填空题2004 is a presidential election year in the United States. Job outsourcing (the loss of U. S. jobs to countries with low cost labour structure in Asia) by U. S. corporations is a hot topic this summer. Many Americans are worried that if this trend continues for a few more years, the only jobs left in the U.S. would be McJobs. 41. ______ In the popular mind, McJobs are for teenage burger flippers, who are trying to earn some pocket money. Certainly to those who are dreaming the American dream, a McJob is NOT a career builder by any stretch of the imagination. This kind of negative use of the word makes one person in the U. S. very mad, Jim Cantalupo, chairman and CEO of McDonald's. In his letter to the lexicographers, which was published in Nation's Restaurant News, he called the definition of the word in the dictionary "inaccurate and insulting to restaurant workers everywhere". 42. ______ If McDonald's couldn't accept satire as the price of fame, it should have launched its protest for the use of McJob a long time ago. Sure, twenty years ago, the first use in the Nexis database wouldn't have raised hackles and provoked a personal response from the company's CEO. 43. ______ But McJob in the "robotic, dumb" sense popped up in the Washington Post just a year after the first use of the word, with an editorial piece declaring "McJobs Are Bad for Kids". Later, the word was adopted by economic commentators, though they disagree, even till this day, on whether such low-wage jobs are truly dead-end soul killers or stepping stones to fulfilling careers, but both camps still call them Me Jobs. Doug Coupland, a noted linguist, often gets the credit for coining the term McJob, however, he did not join the chattering surrounding the word until 1991. In the past twenty years, the use of the term spreads rapidly across the country. In 1993, the American Dialect Society, at its annual meeting, voted it the "most imaginative" of the year's buzzwords. The use of McJob in print peaked in 1994, with more than 100 U.S. citations; in the years since, it has levelled off, never again topping 50 mentions per year. 44. ______ Because of concern with job losses among Americans during this political season, McJob citations in American newspapers and magazines are up sharply in the past twelve months, on track to break the 1994 record. If the word does get its buzz back, chairman Cantalupo would have helped a great deal. His public complaint can only keep the debate sizzling and the tally of McJobs usage rising as a result. 45. ______[A] But it remained common enough to warrant inclusion in the American Heritage Dictionary (2000) and the online edition of the Oxford English Dictionary.[B] According to the new Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, McJob means "low-paying and dead-end work" with no future.[C] It was an innocent play on words in a 1985 news story on the labour shortage at the burger restaurant chain. In order to attract more applicants, the TV commercial began with "Ronald McDonald has a McJob for you", with no scorn intended whatsoever.[D] That is the kind of corporate strategy you would expect from a circus clown, not the CEO of the mighty McDonald's.[E] Not only had it created dozens of its own words, such as McScholar (McDonald's awards scholarship money to its college-bound employees as a form of encouragement), but the company prides itself on the kind of standardization such names suggest, prescribing routines and recipes practically down to the number of seeds on a burger bun.[F] Who wouldn't? For example, the Disney Co. can't be pleased that "Mickey Mouse" means trivial or simple in everyday American English, as it has been since the 1930s. And the American Legion probably wishes someone else had come down with the now called Legionnaire's disease?[G] McJobs, launched in 1984, is the company's own programme for training people with disabilities. To the chairman of the burger chain, the definition of the word is therefore also an insult to the disabled as well as trademark infringement. (When the word is used in the plural form, it is a recognized trade mark. ) Ironically, nobody seems to have warned him that a head-on attack on the dictionary editors might help perpetuate the very usage of the word he wants to stamp out.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]Asascience,managemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingor,asitisknowntoday,managementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror.[B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure.[C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuition,subjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.Forexample,themanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategies,AandB,Allresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother.[D]Effectivemanagementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeople,managementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter.[E]Howdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeople?Inordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager'sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanning,organizing,directing,andcontrolling.Byperformingwebineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople.[F]However,whatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberight?Inthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowell,buttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining.[G]However,thereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbeset,plansformulated,peopledirected,andoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisions,managementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresult,managementisbothascienceandanart.

