars to an online pay-per-click campaign—in which the advertiser pays whenever someone clicks on its entry posted during the course of a site search based on keywords relevant to his business. The immediate impact was staggering. Online revenue soared tenfold to $1 million from $100,000 within only a few months. C. With today"s technology, your return can be easily measured. If you rely on your Web site as a sales tool, you can"t afford not to invest in site analytics. Make sure your Web solution includes an easy-to-use reporting tool that presents this information in a clear, concise format. After all, while metrics are a critical part of the Web equation, you don"t have the time to spend hours digging through reams of data. D. Years ago, I worked with a woman who sold purses online through a home-built site that lacked critical e-commerce components. After a simple redesign including product descriptions, comprehensive navigation, and a secure, user-friendly ordering system, her revenue increased fivefold. And she began receiving rave reviews from customers impressed with the ease and convenience of the online shopping experience. E. Online success demands more than simple presence. Your Internet investment should pay for itself with new customers and increased sales. Find a trusted partner who can help you navigate today"s (and tomorrow"s) technology and who understands the bottom-line realities of your business. F. One villa rental company had a Web site that generated very few calls and online bookings. I helped the company set up a "last minute deals" distribution list. By subscribing, site visitors would receive weekly e-mails offering 11th-hour discounts on villa rentals. As a result, the company captured contact information for thousands of possible customers, reduced its unused inventory to almost zero, and increased revenue significantly.

填空题A. The necessity to stop the current practice B. Effect of the pet-raising industry on fish population C. Consequences from killing fish predators D. Consumption of fish by domestic animals E. The practice of removing predatory species F. The reduction of fish population by rising human populations All over the world, fishing communities are screaming for the heads of seals, dolphins, pelicans and even whales. The reason for this is grossly diminished populations of commercial fish. Simply put, most of the world's commercial fisheries have collapsed or are in a state of collapse. The reason for the collapse has been a combination of mismanagement and corruption within governmental fishery departments, industrial over-fishing, increasing demand fi'om steadily rising human populations and just plain greed. (1) . Instead of facing up to the real reasons, government bureaucrats, fishermen and the public have chosen to scapegoat other species that rely on fish for their survival. Because of this, Canadians are engaged in a massive slaughter of seals on the Atlantic coast and clamoring for a seal lion killed on the Pacific coast. The Namibians are killing some 60, 000 seals each year. The Japanese are slaughtering dolphins; fishermen in California are killing and maiming pelicans and cormorants; and the Norwegians, Icelanders and the Japanese are steadily increasing their illegal whale kills. (2) . In fact, in every coastal community the story is the same. Kill the seals, kill the birds and kill the dolphins—anything to save the fish. Ironically, the diminishment of seals and other natural predators is directly contributing to a further decline in fish. The reason for this is that marine mammals and birds eat fish and remove sick and weak species from the populations they prey upon. In the case of the harp seal, the seals remove species that prey upon cod and thus reduce predatory species having an impact on the cod. The fact is that the largest predators of fish are other fish. Seals, dolphins, pelicans and cormorants keep these populations in check and in balance. (3) Before modern global fishing, marine mammal and sea bird populations were much more populous than today. The seal population on the East Coast alone was close to 40 million only 500 years ago. And there was no shortage offish. The cod have been reduced to one percent of their original numbers in the last 500 years by the human species. Let's put this in perspective. The worldwide population of all species of seals is about 28 million. Yet the worldwide population of domestic housecats is estimated to be about 80 million. The housecat population of the US alone consumes 2.9 million tons of fish each year. This means that South Africa's entire annual catch offish is only 17 percent of this 2.9-million-ton requirement. As seal conservationist Francois Hugo of South Africa puts it, "We are destroying our indigenous natural wildlife to feed an unchecked exotic domestic pet market. " (4) . It is also a tragedy that more than 50 percent of all the fish taken from the sea are not eaten by people. Most of it is rendered into animal feed for cattle, chickens, pigs and, ironically, for farm-raised salmon. It takes 30 to 50 fish caught from the ocean to raise and market one farm-raised salmon. Captain Jacques Cousteau told me not long before he died that "the oceans are dying in our time." (5) . We must be insane to continue to pull the last of the fishes from the sea to feed domestic pets and livestock. Most of these fish are the small fishes like the herring, and sand-eels—the very fish that provide the foundation of the food chain for the larger fish. The North Sea sand-eel fishery alone has destroyed tens of thousands of puffins and this fishery is exclusively for the livestock feed trade. If nations simply prohibited the taking of fish to feed livestock and pets, we would effectively cut the annual reduction of fish from our oceans by more than 50 percent. But it won't happen because there is much money to be made from selling these products and government bureaucrats and politicians do what they are told by the corporations that have the money and provide the jobs. Unfortunately, this path has only one destination the silent seas, fishes out, with whales, seals, birds, and turtles removed. A stagnant stinking cesspool of lifeless brine will be our legacy.

