填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.{{/B}} Most people would not object to living a few years longer than normal, as long as it meant they could live those years in good health. Sadly, the only proven way to extend the lifespan of an animal in this way is to reduce its calorie intake. Studies going back to the 1930s have shown that a considerable reduction in consumption (about 50%) can extend the lifespan of everything from dogs to nematode worms by between 30% and 70%. Although humans are neither dogs nor worms, a few people are willing to give the calorie-restricted diet a try in the hope that it might work for them, too. But not many—as the old joke has it, give up the things you enjoy and you may not live longer, but it will sure seem as if you did. Now, though, work done by Marc Hellerstein and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, suggests that it may be possible to have, as it were, your cake and eat it too. Or, at least, to eat 95% of it. Their study, to be published in the American Journal of Physiology—Endocrinology and Metabolism, suggests that significant gains in longevity might be made by a mere 5% reduction in calorie intake. The study was done on mice rather than people. But the ubiquity of previous calorie-restriction results suggests the same outcome might well occur in other species, possibly including humans. However, you would have to fast on alternate days. (41)__________ Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells. For a cancer to develop efficiently, it needs multiple mutations to accumulate in the DNA of the cell that becomes the tumor's ancestor. (42)__________ A slower rate of cell division thus results in a slower accumulation of cancer-causing mutations. (43)__________ Heavy water is heavy because the hydrogen in it weighs twice as much as ordinary hydrogen(it has a proton and a neutron in its nucleus, instead of just a proton). Chemically, however, it behaves like its lighter relative. This means, among other things, that it gets incorporated into DNA as that molecule doubles in quantity during cell division. (44)__________ Dr Hellerstein first established how much mice eat if allowed to feed as much as they want. Then he set up a group of mice that were allowed to eat only 95% of that amount. In both cases, he used the heavy-water method to monitor cell division. The upshot was that the rate of division in the calorie-restricted mice was 37% lower than that in those mice that could eat as much as they wanted—which could have a significant effect on the accumulation of cancer-causing mutations. (45)__________ [A] To stop this happening, cells have DNA-repair mechanisms. But if a cell divides before the damage is repaired, the chance of a successful repair is significantly reduced. [B] Bingeing and starving is how many animals tend to feed in the wild. The uncertain food supply means they regularly go through cycles of too much and too little food (it also means that they are often restricted to eating less than they could manage if food were omnipresent). [C] But calorie-reduction is not all the mice had to endure. They were, in addition, fed only on alternate days: bingeing one day and starving the next. So, whether modern man and woman, constantly surrounded by food and advertisements for food, would really be able to forgo eating every other day is debatable. [D] Why caloric restriction extends the lifespan of any animal is unclear, but much of the smart money backs the idea that it slows down cell division by denying cells the resources they need to grow and proliferate. One consequence of that slow-down would be to hamper the development of cancerous tumors. [E] So, by putting heavy water in the diets of their mice, the researchers were able to measure how much DNA in the tissues of those animals had been made since the start of the experiment (and by inference how much cell division had taken place), by the simple expedient of extracting the DNA and weighing it. [F] The second reason, according to Elaine Hsieh, one of Dr Hellerstein's colleagues, is that cutting just a few calories overall, but feeding intermittently, may be a more feasible eating pattern for some people to maintain than making small reductions each and every day. [G] At least, that is the theory. Until now, though, no one has tested whether reduced calorie intake actually does result in slower cell division. Dr Hellerstein and his team were able to do so using heavy water as a chemical "marker" of the process.

填空题[A] Advertisements add interests to life[B] Advertisements help to save money[C] Criticisms on advertisers[D] Usefulness of small advertisements[E] True aesthetic value of advertisement[F] Informing: the chief function of advertising 41______ Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they're always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. "It's iniquitous," they say," that this entirely unproductive industry ( ff we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why don't they stop advertising and reduce the price Of their goods? After ail, it's the consumer who pay..." 42______ The poor old consumer! He'd have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn't create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. , from an advertisement. 43______ Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too ! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway laws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely-printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities. 44______ We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price ! 45______ Another thing we mustn't forget is the "small ads." which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the "hatch, match and dispatch" columns; but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or "agony" column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It's the best advertisement for advertising there is !