填空题The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar "tombstone" that lists where you went to school and where you"ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the "functional" resume—descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview. It"s handy to have a "tombstone" for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested "tombstone" lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead. What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers. 11 Put yourself first: In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself. 12 Sell what you can do, not who you are: Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work. Toot your own horn! Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch—if only you show it. 13 Be specific, be concrete, and be brief! Remember that "brevity is the best policy." 14 Turn bad news into good: Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side. 15 Never apologize: If you"ve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph (summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience. Don"t apologize for working at being a mother; it"s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don"t mention education. How to prepare yourself: The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don"t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.) Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you"ve ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction. When you"ve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right. Isn"t that the kind of person you"d want working for you? A. A woman who lost her job as a teacher"s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote: "Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher"s aide she would rehire if government funds became available." B. One resume I received included the following: "invited by my superior to straighten out our organization"s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion." Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward—all in 34 words. C. For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills. D. An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement "Ready to learn though not so well educated". E. One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background. F. A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. She"d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn"t in her resume. She answered, "It wasn"t important." What she was really saying of course was "I"m not important."

填空题[A] Energising money[B] The dilemma of smart-card systems[C] The future of money[D] Sending money home[E] Flashing the plastic[F] A cash call[G] How to pay in Tokyo Smart cards and mobile phones are quickly emerging as ways to pay with electronic cash. 41. ______. Nowadays, some of the hottest nightclubs have a new trick for checking the identity of their VIP guests: they send an entry pass in the form of a super bar code to their mobile phones. Mobile phones are becoming an increasingly popular way to make all sorts of payments. In America fans of the Atlanta Hawks have been testing specially adapted Nokia handsets linked to their Visa cards to enter their local stadium and to buy refreshments. It reckons worldwide payments using mobile phones will climb from just $ 3.2 billion in 2003 to more than $ 37 billion by 2008. 42. ______. More banking services are also being offered on mobiles. On February 12th, 19 telephone operators with networks in over 100 countries said that people would be able to use their handsets to send money abroad. MasterCard will operate the system in which remittances will be sent as text messages. Sir John Bond, formerly chairman of the HSBC banking group and now chairman of Vodafone, has 10rig been convinced that payments and mobiles would somehow converge. "Mobile phones have the ability to make a dramatic change to village life in Africa," he says. 43. ______. The various "contactless" payment systems rely on a technology called "near-field communication" (NFC). But mobile phones can be much smarter. They can be de-activated remotely; they have a screen which can show information, like a credit balance and product information; they have a keyboard to enter information and they can communicate. This means they can also be used to auth0rise larger payments by entering PIN codes directly on the handset or topped up with stored credit from an online bank account without having to go to an ATM. 44. ______. To see the potential of mobile-phone money, start in Japan. Most Japanese have at least one credit card, but they tend to stay in their owners' pockets. Housewives routinely peel off crisp YI0 000 ($ 82) notes to pay for their shopping. Utility bills and other invoices are dutifully taken to the bank and paid in cash, or more likely these days at the local convenience store. Yet despite the popularity of cash, the mobile phone is starting to change even Japan's traditional habits." However, many smart-card systems do not work with each other, but that will change on March 18th when 26 railways and 75 bus companies in the greater Tokyo area will begin sharing a new stored-value system, called Pasmo. This too will be available both as a plastic smart-card or built into mobile phones. 45. ______. Unlike the Japanese, Americans prefer to use plastic for their purchases. Cards account for more than half of all transactions, up from 29% a decade ago, according to Nilson Report, a trade publication. More than 1.5 billion credit cards are stuffed into Americans' wallets. The average household has more than ten. Banks and credit-card firms hope to convert more cash and cheque payments to plastic with new smart cards. Some versions are already very successful. Many Americans use EasyPass, in which drivers pay for highway tolls wirelessly. A decade ago some observers predicted that internet banking would render retail banking from high-street branches obsolete. But JPMorgan, Bank of America and others are adamant that people are nowadays using bank branches more than ever. Even if the phone and the smart card replace cash, who gets to collect the fees remains open to contention.