填空题A. Modern marketing is therefore a coordinated system of many business activities. But basically it involves four things: selling the correct product at the proper place, selling it at a price determined by demand, satisfying a customer"s need and wants, and producing a profit for the company. B. Because products are often marketed internationally, distribution has increased in importance. Goods must be at the place where the customer need them or bought there. This is known as place utility: it adds value to a product. However, many markets are separated from the place of production, which means that often both raw materials and finished products must be transported to the points where they are needed. C. The terms market and marketing can have several meanings depending upon how they are used. The term stock market refers to the buying and selling of shares in corporations, as well as other activities related to stock trading and pricing. The important world stock markets are in London, Geneva, New York, Tokyo and Singapore. Another type of market is a grocery market, which is a place where people purchase food. When economists use the word market, they mean a set of forces or conditions that determine the price of a product, such as the supply available for sale and the demand for it by consumers. The term marketing in business includes all these meanings, and more. D. In the past, the concept of marketing emphasized sales. The producer or manufacturer made a product he wanted to sell. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product. Basically, selling the product would be accomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personal selling. In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution of the product to the places where it was actually sold. Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, and related services, such as financing, standardization and grading, and the related risks. E. Marketing now involves first deciding what the customer wants, and designing and producing a product that satisfies these wants at a profit to the company. Instead of concentrating solely on product, the company must consider the desires of the consumer. And this is much more difficult since it involves human behavior. Production, on the other hand, is mostly an engineering problem. Thus, demand and market forces are still an important aspect of modern marketing, but they are considered prior to the production process. F. The modem marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it is based on a different set of principles. It subscribes to the notion that production can be economically justified only by consumption. In other words, goods should be produced only if they can be sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product, or what the market for the product is before production begins. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about how to sell it. G. Raw materials requiring little or special treatment can be transported by rail, ship of barge at low cost. Large quantities of raw materials travels as bulk freight but finished products that often require special treatment, such as refrigeration or careful handling, are usually transported by truck, this merchandise freight is usually smaller in volume and required quicker delivery. Merchandise freight is a term for the transportation of manufactured good. Along all points of the distribution channel various amounts of storage are required. The time and manner of such storage depends upon the type of product. Inventories of this stored merchandise often need to be financed. Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 →A

填空题When a smitten great-grandson of Charles Darwin pronounced Ava Gardner "the highest specimen of the human species," he summed up the consensus about this voluptuous movie queen. With remarkable unanimity, those who met Gardner were apt m second that emotion. "She was a sexy gal," said George Sidney, who filmed her for an MGM screen test in 1941. "Man. she was a hot number," Miles Davis said many years later. (41) . As for the much-vaunted party stamina of a woman who never met a drink or a bullfighter she didn't like: "She could go all night, y'know. She was a wild country girl and liked to let her hair down and fling off her shoes and have a good time." Her latest biographer. Lee Server, is no slouch when it comes to admiring Gardner. His book's introduction calls her "a carnal, dangerous angel in the chiaroscuro dreamscape of film noir." (42) . He is well suited 1o writing about iconic movie mavericks like these two. He's not a bore. And as the author of a book about film noir, he understands cinematic idiom. Mr. Serverrefers to amnesia as "noir's Version of the common cold." "Ava Gardner. 