填空题If good intentions and good ideas were all it took to save the deteriorating atmosphere, the planet's fragile layer of air would be as good as fixed. The two great dangers threatening the blanket of gases that nurtures and protects life on earth-global warming and the thinning ozone layer--have been identified. Better yet, scientists and policymakers have come up with effective though expensive countermeasures. (2)41. __________. (3) CFCs-first fingered as dangerous in the 1970s by Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina, two of this year's Nobel-prizewinning chemists--have been widely used for refrigeration and other purposes. (4) If uncontrolled, the CFC assault on the ozone layer could increase the amount of hazardous solar ultraviolet light that reaches the earth's surface, which would, among other things, damage crops and bring disasters to environment. (5) Thanks to a sense of urgency triggered by the 1985 detection of what has turned out to be an annual "hole" in the especially vulnerable ozone over Antarctica, the Montreal accords have spurred industry to replace dangerous CFCs with safer substances. (6)42. __________. (7) Nonetheless, observes British Antarctic Survey meteorologist Jonathan Shanklin: "It will be the middle of the next century before things are back to where they were in the 1970s." (8) Even that timetable could be thrown off by international smugglers who have been bringing illegal CFCs into industrial countries to use in repairing or recharging old appliances. (9)43. __________. (10) Developing countries were given more time to comply with the Montreal Protocol and were promised that they would receive $ 250 million from richer nations to pay for the CFC phaseout. At the moment, though, only 60 % of those funds has been forthcoming. This is a critical time. (11) It is also a critical time for warding off potentially catastrophic climate change. Waste gases such as carbon dioxide, Methane and the same CFCs that wreck the ozone layer all tend to trap sunlight and warm the earth. The predicted results: and eventual melting of polar ice caps, rises in sealevels and shifts in climate patterns. (12)44. __________. (13) The encouraging precedent is the Montreal Protocol for ozone protection, which showed how quickly nations can act when they finally recognize a disaster. A related lesson is that if CFCs do disappear, it will be partly because chemical manufactures discover they can make a profit by selling safer replacements. (14)45. __________. (15) If that happens, then all nations, from the rich to the poor, may end up working to save the atmosphere for the same reason they've polluted it: pure economic self-interest.[A] Says Nelson Sabogal of the U. N. Environment Program: "If developed countries don't come up with the money, the ozone layer will not recuperate."[B] But that doesn't mean these problems are anywhere close to being solved. The stratospheric ozone layer, for example, is still getting thinner, despite the 1987. international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol, which calls for a phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting chemicals by the year 2006.[C] The same process may ultimately be what mitigates global warming. After long years of effort, manufacturers of solar-power cells are at last close to matching the low costs of more conventional power technologies. And a few big orders from utilities could drive the price down to competitive levels.[D] Yet the CFCs already in the air are still doing their dirty work. The Antarctic ozone hole is more severe this year than ever before, and ozone levels over temperate regions are dipping as well. If the CFC phaseout proceeds on schedule, the atmosphere should start repairing itself by the year 2000, say scientists.[E] Last year alone 20 000 tons of contraband CFCs entered the U. S.--mostly from India, where the compounds are less restricted.[F] Until recently, laggard governments could to scientific uncertainty about whether global warming has started, but that excuse is wearing thin. A draft report circulating on the Internet has proclaimed for the first time that warming has indeed begun.[G] The good news is that this gloomy scenario may galvanize the world's governments into taking serious action. For example, though it's now more costly to generate electricity from solar cells than from would otherwise have to be spent in the future combating the effects of global warming.