填空题 America's liberal and conservative elites disagree about everything under the sun. from the role of God in the constitution to John Bolton's table manners. Yet on one issue they are as one: the country is going to hell in a hand-basket.41. __________. For liberals, Americans are suffering from epidemics of "traumas" and "syndromes". The left has always worried about the effects of rapacious capitalism on the American psyche. Listen to Mary Pipher, a bestselling clinical psychologist, on girls: "Just as planes and ships disappear mysteriously into the Bermuda Triangle, so do the selves of girls go down in droves. They crash and burn" Or compare William Pollak. a Harvard psychologist, on boys: "Our nation is home to millions of boys who...are cast out to sea in separate lifeboats, and feel that they are drowning in isolation, depression. loneliness and despair." Half an hour listening to "Oprah" or browsing in a bookshop could produce a dozen equally depressing theses, expressed in equally dismal metaphors, about every, sort of American.42. __________. This literature is built on one huge assumption: that Americans are a fragile bunch. Forget about the flinty Pilgrims who built a hyperpower out of a wilderness. Today's Americans are so vulnerable they need to be shielded from competition. In their excellent new book. "One Nation Under Therapy: How the Helping Culture is Eroding Self-Reliance" (St. Martin's Press). Christina Hoff Sommers and Sally Satel. of the American Enterprise Institute, detail the rise of an ever-proliferating profession of grief counsellors, trauma therapists, syndrome specialists, stress-reducers and assorted degree-bearing charlatans.43. __________. This book has naturally garnered favourable reviews from fellow conservatives. Yet the right is equally prey to its own variety of crisis-mongering. Conservatives blame sin. rather than syndromes, and cultural decline, rather than economic dislocation. But many share the left's sense of human vulnerability, and a surprising number have a weakness for psychobabble. It is no accident that the most powerful man in the Christian right. James Dobson. the head of Focus on the Family, is both a child psychologist and a veritable fountain of social' science statistics.44. __________. For conservatives, the family is being battered by pop culture, gay rights and feminism. Rebecca Hagelin of the Heritage Foundation argues that, thanks in pan to the ubiquity of the porn culture, America has gone "stark raving mad" (to use the subtitle of her new book). Gloomy conservative groups issue toe-curling warnings about the "inexorable grip of homosexual lust" and "feminism's love affair with abortion, and lesbianism".45. ___________. Is this really true? Take a look at most of the recent cultural indicators, and it is hard to know where to start with the good news. The proportion of black children living with married parents is increasing. The proportion of women with infants in the. workforce (the women that is, not the infants) is declining, meaning that more mothers are staying at home. Both teenage pregnancy rates and teenage abortion rates have declined by about a third over the past 15 years. For all the talk of "hooking up", a growing proportion of schoolchildren are waiting to have sex until they are older. The good news is not confined to sex. Child poverty is down substantially from its high in 1993 (whatever happened to the "disastrous consequences" of welfare reform?). So is juvenile crime. Alcohol and drug use are lower. The idea that young America is tossing about on a sea of misery hardly tallies with academic evidence, which shows 73% of teenagers to be "hopeful and optimistic, in thinking about the future" (a Horatio Alger study in 2002-03 ), a mere 7.5% of college students feeling frequently depressed (UCLA. 2003 ) and the teen-suicide rate down by a quarter (the Centres for Disease Control. 2004).[A] The literature assumes that Americans are vulnerable.[B] The conservatives' opinions of Americans' psychological problems[C] The conservatives think that Americans are fragile.[D] The liberals' opinions about the American psyche[E] The conservatives regard the social problems as the cause of the American's psychological problems.[F] The recent data indicates that Americans have an improvement in many social problems.