'Love Is Nothing'" is a seductive book that avoids the pitfalls that come with its territory. First of all, there is the problem of the star's memoir. Ms. Gardner's autobiography was published posthumously and worked on by several writers, sometimes sounding that way. Mr. Server makes use of this account without particularly trusting it, and with a nod to the apocryphal nature of so many Gardner stories. (43) He also enlivens his book's bibiliography with a long string of newspaper and magazine headlines that capture the tenor of Gardner's paper trail. (44) . Gardner lived so much of her life in this kind of spotlight that the tabloid coverage became part of her story. "There is one extant press photo of the couple on their honeymoon that does not show them muning0 snarling, cringing, cowering," Mr. Server writes about Gardner's gale-force stormy marriage (her third) to Frank Sinatra. "Of course, it was taken from a distance, and from the mar." (45) . She called love "nothing but a pain" and specified where the pain was. Her story begins in Grabtown, the rural North Carolina burg that became famous as her birthplace. But it doesn't take long for Mr. Server to take Gardner to Hollywood, into an MGM contract and a marriage to Mickey Rooney. Rooney, who called his honeymoon with Gardner "a sexual symphony," was one of many men whose memoirs bragged of bedroom exploits with tiffs gorgeous creature. She liked to kiss and tell, too. "We never fought in bed." she supposedly said about Sinatra. "The fight would start on the way to the bidet"[A] And when the facts are unobtainable, he's willing reprint the legend; or so it seems—stories like "Later on she took the entire band with her when the club closed."[B] Others thought of her as "a goddess," "an enigma," "a very, very wild spirit" and "one of those people who broke the rules all the time."[C] Among them: "Ava, 'Nervous,' Tossed Out of Brazil Hotel"; "Nothing Between Us, Says Ava": "Sinatra Departs, Ava Blows Kisses to Bullfighter."[D] Speaking of the rear, this book's subtitle, "Love Is Nothing," is only a partial, sanitized quotation from Gardner.[E] For Gardner, love and pain became a swirling, kamikaze-like froth of high-speed existence before decades of overload finally broke her down.[F] Server fondly brings Gardner to life as a warm,- refreshingly unpretentious star whose appetites eventually overwhelmed her spirit.[G] But Mr. Server. whose last book was a Robert Mitchum biography that lived up to its terrific title ("Robert Mitchum: 'Baby, I Don't Care'"), can also keep his cool.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41～45, choose the most suitable one from the list A～G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choirs which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. The acronym DINK--double income, no kids--originated in the US in the 1960s.41)__________. This choice was not irrational. After all, nowadays retired people can live on their pensions and savings, so they are no longer compelled to depend on their offspring in old age. And a child is undeniably an expensive proposition: so much time and money are required. Why bother having one? It is hard to condemn those who opt out of parenthood. And in China their decisions are perfectly in keeping with the drive to limit population growth. 42)__________. A baby enters the world with a mind like blank paper, and gradually he or she acquires the ability to think, to talk and finally to communicate easily. Isn't there something magical about it? When you see the process happening before your very eyes, you feel a happiness like no other. A Chinese DINK said to me recently, "If you didn' t have three children, you could go to a bar or the cinema with your wife on weekends--how unrestrained and romantic that would be!, But I would say that no matter how wonderful Hollywood films or Broadway performances are, watching them is far less interesting than seeing my extrovert of a daughter sing and dance. If it's true that there are rewards to be gotten from having children, then surely the happiness of seeing them grow up is the greatest.43)__________. But this is a happiness that can be felt only after you become a parent; there's no appreciating it otherwise. However, who begets a child out of curiosity to see him or hex grow up? None of my friends had this in mind when they or their wife got pregnant. For some the pregnancy was unexpected.44)__________. And some said that having a child can bring stability to a troubled marriage—but is that really true? I myself didn't give it much thought. I just assumed it was the natural thing to do, and since my wife enjoyed big, cheerful, lively families, we went ahead end had three kids. No regrets. I know my words won't change any minds.45)__________. No, raising a child is not easy. The happiness of seeing a child grow, in contrast, is largely in the mind of the parents, end other people cannot so readily perceive lt. Little wonder, then, that so many people without children believe parenthood is all work end no fun. A. What DINKs say is obviously true: children really de require lots of parental energy and money. Just watch a mother bring a sick child to a hospital; you can see the tension, the worry, and all the self-control it takes to seem calm and reassuring B. Another Chinese friend of mine complained: "I provided the funds for my child to go to collage and then off to America for a master's degree, but so far I haven't gotten any rewards out of playing parent." To him I would say that the rewards were there all along—for any parent open to the wonder of seeing a child begin to speak, or