填空题Emergency airplane evacuations happen more often than most people think: about once every 11 days in the U.S., according to a recent report by the National Transportation Safety Board. Some situations are more dire than others, of course, as when the plane is on fire, but in many cases, the biggest challenge of an evacuation can be the airplane slide. However, it is likely that some of the injuries happened during the evacuation-not the initial crash. Even in controlled drills, accidents are common. So, in the unlikely event that you have to escape from a plane on an inflatable slide, here are some tips. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}Have a plan: Don't wait until a flight attendant is shrieking at you to "Get out!" to decide what you're going to do. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}Have another plan: Your fellow passengers often have trouble opening the exit hatches-it's not easy, for one thing, and even flight attendants often run into trouble. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}Get out fast: If all hell does break loose, remember that one of the deadliest mistakes passengers make is to lunge for their overhead luggage. And yet, even if the cabin is full of smoke, passengers will almost invariably reach up to get their briefcases and garment bags. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}Jump: Another big problem usually happens at the top of the slide. People hesitate or try to sit down before sliding. If everyone would jump instead, the evacuation could go 50% faster. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}Then get out of the way: Just like on the playground, the area below the slide is not a good place to hang out. If you are the first passenger out, then you should help other people get off. Otherwise, you should get out of the way. Congratulations! You've survived an emergency airplane evacuation. Now prepare to reflect on your experience-for hours. After an evacuation, even a successful one, passengers often have to spend hours in limbo, waiting for the authorities to release them back into civilization, often due to bureaucratic or legal paranoia. A. Since a fire can burn through the fuselage on an airplane in 90 seconds, faster is much, much better. When everything works right, slides are built to handle 70 passengers per minute. B. Smoke can also make your first-choice exit suddenly unusable. So instead of reading the Sky Mall catalog while you're waiting for the plane to take off, it would be wise to come up with two escape ways. C. A lot of injuries happen when people hit the ground and sprain an ankle or break a leg because they came in out of control. Also, women should avoid wearing spiked heels and pantyhose when they fly. Pantyhose can melt onto the skin in the heat of a plane fire. D. Pile-ups at the bottom of the slide can be brutal-and can also make the slide much steeper for everyone else coming down. E. Chloe, 24, was a passenger on the British Airways flight. "I got to the door, and I realized I was holding a bamboo hat-and just thought, what am I doing rescuing a hat from a crashed plane?" she told the Coventry Telegraph. F. Aviation safety experts, even the most jaded ones, count the rows to their nearest exits whenever they sit down on a plane. They know that their brain will not work well under extreme duress, and their eyes will not see well in thick smoke, so they need to have a sense of their best escape routes before anything goes wrong.

填空题 [A] The rise of a tycoon who is fond of America and South Africa, and who prints English slogans on his bottles of milk and mineral water, is a snub to Mr. Ratsiraka. The president, who has dominated politics since 1975—with a few years' absence in the mid-1990s—steers close to France, the former colonial power. He has been unwell, and spends much of his time having medical treatment in Paris. His government, predictably, is accused of widespread corruption. But he offers stability—and declares that "any other president" would usher in years of uncertainty.[B] Mr. Ratsiraka might indeed feel aggrieved ff he did lose power just as the economy is coming right. After a two-decade spell as a socialist, then a few years of exile, he bounced back into the presidency in 1996 to impose austere neo-liberal reforms. These are now paying off. Many people are still desperately badly off, living in villages without roads, electricity or doctors. But, according to an optimistic IMF report on December 13th, the economy may mm out to have enjoyed 6.7% growth this year and inflation is low.[C] In a high turnout, he took nearly 80% of the votes in the capital, and well over half in other cities. Results from the less susceptible countryside are slowly coming in. They narrow the gap, but he still seems to have a chance of either beating the incumbent, Didier Ratsiraka, outrght or facing him in a run-off next year.