填空题A. I just don"t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We"re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we"ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It"s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn"t—it"s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn"t much you can do about it. B. Finally, I can"t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it"s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out our forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed. C. I"ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies. D. Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that"s not fair—too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn"t necessarily mean you"ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff. E. The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor. F. So I just don"t know what to do. I"ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work. G. A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation—how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion. Order: G→ 22 → 23 → 24 → 25 → 26 →F

填空题"Every three months from the beginning of 2008," says Cliff Richard, who was once Britain's answer to Elvis Presley, "I will lose a song." The reason is that in most European countries copyright protection on sound recordings lasts for 50 years, and (now) Sir Cliff recorded his first hit single, "Move It", in 1958. (41)______ One of the big four music firms estimates that about 100m "deep catalogue" (ie, old) albums now sold in Europe each year will have entered the public domain by the end of 2010. Assuming a current wholesale price of $10, that could jeopardise $1 billion of revenues, or about 3% of annual recorded music sales. (42)______ Even once much of the back catalogue has entered the public domain, the big music firms can carry on selling it on CD. They will even benefit from not having to pay anything to the artist or to his estate. They will in many cases still own copyright on the original cover art. But they will face new competition from a host of providers of CDs who may undercut them. And on the internet, public domain music is likely to be free, as much of the copy righted stuff already is on peer-to-peer networks. (43) ______ Artists have rallied to the cause: U2, Status Quo and Charles Aznavour all want the 50-year limit increased. Many more acts will sign a petition this spring. Sir Cliff has spent hours complaining to the commission that composers of songs get copyright for 70 years after their death: more than performers. (44)______ Many people believe that America has gone too far in protecting copyright at the expense of the public good, including, it seems, the commission, which said last year that it saw no need to lift its own 50-year limit. Its deadline for proposals on copyright law has supped from this year to 2006. But governments are likely to weigh in on the issue. France, Italy and Portugal have indicated that they support an extension of the term, and Britain is likely to stick up for its own music major, EMI. Although artists and their estates want longer copyright, the big music firms would benefit from it the most, especially 'in the next couple of decades, says Stephen King, chairman of the Association of United Recording Artists and manager of the Libertines: (45)______. Now they have wised up about making deals. The best guarantee of financial security—safer than clinging on to copyright—is hiring a good lawyer early on. [A] He is unlikely to produce such a big hit in the near future, so more of his attention is directed to revising the old song and selling it to more people. [B] Back in the 1950s, he says, performers got only one-tenth of the share of royalties that they do now. For years, artists have, with good reason, accused big record labels of ripping them off. [C] This month, early recordings by Elvis himself started to enter Europe' s public domain. Over the next few decades a torrent of the most popular tracks from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and many other artists. will become public property in Europe—to the pleasure of fans and the consternation of the music industry. [D] The music industry also points out that America gives artists almost twice as much copyright protection as Europe. America has repeatedly lengthened copyright terms, with the latest reprieve, the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, giving performers protection for 95 years after publication. [E] But when the attention is shifted from Europe to America, artists should feel much better because the length of copyright protection there is even shorter. It seems that the American government is more interested in serving the public than the already very rich artists. [F] Music executives want the European Commission to protect them from such unwelcome competition by extending the copyright term. [G] And that estimate accounts only for songs up to the end of the 1950s. Far more will be at risk as music from the 1960s and 1970s moves out of copyright.

填空题[A] A millionaire may describe his "just-right" wife as charming, beautiful, sexy, intelligent, and well developed. On the other hand, a poor man may define his "just-right" wife as pleasing, attractive, desirable, knowledgeable, and shapely. Both men describe their just-right wife with the game physical qualities, but use different words. The millionaire"s definition of the just- right wife is more elegant, whereas the poor man"s definition is a more common, everyday description. [B] Men from all nationalities also have their definition of the just-right wife. For example; the Italian man describes his wife as a woman who stands six feet one-inch tall with blonde hair and blue eyes, and who is well developed in the upper portion of her body. On the other band, the French man may describe his ideal wife as a woman who stands only five feet three inches with brown hair and green eyes, and who is moderately built. [C] On the other hand, the fat man defines his just-right wife as a woman who gets up at eight o"clock in the morning, takes the children to McDonald’s for breakfast, and drops them off at school. Then she comes back home and lies on the couch watching soap operas all day, children "have to walk home from school in the afternoon. When they arrive at home, she instructs them to clean the house, do the laundry, and fix some