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41～45, choose the most suitable one from the list A～G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. At Yale University, some ten students live off campus in a cooperative home they call the Green House.41)__________. Late at night, they drive to the store and quietly jump into its car-sized dumpster, picking out unopened packages of still fresh food. They find milk, eggs, bread and cookies, chocolate, soup, vegetables, even frozen pizzas and soymilk. Not only are most Green House residents vegetarian, but they are also moderate freegans, meaning that they eat mainly what they can get for free. These students, of course, are trying to leave as small an "ecological footprint" as possible. 42)__________. Across America other devout environmentalists tire "off the grid", building shacks in the wilderness without running water or electricity. Frustrated with environmental destruction and waste, they have renounced the system that fosters and perpetuates it. Such ascetic anti-consumerism may be the most dramatic side of environmentalism, and it leads to cultural ferment that can set into motion political and economic change. Its practitioners focus on personal sacrifice, hoping that their ideals and asceticism will spread like a religion. 43)__________. Our political and economic systems are deeply immature. Environmentalists need m spend just as much energy organizing political and economic environmentalism. Also, old-fashioned environmentalism often assumes that business is opposed to environmental protection. In fact, thousands of US companies are discovering, often with the help of energy consultants, how much money they have to stand from becoming environmentally efficient: saving energy and recycling within industry. The recent book Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution by Paul Hawkenetal now translated into Chinese, should get some of the credit for bringing about this transformation in attitudes. Paradoxically, the US is both the birthplace of global environmentalism and the world's biggest environmental spender. Romanticism, the European and American literary and artistic movement that found God in the wilderness, had a strong long term impact on American thinking, starting in the middle third of the 19th century. In particular, renewed attention to the essays of Henry David Thoreau (1817-62) helped launch modern environmentalism a century after his death.44)__________Why the discrepancy? Most environmental damage cannot be boiled down to the choices made by individuals. Rather, individuals are locked into a system in which heavy industry commits the majority of ecological crimes, buttressed by an economic system that squanders natural resources. The government gives away mining rights and opens public forests to loggers practically for free——and big business spends millions of dollars to make sure politicians keep on doing so.45)__________.For many environmental problems, the solution is organized political pressure and entrepreneurial innovation. A. At times, the moral conviction and worldview of the Green House appear as all encompassing as a religious faith. Green House inmates live in the most environmentally "pious" way one could conceive of in the city. B. But effective environmentalism requires more than words, more than cultural change. It requires legal and economic reform. It demands historically unprecedented policies incorporating the value of cherished natural resources in market calculations. It calls for new organizations and entrepreneurial commitment. Anyone have any ideas? C. But one drawback of focusing environmentalist energy on abstaining from personal consumption is that such an approach can distract people from the larger muses of environmental destruction, which cannot be affected by individual choices to consume or not to consume. D. Other government subsidies support several filthy industries. While the government pays for new freeways, thus subsidizing automobiles, it ignores trains and bus networks. Polluters don' t pay the real cost of externalities such as toxic waste and air and water pollution. E. They recycle cans, bottles and paper meticulously, sorting them into the bins collected by municipal trucks in American cities. They reuse "grey water", meaning that they plug the drain when they shower and then use buckets to flush the toilet with the old soapy water. To prevent food from going to waste, they even get most of their groceries out of the trash of an upscale grocery store. F. We should recall, however, that environmentalists have often been fobbed off with token gestures, idle talk and unimplemented treaties. Even President Bush, who has the worst environmental record of any American president so far, has mastered the art of (largely empty) environmentalist rhetoric. G. Yet today America, with only 596 of the world's population, produces 2496 of global carbon dioxide emissions. The US, like many other rich countries, has cleaned up its air and water, but it is still the biggest contributor to the greatest environmental threat ever global climate change.