[D] A swelling flow of tourists comes to the island to see its rainforests, lemurs and tropical beaches. Sales of textiles to America are doing well, thanks to tariff reductions there. And. in the past few years. Asian investors have opened dozens of factories in special export zones around the capital. Mr. Ratsiraka has managed to negotiate debt relief that almost halves the amount the country spends on servicing its debts. R is thus able to spend a bit more on schools and hospitals. Incomes in the cities are clearly up. A good rice harvest this year. and the absence of cyclones, has eased hanger in the countryside.[E] As mayor, Mr. Ravalomanana won many citizens' hearts by cleaning up the capital, and seeing to new roads and street lighting. He oversaw a building boom. the rise of a dozen' flashy new supermarkets, more policemen on the streets and a cut in crime. He is. known in the country at large, too. thanks to his Tiko food empire, which delivers yoghurt and other good things to Madagascar's emerging middle class. His face is everywhere on T-shirts. baseball caps and bags all parts of a slick campaign that was helped along by his own radio and television stations. His Christian fervour, and his job on a council of Protestant churches, have also helped him, especially among the rural poor.[F] All this is rare good news for Africa. Might it be risked if there were a change of president? Some point to possible ethnic tension: Mr. Ravalomanana is from the highland Imerina people, who have a mix of Asian-settler and African blood, who have never before held political office over the blacker coastal communities. Others worry that he will have little support in parliament, and that his business career has not prepared him for political compromises. A bigger concern, perhaps, is that he might not seriously undertake to spread the good times enjoyed in the capital into the impoverished countryside.[G] Excitement is in the air in Madagascar, a vast island of 15m people off the east coast of Africa. On December 16th, its voters trudged to the. polls from their homes in highland towns and remote forest villages to pick a president. Many favoured Mare Ravalomanana, a tycoon who is also the handsome young mayor of the capital Antananarivo.Order:

填空题[A]Sowhatdowedotobesafer?Manysmartpeoplehavetackledthisquestion.PeterPronovostatJohnsHopkinsdevelopedachecklistshowntobringhospital-acquiredinfectionsdowntoclosetozero.Therearerulesagainstdisturbingnurseswhiletheydispensemedicationsandsoftwarethatwarnsdoctorswhenpatients'prescriptionswillinteractbadly.Therearepoliciesdesignedtoempowernursestoconfrontdoctorsiftheyseesomethingwrong,evenifaseniordoctorisatfault.[B]Here'sonetheory.ItisagiventhatAmericandoctorsperformastaggeringnumberoftestsandprocedures,farmorethaninotherindustrializednations,andfarmorethanweusedto.Since1996,thepercentageofdoctorvisitsleadingtoatleastfivedrugsbeingprescribedhasnearlytripled,andthenumberofM.R.I.scansquadrupled.[C]Doctorsmakemistakes.Theymaybemistakesoftechnique,judgment,ignoranceoreven,sometimes,recklessness.Regardlessofthecause,eachtimeamistakehappens,apatientmaysuffer.Wefailtoupholdourprofession'sbasicoath:"First,donoharm."[D]Hereinliesastunningirony.Defensivemedicineisrootedinthegoalofavoidingmistakes.Buteachadditionalprocedureortest,nomatterhowcautiouslyperformed,injectsafreshpossibilityoferror.CTandM.R.I.scanscanleadtofalsepositivesandunnecessaryoperations,whichcarrytheriskofcomplicationslikeinfectionsandbleeding.Themoremedicationspatientsareprescribed,themorelikelytheyaretoaccidentallyoverdoseorsufferanallergicreaction.[E]Accordingtoa1999reportbytheInstituteofMedicine,asmanyas98,000Americansweredyingeveryyearbecauseofmedicalmistakes.Today,exactfiguresarehardtocomebybecausestatesdon'tabidebythesamereportingguidelines,andfewcasesgainasmuchattentionasthatofRoryStaunton,the12-year-oldboywhodiedofsepticshockthisspringafterbeingsenthomefromaNewYorkhospital.Butareasonableestimateisthatmedicalmistakesnowkillaround200,000Americanseveryyear.ThatwouldmakethemoneoftheleadingcausesofdeathintheUnitedStates.Whyhavethesemistakesbeensohardtoprevent?[F]Whatmaybeevenmoreimportantisrememberingthelimitsofourpower.More—moreprocedures,moretesting,moretreatment—isnotalwaysbetter.In1979,StephenBergman,underthepennameDr.SamuelShem,publishedrulesforhospitalsinhiscausticallyhumorousnovel,"TheHouseofGod."RuleNo.13reads:"Thedeliveryofmedicalcareistodoasmuchnothingaspossible."First,donoharm.[G]Certainlymanyprocedures,testsandprescriptionsarebasedonlegitimateneed.Butmanyarenot.Inarecentanonymoussurvey,orthopedicsurgeonssaid24percentoftheteststheyorderedweremedicallyunnecessary.Thiskindoftreatmentisaformofdefensivemedicine,meantlesstoprotectthepatientthantoprotectthedoctororhospitalagainstpotentiallawsuits.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregivenina-wrongorder.Forquestions41--45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA--Gtofillineachnumberedbox.Twoparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinboxes.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1.A."Fordecades,thecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols--likeadigitalcomputer,"saidSpivey."Morerecently,however,agrowingnumberofstudies,suchasours,supportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodel,perceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinear,self-organized,emergentproperties--likeabiologicalorganism."B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestate,forexample,"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzeroorone,andinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguity,themodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheother,andifitrealizesitiswrong,itthenmakesacorrection.C.Inhisstudy,42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardaword,suchas"candle,"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalike,suchasacandleandajacket,thetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnames,suchascandleandcandy,theywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobject,andtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken.D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences(June27--July1),MichaelSpivey,apsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornell,trackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhileworkingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess.E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestages,thealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetween,simultaneouslyactiverepresentations."F."Whentherewasambiguity,theparticipantsbrieflydidn'tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmilliseconds,theywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn'tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrong,butinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea,"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowsbowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothways,andtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete;it'sadynamicalsystem."G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoes,ontheotherhand,youdonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputer,butcanhavevaluesinbetween--youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanother,andtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretation,asinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword,'Spiveysaid.{{B}}Order:{{/B}}

填空题Few gifts are more cherished than a trip, but there are some pitfalls to surprise a loved one with a voyage. You could book a non-refundable flight during a busy time at the recipient's workplace, for instance. Find out how to avoid the problems of giving a present of a trip, and learn about creative ways to package this unique gift. (41) Do Your Homework The gift of a whirlwind trip to Paris sounds great, but what if the recipient can't even go? Do whatever you can first to be sure the recipient wants to go, can go, and can afford to go. (42) Don't Make Irreversible Commitments Even if you are 99 percent sure that the recipient can get time off and is dying to go on this trip, cover yourself. Don't book non-refundable airfare, and be sure to check cancellation policies for hotel bookings. (43) Consider the Recipient's Circumstances Even if you buy the airfare and pay for lodging, keep in mind that you are committing the recipient to spending money—and the person might not have the spare cash. (44) Look into Gifts Without a Set Date (45) Package It Right The gift of travel can be a bit intangible, so that presents a challenge when deciding what to wrap. Let yourself be creative. Giving travel as a gift really is incomparable to most any other gift. I know from personal experience that it's the kind of gift that is remembered for a lifetime. And it doesn't have to cost a fortune. Whether you conspire with others to contribute toward a big trip, or give a short weekend away, it will be a gift everyone will happily cherish.[A] If you will be traveling with the recipient, you can also offer to pay for meals and a few souvenirs. If you won't and know money is tight, provide some cash or find any items you can purchase ahead of time. For instance, many cities have tourism cards that cover entry fees to several attractions or unlimited rides on public transport.[B] That way, if the recipient can't go at that time, the plans are flexible. That doesn't mean the gift isn't a gift. You can even reserve seats on a plane online the day before giving the gift, and print the confirmation. Then, if the person says yes, go ahead and book it.[C] If traveling in narrow, enclosed spaces thousands of feet above the ground isn't daunting to you, then flying in a small airplane may prove appealing. When giving the gift of travel, you don't need to be restricted to flying with dozens of other travelers, although that is certainly an option.[D] For instance, I gave my husband a trip to Germany and the Riviera during the Cannes Film Festival. I wrote a booklet, using clip art (剪贴用插图书), reservation confirmations and destination photos, that took him through the trip step by step. Then I put the pages into a report cover. You could also pair the trip with gifts of travel guidebooks or local products.