hotdogs for dinner. Both men define their just-right wife with qualities that they admire by themselves. [D] Although some men define the just, fight wife by her physical qualities, other men describe their just-fight wife as a woman who loves to fish, to camp, to hunt, and to water ski, whereas the inside sportsman may define his just-fight wife as a woman who enjoys watching football, basketball, baseball, and wrestling. Both of these men define their just-right wife by her sports qualities but in two different atmospheres. [E] Still, there are other men who have their own definitions of the just-right wife. For instance, consider the fit man and the fat man. The fit man may describe his just-right wife as a woman who gets up every workday morning at six o"clock and runs two or three miles. After running, she prepares breakfast, washes the dishes, takes the children to school, and then goes to work. After work, she arrives at home, washes a couple loads of laundry, goes to exercise class, picks up the children from school on her way home, and then cooks dinner. After dinner, she deans the kitchen, bathes the children, and puts them to bed. [F] In addition to these men’s definitions of the just-right wife, the bachelor also has a definition. He says that the just-fight wife is someone else’s wife. He picks her up in a bar, takes her to his house, and takes her name in the morning. The bachelor has no real definition of the just- fight wife. That is why he is still a bachelor. [G] For years men and women have been getting married. They say their wedding vows which bring them together as one. They promise to love and cherish each other until death do them part. When a man and a woman get married, it is one of the biggest decisions they will make in life. A man may select a woman because he, in his own eyes, sees her as the just-right wife for him. Every man has his own definition of what the "just-right" wife is. For instance, the millionaire man and the poor man both may define their just-right wife according to her physical qualities.

填空题Canadians like to think that although they are the junior partner in their trade relations with the United States, the 174 billion barrels of proven reserves in the oil sands of Alberta provide a powerful ace up their sleeve in any dealings with their energy-hungry neighbor. That belief has now been shaken by an American law that appears to prohibit American government agencies from buying crude produced in the oil sands of the western province. (41) . But that is the effect of banning federal agencies from buying alternative or synthetic fuel, including that from non-conventional sources, if their production and use result in more greenhouse gases than conventional oil. Transforming Alberta's tarry muck into a barrel of oil is an energy-intensive process that produces about three times the emissions of a barrel of conventional light sweet crude. Having woken belatedly to the danger, the Canadian government is now scrambling to secure an exception. Michael Wilson, Canada's ambassador in Washington, has written to America's secretary of defense, Robert Gates (whose department is a big purchaser of Canadian oil), stressing American dependence on Canadian oil, electricity, natural gas and uranium imports, and noting that some of the biggest players in the Alberta oil patch are American companies. Mr. Wilson added plaintively that both George Bush and his energy secretary, Samuel Bodman, have publicly welcomed expanded oil-sands production, given the increased contribution to American energy security. (42) . The fear in Canada is that the American purchasing restriction, which at present applies only to federal agencies, is the start of a wholesale shift to greener as well as more protectionist policies under a Congress and potentially a White House controlled by the Democrats. (43) . Yet environmentalists point out that Canada is now paying for its own foot-dragging at the federal level on green initiatives. Having signed the Kyoto agreement under a previous liberal government, Canada did little to stop its emissions rising. They are now almost 35% above the Kyoto target. And although Mr. Baird likes to describe his plan as tough, it will not bring Canada into line with Kyoto. (44) . The vagueness of the proposed federal rules did not stop the premier of Alberta, Ed Stelmach, from giving a define warning that he will stand up for the interests of Albertans (read oil industry) and will be examining the constitution to ensure that the federal government's proposed plan does not intrude on provincial jurisdiction. His province has one of the weakest environmental regimes in Canada. (45) . But even if a deal is reached with the outgoing Bush administration, any exception for Canada may be short-lived if greening Democrats take the White House in November. A. Since 1999, Canada has been the largest supplier of U. S. crude and refined oil imports. In 2007, Canadian crude oil and petroleum products represented 18% of U. S. crude oil imports, at nearly 2.5 million barrels per clay. From 2005 to 2007, the volume of Canadian crude oil exports to the United States increased by 7.4% per year. B. John Baird, the Canadian environment minister, referred this week to the American move when he unveiled new proposals to reduce industrial emissions in Canada, including the oil sands, by 20% by 2020. Big states like California were making similar pronouncements, he told reporters. The oil sands were an important national resource, but had to be expanded in an environmentally friendly way. C. As Canada's representative in Washington, Mr. Wilson is the point man on Canada's lobbying efforts either to kill the Buy American clause, or to get a special exemption for Canada. D. The Energy Independence and Security Act 2007 did not set out to discriminate against Canada, America's biggest supplier of oil. E. With energy exports, mainly from Alberta, driving the Canadian economy, this is not a happy thought for Canadians. F. Although the Canadian embassy says that there has been no official response to Mr. Wilson's letter, there are reports of talks going on in Washington aimed at addressing Canada's concerns. G. The rules for the oil sands, now the fastest growing source of greenhouse gases, have yet to be finalized and will not come into force until 2010. Furthermore, they rely on carbon capture, a promising but unproven technology.