surprise us with a new word used for the first time C. Fearing that children might constrain their freedom, married working women began to avoid pregnancy; the result was many busy, prosperous young DINK couples D. Each individual has his or her own reasons for wanting or not waning children, and his or her own happiness to build. The saddest people are those who have children but come to regret it, [or whatever reason. Regretful parents axe usually closed to family happiness. And without the happiness, all that remain are the burdens E. Yet few couples with children would agree that they were stupid to become parents. Most are very happy that they have had the experience of witnessing a child grow to maturity F. My wife end I have three small children. Chinese friends often ask why three children, not one or none: Doesn't raising three children limit my career in business and in my wife's case, teaching? G. Others had parents eager to have grandchildren. A few said they had children because a person's life would be incomplete without one. Some said that there were millions and millions of children in the world and they just wanted to see what theirs would be like

填空题If your face and name are anywhere on the web, you may be recognized whenever you walk the streets—not just by cops but by any geek with a computer. That seems to be the conclusion from some new research on the limits of privacy. For suspected miscreants, and people chasing them, face-recognition technology is old hat. Brazil, preparing for the soccer World Cup in 2014, is already trying out pairs of glasses with mini-cameras attached; policemen wearing them could snap images of faces, easy to compare with databases of criminals. More authoritarian states love such methods: photos are taken at checkpoints, and images checked against recent participants in protests. (41) A study which is to be unveiled on August 4th at Black Hat, a security conference in Las Vegas, suggests that day is close. Its authors, Alessandro Acquisti, Ralph Gross and Fred Stutzman, all at America's Carnegie Mellon University, ran several experiments that show how three converging technologies are undermining privacy. One is face-recognition software itself, which has improved a lot. (42) And they went to social networks like Facebook and LinkedIn, where most users post real names and photos of themselves. In their first experiment, the researchers collected images from 5,000 profiles of people on a popular American dating site in a particular city—most of whom used pseudonyms. They fed the pictures into an off-the-shelf face-recognition programme that compared them with 280,000 images they had found by using a search engine to identify Facebook profiles from the same city. They discovered the identity of just over a tenth of the folk from the dating site. (43) The researchers did a second experiment: they took webcam photos of 93 students on Carnegie Mellon's campus, with their assent. These were fed into the face-recognition software along with 250,000 photos gleaned from publicly available profiles on Facebook. About a third of students in the test were identified. (44) By mining public sources, including Facebook profiles and government databases, the researchers could identify at least one personal interest of each student and, in a few cases, the first five digits of a social security number. All this helps to explain concerns over the use of face-recognition software by the likes of Google and Facebook, which have been acquiring firms that specialize in that technology, or licensing software from them. (Google recently snapped up Pittsburgh Pattern Recognition, the firm which owns the programme the researchers used for their tests.) Privacy officials in Europe have said they will scrutinize Facebook's use of face-recognition software to help people "tag", or identify, friends in photos they upload. And privacy campaigners in America have made a formal complaint to regulators. (Facebook notes that people can opt out of the photo-tagging service by altering their privacy settings. ) (45) Eric Schmidt, the executive chairman, has said it took the decision because "people could use this stuff in a very, very bad way, as well as a good way. " But face-recognition methods may still spread. As Mr Acquisti says, sharing named photos online has "opened the floodgates" to a new, privacy-sapping world. Shutting them will be hard. A. That might not seem a big percentage, but the hit rate will get better as face-recognition software improves and more snaps are uploaded. B. Given the sensitivity, Google decided not to release a face-recognition search engine it had made. C. The researchers also used "cloud computing" services, which provide lots of cheap processing power. D. The best face-recognition algorithms now perform more accurately than most humans can manage. Overall, facial-recognition technology is advancing rapidly. E. But the most striking result was from a third experiment. F. But could such technology soon be used by anyone at all, to identify random passers-by and unearth personal details about them? G. The main applications of face recognition have been in contexts like ID cards and face scanners.