[E] You can do this by clandestine inquiries to co-workers, if possible, to find out whether the person can get time off. You can also drop hints around the recipient, such as noting that there is a great deal on airfare, and see what response you get.[F] Another option is to purchase items that have flexible dates, such as gift certificates with tour agencies, rail passes (which can usually be used as late as six months after the purchase date), or contact a hotel to find out about giving them your credit card for use by the gift recipient.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a text about the studying and working, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. Work/life balance was the buzz phrase of the late 1990s. Apparently too many people who were cash rich and time poor were becoming fed up with the long hours culture and wanted more balance in their life. For students, the issue is not work/life balance but work/study balance. With ever increasing fees, working while studying is the norm for many students. Faced with potentially huge debts, some students may be tempted to take part time jobs that involve working lots of hours, but this may have a detrimental impact on their studies. University is more than just about getting a degree: extracurricular activities and a social life are also important. How can students balance studying with working part-time and also ensure that they do not miss out on university life? {{B}}Develop a study plan{{/B}} Once you have your timetable, and an idea of when your assignments are due, develop a plan of the best times for you to study, whether this be evenings, mornings or weekends. This will help you determine which hours and days you can work. 41. {{B}}Choose a job that is flexible{{/B}} You may need time off from your job during exams or if you have deadlines for coursework, so choosing the right job, where the employer is understanding and willing to be flexible, is important. You can mention this at interview, but Brian Staines of Bristol University Careers Office says: "It may be better to wait until you have been offered the job, have worked for a while, and have had the opportunity to prove yourself before mentioning that you might need time off. " 42. {{B}}Choose a job that fits in with your study pattern{{/B}} Working out your study pattern, i. e. whether you're at your best in the mornings, evenings or late. Some students are night owls preferring to study late at night, others are larks. 43. {{B}}Don't take a job that's too demanding{{/B}} The type of job you look for will depend on your skill set. Apart from the usual student-type jobs, there are roles in offices which can be done at weekends and evenings-jobs such as being a presentation operator using PowerPoint or even evening and weekend secretarial work. 44.{{B}}Be industrious in your search for work{{/B}} There may be part-time jobs available in call centers or as photocopy clerks in banks and law firms. 45.{{B}}Know your limits{{/B}} There isn't a figure for the maximum number of hours that students can work before it impacts negatively on their studies since this will vary from student to student. However, Brian Staines says: "At Bristol, we believe that if students work more than 12 hours a week during term time, this could have a negative effect on their studies. We have a job shop at Bristol offering part-time jobs and all the jobs are a maximum of 12 hours. " Balancing part-time work with studying is a challenge that more and more students will face. "A part time job, which involves long hours, may help their finance in the short term but could have a negative impact on long-term job prospects if they don't get a good degree, "adds Brian. [A] "When you look for a job, it's best to start with working a few hours and then once you get used to the job and know how much you can cope with, you can increase the hours. It's always easier to increase rather than decrease the number of hours you work," says Cary Cooper, professor of psychology and health at Lancaster University Management School. [B] There may even be jobs in security, which give you the opportunity to study "on the job", perhaps on sit at an unoccupied building, so it's a good idea to cast the net a bit wider when looking for part-time work. [C] Although these jobs pay well, it may be a challenge to balance studying with these types of job. "A job develping PowerPoint presentations may be too mentally demanding and tiring because you will be looking at a screen most of the time, "says Cary. [D] "If students for example work 20 hours a week, then their work could suffer unless they are incredibly disciplined," he explains, "Also university is about more than just studying. Social time and extracurricular activities are also important." [E] Relaxation is also very important. [F] Some students may prefer to work a few evenings a week, others at weekends. "Although work is important, they need to find a job with hours that fit around their optimal times for studying rather than the other way round, "says Professor Cooper.