填空题Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. A great many articles and books discussing environmental and resource problems begin with the proposition that there is an environmental and resource crisis. If this means that the situation of humanity is worse now than in the past, then the idea of a crisis-and all that follows from it-is dead wrong. In almost every respect important to humanity, the trends have been improving, not deteriorating. Our world now supports 5.6 billion people. In the nineteenth century, the earth could sustain only 1 billion. And 10,000 years ago, only 1 million people could keep themselves alive. People are now living more healthily than ever before. One would expect lovers of humanity-people who hate war and worry about famine in Africa-to jump with joy at this extraordinary triumph of the human mind and human organization over the raw forces of nature. 41．______ It is amazing but true that a resource shortage resulting from population or income growth usually leaves us better off than if the shortage had never arisen. 42．______ The prices of food, metals, and other raw materials have been declining by every measure since the beginning of the nineteenth century, and as far back as we know; that is, raw materials have been getting less scarce throughout history, defying the common sense notion that if one begins with an inventory of a resource and uses some up, there will be less left. This is despite, and indirectly because of, increasing population. 43．______ Also, we do not say that a better future happens automatically or without effort. 44．______ We are confident that the nature of the physical world permits continued improvement in humankind's economic lot in the long run, indefinitely. Of course, there are always newly arising local problems, shortages, and pollution, resulting from climate or increased population and income and new technologies. Sometimes temporary large-scale problems arise. 45．______That is the great lesson to be learned from human history. [A] If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenth-century England, coal would not have been developed. If coal and whale oil shortages hadn't loomed, oil wells would not have been dug. [B] But the world's physical conditions and the resilience ( power of recovering quickly) of a well-functioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems, and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen. [C] The recent extraordinary decrease in the death rate-to my mind, the greatest miracle in history-accounts for the bumper crop of humanity. In the last 200 years, life expectancy in the advanced countries jumped from the mid-30's to 70's. [D] Instead, they lament (feel sorrow for) that there are so many human beings, and wring their hands ( indicate despair) about the problems that more people inevitably bring, and the problem that resources will be further diminished. [E] It will happen because men and women -- sometimes as individuals, sometimes as enterprises working for profit, sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups, and sometimes as governmental agencies-will address problems with muscle and mind, and will probably overcome, as has been usual through history. [F] Statistic studies show that population growth doesn't lead to slower economic growth, though this defies common sense. Nor is high population density a drag on economic development. [G] We don't say that all is well everywhere, and we don't predict that all will be rosy in the future. Children are hungry and sick; people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity; war or some other pollution may do us in.

填空题A."Fordecades,thecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols--likeadigitalcomputer,"saidSpivey."Morerecently,however,agrowingnumberofstudies,suchasours,supportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodel,perceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinear,self-organized,emergentproperties--likeabiologicalorganism."B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestate,forexample,"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzeroorone,andinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguity,themodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheother,andifitrealizesitiswrong,itthenmakesacorrection.C.Inhisstudy,42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardaword,suchas"candle,"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalike,suchasacandleandajacket,thetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnames,suchascandleandcandy,theywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobject,andtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken.D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences(June27--July1),MichaelSpivey,apsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornell,trackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhileworkingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess.E