填空题 The Economist recognises these talented people through its annual Innovation Awards, presented in six fields: bioscience, computing and communications, energy and environment, business-process innovation, consumer products and a flexible "no boundaries" category. The awards were presented at a ceremony in London on November 9th by John Micklethwait, The Economist's editor-in-chief. And the winners were:Bioscience: Marvin Caruthers, professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of Colorado at Boulder, for the development of automated DNA synthesis--the ability to "print out" arbitrary strands of genetic material.(41) {{B}}Computing and communications:{{/B}} a creative individual who dreams up new ideas of computing and communi6ations and turn them into reality.(42) {{B}}Energy and environment:{{/B}} a creative individual who dreams up new ideas of energy and environment and turn them into reality.(43) {{B}}No boundaries:{{/B}} a creative individual who dream up new ideas of internet and turn them into reality.(44) {{B}}Business-process innovation:{{/B}} a creative individual who dreams up new ideas of business-process and turn them into reality.(45) {{B}}Consumer products:{{/B}} a creative individual who dreams up new ideas of consumer products and turn them into reality. We extend our congratulations to the winners, and our thanks to the judges.[A] Nicolas Hayek, chairman of Swatch, for revitalising the Swiss watch industry. During the 1980s Switzerland's legendary watch industry fell into decline, with exports falling by half within a decade as a result of Japanese competition. Mr. Hayek's response was to consolidate the industry to create the Swatch Group. It went on to beat the Japanese at their own game, creating the bestselling watch brand in history and becoming the largest watchmaker in the world, with a quarter of the market.[B] Janus Friis and Niklas Zennstrom of Skype, for the development of internet file-sharing and telephony using peer-to-peer technology, which allows millions of computers to link up over the internet without central co-ordination. In 2000 Messrs Friis and Zennstrom launched KaZaA, which became the dominant means of sharing music and video files, despite attempts by the entertainment industry to shut it down. Skype, launched in 2003, lets users make free phone calls over the internet, forcing traditional telecoms operators to slash their prices.[C] Sam Pitroda, chief executive of WorldTel, for pioneering India's communications revolution. In 1987 Mr. Pitroda was asked by Rajiv Gandhi, the Indian prime minister, to help democratise access to telecommunications. His response was to deploy instantly recognizable yellow telephone kiosks in every town and village. This helped to release India's telecoms industry from state control and opened it up to private firms, paving the way for a technology boom. He now promotes similar policies in other countries.[D] Pierre Omidyar, founder and chairman of eBay, for the development of electronic marketplace technology and his promotion of access to markets as a tool for social change. Mr. Omidyar set up eBay in 1995 with the aim of creating a marketplace accessible to any internet user. The business was profitable by 1996. People all over the world buy and sell items in 45 000 categories; some even make a living trading on eBay.[E] Hernando de Soto, founder and president of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy. Mr. de Soto argues that bureaucracy and the lack of formal property rights are major causes of poverty in developing countries. Red tape and the lack of legal title to property, preventing its use as collateral, make it hard for the poor to establish or expand businesses. While serving as economic adviser to the Peruvian government, Mr. de Soto initiated a property-titling scheme which helped 1.2m families. Similar reforms have been implemented in El Salvador, Haiti, Tanzania and Egypt. Mr. de Soto has also championed the use of league tables to shame governments into cutting red tape.[F] Johannes Poulsen, former chief executive, Vestas Wind Systems, for the commercialisation of wind energy. In 1987 Mr. Poulsen took the helm at Vestas, then a small Danish firm with 60 employees. By the time he retired in 2002, Vestas had 5 000 employees and a quarter of the world market for wind turbines. Under Mr. Poulsen, Vestas greatly improved the efficiency of wind turbines, reducing costs and making wind power more competitive.