填空题[A]Manynowtakeissuewiththisview.Severaleconomistsreckonthatthebrain-drainhypothesisfailstoaccountfortheeffectsofremittances,forthebeneficialeffectsofreturningmigrants,andforthepossibilitythatbeingabletomigratetogreenerpasturesinducespeopletogetmoreeducation.Somearguethatoncethesefactorsaretakenintoaccount,anexodusofhighlyskilledpeoplecouldturnouttobeanetbenefittothecountriestheyleave.RecentstudiesofmigrationfromcountriesasfarapartasGhana,Fiji,IndiaandRomaniahavefoundsupportforthis"braingain"idea.[B]Therearemoresubtlewaysinwhichthedepartureofsomeskilledpeoplemayaidpoorercountries.Someemigrantswouldhavebeenjoblesshadtheystayed.StudieshavefoundthatunemploymentratesamongyoungpeoplewithcollegedegreesincountrieslikeMoroccoandTunisiaareseveralmultiplesofthoseamongthepoorlyeducated,perhapsbecausegraduatesaremoredemanding.Migrationmayleadtoamoreproductivepairingofpeople'sskillsandjobs.Someofthebenefitsofthisimprovedmatchthenflowbacktothemigrant'shomecountry,mostdirectlyviaremittances.[C]Thepossibilityofemigrationmayevenhavebeneficialeffectsonthosewhochoosetostay,bygivingpeopleinDoorcountriesanincentivetoinvestineducation.AstudyofCapeVerdeansfindsthatanincreaseoftenpercentagepointsinyoungpeople'sperceivedprobabilityofemigratingraisestheprobabilityoftheircompletingsecondaryschoolbyaroundeightpoints.[D]Whenpeopleinrichcountriesworryaboutmigration,theytendtothinkoflow-paidincomerswhocompeteforjobsasconstructionworkers,dishwashersorfarmhands.Whenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigration,theyareusuallyconcernedattheprospectoftheirbestandbrightestdecampingtoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld.ThesearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslikeBritain,CanadaandAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.[E]Themostobviouswayinwhichmigrantsrepaytheirhomelandsisthroughremittances.Workersfromdevelopingcountriesremittedatotalof$325billionin2010,accordingtotheWorldBank.Askilledmigrantmayearnseveralmultiplesofwhathisincomewouldhavebeenhadhestayedathome.AstudyofRomanianmigrantstoAmericafoundthattheaverageemigrantearnedalmost$12,000ayearmoreinAmericathanhewouldhavedoneinhisnativeland,ahugepremiumforsomeonefromacountrywhereincomeperpersonisaround$7,500.[F]Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelopingcountriesareparticularlylikelytoemigrate.Bysomeestimates,two-thirds-ofhighlyeducatedCapeVerdeansliveoutsidethecountry.This"braindrain"haslongbotheredpolicymakersinpoorcountries.Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomies,deprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversities,workedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactoriestomake.[G]Itistruethatmanyskilledmigrantshavebeeneducatedandtrainedpartlyattheexpenseoftheirgovernments.Somearguethatpoorcountriesshouldthereforerethinkhowmuchtheyspendonhighereducation.ButanewstudyofremittancessenthomebyGhanaianmigrantssuggeststhatonaveragetheytransferenoughovertheirworkinglivestocovertheamountspentoneducatingthemseveraltimesover.Thestudyfindsthatonceremittancesaretakenintoaccount,thecostofeducationwouldhavetobe5.6timestheofficialfiguretomakeitalosingpropositionforGhana.