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestages,thealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetween,simultaneouslyactiverepresentations."F."Whentherewasambiguity,theparticipantsbrieflydidn'tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmilliseconds,theywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn'tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrong,butinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea,"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowsbowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothways,andtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete;it'sadynamicalsystem."G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoes,ontheotherhand,youdonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputer,butcanhavevaluesinbetween--youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanother,andtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretation,asinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword,'Spiveysaid.Order:

填空题Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. (41) Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate. (42) Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing. (43) There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet. (44) Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast. (45) About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings. A. The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known. B. Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, from them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate. C. The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer is formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air. D. The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world. E. The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks. F. When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and then get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved. G. Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

填空题[A]MoretroublingthandetermininghowtopatentthegenomeisthelargerquestionofwhetheranyoneoughttobelayingclaimtohumanDNAatall.Thisispartlyaneconomicissue.Iftheentiregeneticschematicispre-emptivelyownedbytheresearchteamsstudyingitnow,whereistheincentiveforindependentscientists—oftensourcesofgreatinnovation—toworkonitlater?Licensingcosts,warnsJeffreyKahn,directoroftheUniversityofMinnesota'sCenterforBioethics,couldholdmedicalprogresshostage.Patentingproponentsinsistthatanequallypersuasiveargumentcouldbemadethatthelargegenome-mappinggroupsneedpatentprotectiontomaketheirworkworthwhiletothem.[B]It'snotfornothingthatscientistsareinsuchafootracetogetthehumangenomemapped.There'smorethanjustknowledgeatstake,afterall—there'smoney.Whowalksawaywithmostofthebootywon'tbedecidedinlabsoruniversities,however,butincourtsandpatentoffices.[C]Notonlycansuchfilingsbesloppygenetics,theycanalsobebadbusiness.ESTapplicationsmayleadtoso-calledsubmarinepatents,claimsthataremadetodayandthenvanish,onlytoreappearwhensomeunsuspectingscientistfindssomethingusefultodowithgeneshiddeninthepatent.Topreventthis,LehmanrequiresthatESTapplicationsincludenomorethan10geneticsequences.Each10afterthatrequiresaseparateapplication—andaseparatefilingfee."Companieswillnowhaveanincentivetofilemoreselectiveapplications,"saysLehman.[D]Thebiggestproblemwithpatentinggenesisthatwhilescientistshaveatleastageneralideaofwhatspecificstrandsofgeneticcodingdo,oftenit'sjustthat—general.Investigatorsdosometimessucceedinisolatingasingle,crispgenewithasingleknownfunction.Often,however,researcherstryingtomapgenesgetnofurtherthanmarkingofffragmentarystretchesofDNAthatmaybethousandsofbasesinlength.Theseso-calledexpressedsequencetagsmayhaverealgeneticinformationembeddedinthem,butdeterminingwherethosenuggetsareandwhattheirstructureistakesmoredigging.[E]Stickierthantheeconomicquestionistheethicalone.Mostofusreflexivelyshrinkfromtheideaofanyone'sowningtherightstoanypartofthehumanform.Besides,ifthefirstanatomisttospot,say,thepancreaswasnotgrantedtitletoit,whyshouldmodemgenome-mappingscientistsbeabletoclaimevenasinglegene?AsKahnpointsout,"Youcouldpatentasystemformininggoldfromore.Wedon'tletpeoplepatentthegold."Thatkindofargumentisgroundednotinlawbutintheveryideaofwhatitmeanstobehuman—anissuethateventhehighestfederalcourtisnotlikelytosettle.[F]GeneticistshavelatelybeenfilingpatentapplicationsfortheseESTsanyway,figuringthatit'sbesttoprotecttheirturfnowandgospelunkingaroundinitlater.Inasciencethatprizesprecisionaboveallelse,thiscanbeanoddwaytodobusiness."Iwouldguessthatinmanycasesthescientistsdidn'tevenexamineallthematerial,"saysBruceLehman,commissionerofthePatentandTrademarkOffice.[G]Thoughdecipheringtheentirehumangeneticblueprintisstillafewyearsaway,scientistshavebegunlayingclaimtothestretchesofDNAwhosecodestheyhavesucceededincracking.InrecentyearsresearchershavefloodedtheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOfficewithapplicationsforthousandsofgenesandgenefragments—andtheyhavestirredalotofcontroversyintheprocess.