填空题Directions:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41--45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA--Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperis,infact,probablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnow,withmassiveincreasesinpaperprices,thetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.[B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottles,whicharereturnedtothedairies,washedout,andrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.Moreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottles,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays![C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopper,whousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.Sowhyisitdone?Someofit,likethecellophaneonmeat,isnecessary,butmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment.[D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops,asuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks.[E]Littleresearch,however,isbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisit,forinstance,forlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaper,pulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxes?Woulditbecheapertoplantanotherforest?Paperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging--20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday--butverylittleissalvaged.[F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackaging,intendedtobeusedjustonce,andmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythem,isclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatis,afterall,arelativelyunimportantfunction.[G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking,theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoff,thelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polytheneorpaper.(539words)Notes:cellophane(包装用的)玻璃纸。doup打包，装饰。polythene聚乙烯。refusen.废料，废物。messup型脏，弄乱。salvage回收利用。pulp使……成为浆状。carton纸板盒。encircle环绕。mound小丘，小堆。doawaywith处理掉。asopposedto与……对照。notsomuch...as与其……倒不如……。Order:

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. If good intentions and good ideas were all it took to save the deteriorating atmosphere, the planet's fragile layer of air would be as good as fixed. The two great dangers threatening the blanket of gases that nurtures and protects life on earth-global warming and the thinning ozone layer--have been identified. Better yet, scientists and policymakers have come up with effective though expensive countermeasures. (2)41. __________. (3) CFCs-first fingered as dangerous in the 1970s by Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina, two of this year's Nobel-prizewinning chemists--have been widely used for refrigeration and other purposes. (4) If uncontrolled, the CFC assault on the ozone layer could increase the amount of hazardous solar ultraviolet light that reaches the earth's surface, which would, among other things, damage crops and bring disasters to environment. (5) Thanks to a sense of urgency triggered by the 1985 detection of what has turned out to be an annual "hole" in the especially vulnerable ozone over Antarctica, the Montreal accords have spurred industry to replace dangerous CFCs with safer substances. (6)42. __________. (7) Nonetheless, observes British Antarctic Survey meteorologist Jonathan Shanklin: "It will be the middle of the next century before things are back to where they were in the 1970s." (8) Even that timetable could be thrown off by international smugglers who have been bringing illegal CFCs into industrial countries to use in repairing or recharging old appliances. (9)43. __________. (10) Developing countries were given more time to comply with the Montreal Protocol and were promised that they would receive $ 250 million from richer nations to pay for the CFC phaseout. At the moment, though, only 60 % of those funds has been forthcoming. This is a critical time. (11) It is also a critical time for warding off potentially catastrophic climate change. Waste gases such as carbon dioxide, Methane and the same CFCs that wreck the ozone layer all tend to trap sunlight and warm the earth. The predicted results: and eventual melting of polar ice caps, rises in sealevels and shifts in climate patterns. (12)44. __________. (13) The encouraging precedent is the Montreal Protocol for ozone protection, which showed how quickly nations can act when they finally recognize a disaster. A related lesson is that if CFCs do disappear, it will be partly because chemical manufactures discover they can make a profit by selling safer replacements. (14)45. __________. (15) If that happens, then all nations, from the rich to the poor, may end up working to save the atmosphere for the same reason they've polluted it: pure economic self-interest. [A] Says Nelson Sabogal of the U. N. Environment Program: "If developed countries don't come up with the money, the ozone layer will not recuperate." [B] But that doesn't mean these problems are anywhere close to being solved. The stratospheric ozone layer, for example, is still getting thinner, despite the 1987. international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol, which calls for a phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting chemicals by the year 2006. [C] The same process may ultimately be what mitigates global warming. After long years of effort, manufacturers of solar-power cells are at last close to matching the low costs of more conventional power technologies. And a few big orders from utilities could drive the price down to competitive levels. [D] Yet the CFCs already in the air are still doing their dirty work. The Antarctic ozone hole is more severe this year than ever before, and ozone levels over temperate regions are dipping as well. If the CFC phaseout proceeds on schedule, the atmosphere should start repairing itself by the year 2000, say scientists. [E] Last year alone 20 000 tons of contraband CFCs entered the U. S.--mostly from India, where the compounds are less restricted. [F] Until recently, laggard governments could to scientific uncertainty about whether global warming has started, but that excuse is wearing thin. A draft report circulating on the Internet has proclaimed for the first time that warming has indeed begun. [G] The good news is that this gloomy scenario may galvanize the world's governments into taking serious action. For example, though it's now more costly to generate electricity from solar cells than from would otherwise have to be spent in the future combating the effects of global warming.

填空题A great many articles and books discussing environmental and resource problems begin with the proposition that there is an environmental and resource crisis. If this means that the situation of humanity is worse now than in the past, then the idea of a crisis-and all that follows from it-is dead wrong. In almost every respect important to humanity, the trends have been improving, not deteriorating. Our world now supports 5.6 billion people. In the nineteenth century, the earth could sustain only 1 billion. And 10,000 years ago, only 1 million people could keep themselves alive. People are now living more healthily than ever before. One would expect lovers of humanity-people who hate war and worry about famine in Africa-to jump with joy at this extraordinary triumph of the human mind and human organization over the raw forces of nature. 41．______ It is amazing but true that a resource shortage resulting from population or income growth usually leaves us better off than if the shortage had never arisen. 42．______ The prices of food, metals, and other raw materials have been declining by every measure since the beginning of the nineteenth century, and as far back as we know; that is, raw materials have been getting less scarce throughout history, defying the common sense notion that if one begins with an inventory of a resource and uses some up, there will be less left. This is despite, and indirectly because of, increasing population. 43．______ Also, we do not say that a better future happens automatically or without effort. 44．______ We are confident that the nature of the physical world permits continued improvement in humankind's economic lot in the long run, indefinitely. Of course, there are always newly arising local problems, shortages, and pollution, resulting from climate or increased population and income and new technologies. Sometimes temporary large-scale problems arise. 45．______That is the great lesson to be learned from human history.[A] If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenth-century England, coal would not have been developed. If coal and whale oil shortages hadn't loomed, oil wells would not have been dug.[B] But the world's physical conditions and the resilience ( power of recovering quickly) of a well-functioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems, and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.[C] The recent extraordinary decrease in the death rate-to my mind, the greatest miracle in history-accounts for the bumper crop of humanity. In the last 200 years, life expectancy in the advanced countries jumped from the mid-30's to 70's.[D] Instead, they lament (feel sorrow for) that there are so many human beings, and wring their hands ( indicate despair) about the problems that more people inevitably bring, and the problem that resources will be further diminished.[E] It will happen because men and women -- sometimes as individuals, sometimes as enterprises working for profit, sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups, and sometimes as governmental agencies-will address problems with muscle and mind, and will probably overcome, as has been usual through history.[F] Statistic studies show that population growth doesn't lead to slower economic growth, though this defies common sense. Nor is high population density a drag on economic development.[G] We don't say that all is well everywhere, and we don't predict that all will be rosy in the future. Children are hungry and sick; people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity; war or some other pollution may do us in.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph A and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. A. Is America's mortgage market rigged against blacks? Yes, say many researchers and lobbyists. Blacks are rejected for home loans far more often than whites; and despite four years of tough enforcement of anti-discrimination laws, they are likelier to be turned down than when Bill Clinton took office. No, retort mortgage lenders. Relative rejection rates reflect not race, but such things as credit and debt histories. And anyway, black home-ownership and lending to black borrowers have both increased sharply in the past few years. B. Follow-up work by researchers at the Chicago Fed found that the loan officers in the Aston study— almost all of them white—treated objective information differently according to the race of the applicant. In particular, bad edit histories and indebtedness cut blacks' chances of approval far more than those of whites. However, this research has com under attack. Suppose, say its critics, that blacks were being widely discriminated against. Then blacks who succeed in getting mortgages should be less likely to default than whites. But a study by four economists at the Federal Reserve found that black default rates are higher. Mom, black— owned banks tend to have even higher rejection rates, suggesting factors other than race are at work. C. Increasingly, lenders gather information about applicants over the phone, by post or via a computer, rather than face—to—face. Remote assessment is much favored by mortgage brokers, who accounted for 56% of the loan market. Because it is easier to bundle together loans with few quarks, they favor hassle—free applicator. And because they like to deal with large amounts of money, many prefer not to bother with low—value mortgages. The rise of these lenders has made it more likely that poorer Americans black or white, will be left out. D. The virtue of remote