填空题Clattering keyboards may seem the white noise of the modern age, but they betray more information than unwary typists realize. Simply by analyzing audio recordings of keyboard clatter, computer scientists can now reconstruct an accurate transcript of what was typed--including passwords. (41) . Such snooping is possible because each key produces a characteristic dick, shaped by its position on the keyboard, the vigor and hand position of the typist, and the type of keyboard used. But past attempts to decipher keyboard sounds were only modestly successful, requiring a training session in which the computer matched a known transcript to an audio recording of each key being struck. (42) . Furthermore, each new typist or keyboard required a fresh transcript and training session, limiting the method's appeal to would-be hackers. Now, in a blow to acoustic security, Doug Tygar and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, have published details of an approach that reaches 96% accuracy, even without a labeled training transcript. (43) . The software tentatively assigns each click a letter based on its frequency, then tests the message created by this assignment using statistical models of the English language. For example, certain letters or words are more likely to occur together-if an unknown keystroke follows a "t", it is much more likely to be an "h" than an "x". Similarly, the words "for example" make likelier bedfellows than "fur example". In a final refinement, the researchers employed a method many students would do well to deploy on term papers., automated spellchecking. By repeatedly revising unlikely or incorrect letter assignments, Dr. Tygar's software extracts sense from sonic chaos. That said, the method does have one limitation: in order to apply the language model, at least five minutes of the recorded typing had to be in standard English (though in principle any systematic language or alphabet would work). But once those requirements are met, the program can decode anything from epic prose to randomized, ten-character passwords. (44) . He says it is quite simple to find the instructions needed to build a parabolic or laser microphone on the web. You could just point one from outside through an office window to make a recording. And as he points out, would-be eavesdroppers might not even need their own recording equipment, as laptop computers increasingly come equipped with built-in microphones that could be hijacked. (45) . His computers were less successful at parsing recordings made in noisy rooms. Ultimately, though, more sophisticated recording arrays could overcome even background noise, rendering any typed text vulnerable. Dr. Tygar therefore recommends that typed passwords be phased out, to be replaced with biometric checks or multiple types of authorization that combine a password with some form of silent verification (clicking on a pre-chosen picture in a selection of images, for example). Loose lips may still sink ships, but for the moment it seems that an indiscreet keystroke can do just as much damage.[A] This sort of acoustic analysis might sound like the exclusive province of spies and spooks, but according to Dr. Tygar, such attacks are not as esoteric as you might expect.[B] The sounds of typing can be decoded, which can be used to decode password, so if you are typing random, secure passwords.[C] The new approach employs methods developed for speech-recognition software to group together all the similar-sounding keystrokes in a recording, generating an alphabet of clicks.[D] To protect against these sonic incursions, Dr. Tygar suggests a simple remedy: turn up the radio.[E] The major advance here is that it no longer requires hours of training the model in order to create a usable mapping of key sounds to letters.[F] And in contrast to many types of computer espionage, the process is simple, requiring only a cheap microphone and a desktop computer.[G] Thus schooled, the software could still identify only 80% of the characters in a different transcript of the same typist on the same machine.

填空题A.Astheresearchershypothesized,participantswhowerefeelingblueweremorelikelytorespondtoandexpressapreferenceforfamiliarpatterns,whereasmorecheerfulparticipantsdisplayednopreferenceforfamiliaroverpreviouslyunseenpatterns.Thatis,happyparticipantsstillappreciatedthefamiliar--insomeinstances,evenmorepassionatelythanthoseinabadmood--buttheirmoodalsoboostedpositivereactionstonewthings.Astheauthorsputit,ifdesireforthefamiliarcanbeexpressedasa"warmglowoffamiliarity,"thenperhapsgoodmoodcastsasimilarrayofsunshineonthenew,creatinga"warmglowofnovelty."B.Othertheoristshavesuggestedthatthevalueoffamiliarityismorerelativeandcontextual.Thatis,afamiliarfaceismoreappearinginsituationsofdangerordisorientation--runningintoahometownneighborwhilewanderingaroundanunknowncitymightevokea"warmglow,"whilebumpingintothatsamepersoninlineatthedelicounterbackhomeislesslikelytoelicitsuchpositiveemotions.C.Whenyou'reinabadmood,thecomfortofyourhome,pajamasandcouchisoftenmostappealing.Yet,whenyou'refeelingabitsunnier,youmightbemorelikelytoventureoutandexploretheworldaroundyou.NewresearchpublishedinthejournalPsychologicalScienceshedslightonwhatisitaboutfeelingirritablethatmightmakeuslesslikelytotrynewthings,whileagoodmoodbringsoutoursenseofadventure.D.Previousresearchhasfoundthatexposuretothefamiliar--surroundings,objects,faces--isassociatedwithhappiness,withresearchersassumingthatthisrelationshipisasaresultofeitherconditioningthroughrepeatedexposureortheideathatwehaveatendencytowardkoinophilia,(thepreferenceforthefamiliar)becauseitcanhelpusdistinguishgoodpotentialmates,thenotionthat"familiarityisintrinsicallyrewardingbecauseitisconnectedwitheasy,efficientandconflict-freeprocessing".E.Totestthattheory,researchersconductedanexperimentinwhichparticipantsviewedaseriesofrandomdotpatterns.Inthefirstroundtheyviewedseveralpatterns;inthesecond,theyagainsawseveralpatterns--includingamixtureofthoseviewedduringthefirstroundandnew,previouslyunseendesigns.Inoneexperiment,priortoviewingthepatterns,studyparticipants--sixteenundergraduatesfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego--werefilledwitheithergoodorbadmoodbybeingaskedtorecallahappyorsadpersonalexperience.Then,astheyviewedthepatterns,theirresponsesweremeasuredusingbothfacialelectromyography,whichbasicallytracksfacialresponseintermsofsmilesandfrowns,andskinconductanceresponse(SCR),whichmeasures"sympatheticarousal."Participantsalsoreportedhowtheyfelt.F.Inkeepingwiththis,previousstudyhasrepeatedlyfoundthatnewbornsaremorelikelytoshowsignsofneophobia(thefearofnewthings)inunknownorperceivedunsafeenvironments,comparedwithsafe,comfortablesettings.Inkeepingwiththat,previousstudyhasalsofoundthatbadmoodisoftenaresponsetoperceiveddangerordiscomfort,whilegoodmoodindicatesthat"anenvironmentisniceandfriendly."Itstandstoreasonthen,thestudyauthorsargue,thatthecausalrelationshipshouldgobothways.Thatis,ontheonehand,moodcanbearesponsetoenvironment,butontheother,moodcanalsochangethewayweperceivetheworldaroundus.G.Whilemanystudiesshowthatpeoplebecomemorewillingtotrynovelethnicfoodsastheygetolder,peopleseemtobecomemorereluctanttoeattheotherkindsofnovelfoodsastheygetolder.Giventhesedifferences,itmightbeexpectedthatdifferentkindsofnovelfoodsmightbedifferentiallysusceptibletotheeffectsofdifferentsituationalvariables;however,therearenodataavailable.

填空题If you think Japan's hard-drinking business culture is as dead as the Sony Betamax, think again. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}Not only are company-sponsored drinking marathons back, so too are subsidized dorms for single employees as well as corporate outings such as hot-spring retreats and annual visits to the company founder's ancestral grave. "We realized that workplace communication was becoming nonexistent," explains human-resources manager Shinji Matsuyama, whose company, Alps Electric, spent several million dollars last year to bring together about 3,000 workers for its first companywide undokai, or mini-Olympics, in 14 years. According to Matsuyama, the shared experience of playing dodge ball and skipping rope "helped unite people under a common goal." It's that sense of team spirit and togetherness that many Japanese corporations are trying to revive. A generation ago, college grads entered companies en masse, lived together, drank together, quite often married each other, and retired together. This close-knit corporate culture, which was virtually national labor policy, was widely credited for Japan's rapid economic rise. But it all ended when the country went into economic recession in the 1990s. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}"The Japanese equated globalism with not just the American way of business, but with rejecting their past," says Jun Ishida, CEO of Tokyo-based business consultancy Will PM. "No more drinking sessions, no more company events. Suddenly it was about the individual out for himself and only himself." But as the economy rebounded in the past several years, many executives began to wonder if they had gone too far. Trying to rebuild company loyalty and decrease turnover, major companies including Canon, Kintetsu and Fujitsu have in recent years altered or scrapped their performance-based pay and restored seniority as a determinant of salaries. Meanwhile, trading house Mitsui last year reopened five dorms for single employees-a program that costs the company nearly ＄1 million a year. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}Despite the cramped conditions and shared bathrooms, 24-year-old Miki Masegi moved from her parents' house in central Tokyo to live with 105 female co-workers. Though her commuting time doubled, she says the move was worth it. "It really helps to have people around that you can talk to about your problems," Masegi says. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}One worker revealed how 9/11 changed his career outlook; another talked about how she drew strength from a gay classmate who came out in college. Company president Shrgeru Ota says the presentations are designed to "create a new type of family company by sharing life history.., delight, anger, sorrow and pleasure." Despite such experiments, Japanese companies may find it hard to restore the glory days of Japan Inc. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}Indeed, during Noboru Koyama's Saturday-night drinking session, employee Eri Shimoda confides that his co-workers "feel like family." Yet most of those who attended the party also say that, warm and fuzzy sentiment aside, they plan to leave the cleaning company within a few years. "Work is just work," says one of them. No amount of free sake, it seems, can convince today's young salarymen that their loyalty can be purchased on the company tab. A. Introducing dog-eat-dog values into corporate cultures that continue to prize the organization over the individual generated worker dissatisfaction. B. Companies are trying to foster friendship and loyalty in other ways as well. Every new employee of Tokyo p.r. firm Bilcom, for example, must spend a weekend making a three-minute digital slide show sharing their most moving personal experiences. C. After more than a decade of frugality (not to mention restraint) during Japan's lengthy economic recession, many Japanese companies are thriving today-and they're reviving some of the business customs that were hallmarks of Japan Inc. during the booming 1980s. D. That's because today, one in three Japanese works part-time; younger employees in particular tend to value mobility over the security of lifetime employment. E. However, unlike the elder generation, workers today are very dissatisfied with companies' efforts to restore loyalty and friendship. F. Threatened by cheap labor and more efficient business models, Japanese companies began adopting American management concepts such as merit-based pay and competition among employees. G. Employees have responded enthusiastically.

填空题"Avoid the rush-hour" must be the slogan of large cities the world over. If it is, it's a slogan no one takes the least notice of. Twice a day, with predictable regularity, the pot boils over. Wherever you look, it's people, people, people. The trains which leave or arrive every few minutes are packed: an endless procession of human sardine tins. The streets are so crowed; there is hardly room to move on the pavements. The queues for buses reach staggering proportions. It takes ages for a bus to get to you because the traffic on the roads has virtually come to a standstill. Even when a bus does at last arrive, it's so full, it can't take any more passengers. This whole crazy system of commuting stretches man's resources to the utmost. The smallest unforeseen event can bring about conditions of utter chaos. A power-cut, for instance, an exceptionally heavy snowfall or a minor derailment must always make city-dwellers realize how precarious the balance is. (41)__________ (42)__________They impose their own living conditions on the people who inhabit them. City dwellers are obliged by their environment to adopt a wholly unnatural way of life. They lose touch with the land and rhythm of nature. It is possible to live such ah air-conditioned existence in a large city that you are barely conscious of the seasons. A few flowers in a public park (if you have the time to visit it) may remind you that it is spring or summer. A few leaves clinging to the pavement may remind you that it is autumn. Beyond that, what is going on in nature seems totally irrelevant. All the simple, good things of life like sunshine and fresh air are at a premium. Tall buildings blot out the sun. Traffic fumes pollute the atmosphere. Even the distinction between day and night is lost. The flow of traffic goes on unceasingly and the noise never stops. (43)__________The demand for accommodation is so great that it is often impossible for ordinary people to buy a house of their own. Exorbitant rents must be paid for tiny flats which even country hens would disdain to live in. (44)__________ (45)__________The crime rate in most cities is very high. Houses are burgles with alarming frequency. Cities breed crime and violence and are full of places you would be afraid to visit at night. If you think about it, they're not really fit to live in at all. Can anyone really doubt that the country is what man was born for and where he truly belongs.[A] However, people never doubt that they actually belong to the country.[B] The extraordinary thing is not that people put up with these conditions, but that they actually choose them in preference to anything else.[C] Accommodation apart, the cost of living is very high. Just about everything you buy is likely to be more expensive than it would be in the country.[D] In addition to all this, city-dwellers live under constant threat.[E] The prime difference lies in people's attitude towards life.[F] Large modern cities are too big to control.[G] The funny thing about it all is that you pay dearly for the "privilege" of living in a city.