mortgage assessment and credit bong is that it is impossible to be racist when the applicant is invisible. But the irony is that because blacks are on average poorer than most Americans, they are more likely to be economically insecure and to have dodger credit histories. Thus these color-blind devise will not increase black's access to mortgage finance may do the reverse. E. The Clinton administration has not joined the search war, but it clearly smells racism in the lending process. And rather than pursue individual instances of discrimination, it is bong lenders toward the use of technocratic tools that are color-blind but unforgiving to Americans with low incomes. Ironically, these even fairer tools may help to exposing why all racial categories, and especially blacks, are suffering increasing denial rates. F. Both sides agree that good candidates, of whatever color, will get mortgages, whereas bad ones will not, and that explicit, Jbo-Crow-style racism is gone. They disagree about the treatment of applicants whose economic histories are flawed but not hopeless. Among this group, according to a paper by economists at the Boston Federal Reserve, published last year and much discussed since, whites do get a better deal. The authors estimated the effect of 38 variables, such as income and location of property, on the chances of getting a loan. Had blacks been treated in the same way as whites, they concluded, 21% would have been rejected: in fact, 28% were. G. Another tool, credit scores, measure the risk of delinquency and default. Scores are calculated by compiling information on applicants' credit histories. Those with less than a given score are turned down. Sinner Fannie Mac and Freddie Mac, another government—backed provider of secondary mortgages, last year asked lenders to provide credit scores, and their use has soared. Order:

填空题A. With the drive of many women to strive to be equal with men, many women have chosen to work to prove themselves. While this is a worthy goal, it can be accomplished in more meaningful ways. With this desire to work like men do, women have sacrificed the family in their pursuit. Do not take this as an attack upon women, because men in their pursuit of wealth have equally sacrificed their family to gain wealth. B. Governments, too, should embrace the potential of women. Women complain (rightly) of centuries of exploitation. Yet, to an economist, women are not exploited enough: they are the world's most under-utilized resource; getting more of them into work is part of the solution to many economic woes, including shrinking populations and poverty. C. What is clear is that in countries such as Japan, Germany and Italy, which are all troubled by the demographics of shrinking populations, far fewer women work than in America, let alone Sweden. If female labor-force participation in these countries rose to American levels, it would give a helpful boost to these countries' growth rates. Likewise, in developing countries where girls are less likely to go to school than boys, investing in education would deliver huge economic and social returns. Not only will educated women be more productive, but they will also bring up better educated and healthier children. More women in government could also boost economic growth: studies show that women are more likely to spend money on improving health, education, infrastructure and poverty and less likely to waste it on tanks and bombs. D. Furthermore, the increase in female employment in the rich world has been the main driving force of growth in the past couple of decades. Those women have contributed more to global GDP growth than have either new technology or the new giants, China and India. Add the value of housework and child rearing, and women probably account for just over half of world output. It is true that women still get paid less and few make it to the top of companies, but as prejudice fades over coming years, women will have great scope to boost their productivity—and incomes. E. Girls get better grades at school than boys, and in most developed countries more women than men go to university. Women will thus be better equipped for the new jobs of the 21st century, in which brains count a lot more than brawn. In Britain far more women than men are now being trained to become doctors. And women are more likely to provide sound advice on investing their parents' nest egg: surveys show that women consistently achieve higher financial returns than men do. F. Some people fret that if more women work rather than mind their children, this will boost GDP but create negative social externalities, such as a lower birth rate. Yet developed countries where more women work, such as Sweden and America, actually have higher birth rates than Japan and Italy, where women stay at home. Others fear that women's move into the paid labor force can come at the expense of children. Yet the evidence for this is mixed. For instance, a study by Suzanne Bianchi at Maryland University finds that mothers spent the same time, on average, on childcare in 2009 as in 1965. The increase in work outside the home was offset by less housework—and less spare time and less sleep. G. Even today in the modem, developed world, surveys show that parents still prefer to have a boy rather than a girl. One longstanding reason why boys have been seen as a greater blessing has been that they are expected to become better economic providers for their parents' old age. Yet it is time for parents to think again. Girls may now be a better investment.