填空题A. Town hall, a happy bride and groom B. Temple and atheistic groom C. Wedding hall D. Angels, children escorting the bride E. The foreign groom and the local bride F. The golden wedding-ring was put on her finger Ornamenting the two fingers is only the first step of the "long march". Angel was never as overloaded as today, running from here to there, busy ordering invitation cards and wedding clothes, booking church and restaurant, checking availability of the photographer, the pastor and the official in the town hall, looking for a new home. She was happy and excited. However this long wedding preparation process loaded down with trivial details, gave me a big headache. In France, more and more French cohabit instead of marrying. However, when they decide to marry, they still take their wedding ceremony seriously and usually follow the never changing three traditional chapters.41._____________________________ The third chapter is the wedding breakfast followed by a dance. (The first and the second chapter are the civil wedding and the church wedding). After the church wedding, the newly-weds normally invite their parents and friends to take part in a sumptuous meal and dance in the evening. After champagne flutes are raised all around, the dancing starts. The newly-weds take the lead, dancing lightly and finish the evening by tiredly tripping into their bridal chamber and thus terminate the last chapter of the French marriage.42._____________________________ I grew up in the last seventies and early eighties, the "simple wedding" advocated by the Chinese government had been ingrained in any mind. One day finally I could not help revealing my wish for a simple wedding:" Darling, your wedding plans are far too long and over-elaborate. Let's simplify them and reduce three chapters to only one. It's enough to get married in the town hall!" " No! Marriage is the most important event in my life. I want to make it grand and unforgettable." Angel refused to concede. However I really wanted to escape the church wedding. "Honey, I wasn't baptized and being an atheist, I am not allowed to go to church. A church wedding is a burden for an atheist like me, and the church wedding for an atheist is also against church rules!" I presented my views vehemently, believing I had the best excuse in the world. "My dear, marriage is a sacred affair; we must go to the church. You are only aware of one aspect of a thing, but ignorant of another. I am a Protestant; there are no strict canons and mumbo-jumbos in Protestantism. If one of the two is Protestant, they are still allowed to marry in a Protestant church." I was rendered speechless.43._____________________________ The sacred moment arrived. The foreign groom and the local bride, surrounded by her family members, arrived at the marriage hall. "Do you take this woman as your wife? " " Yes! "A myriad of thoughts welled up in my mind: "I'd quit my highly-coveted job in China and gone through innumerable trials and tribulations to come to Europe to join my Chinese lover, but I was jilted. Now I'd found an oasis of love, but far from my homeland. The girl with me today, though from a different cultural background, with a different way of thinking and behaving, is simple, pure and kind-hearted like an angel. I'd suffered from the wandering life in Europe. But after suffering comes happiness. In a few minutes she will proclaim the end of my wandering and homeless life." Full of deep feeling, I gazed at this western beauty, shining with dazzling splendor and held her hand tight in mine.44._____________________________ "Do you take this man as your husband T" Brimming with tears, choking with sobs, Angel nodded her approval. Being a traditional French girl, she'd never expected that she would have fallen into the temptation of the "good but cheap Chinese merchandise "before her and would have crossed the frontier between Chinese and French cultures to marry a man with an exotic accent and a flat nose!45._____________________________ The church was resounding with the wedding sonata, Angel and I walked up to the pastor to the beat of the music. Hand in hand, heart with heart, full of tender affection, we gave all the right answers to his questions. The golden wedding-ring on her left finger and paired up with her engagement ring on the right ring finger, both complementing each other's radiance and beauty. Angel, now with two rings, became a real "valuable" bride. She slipped my finger with a simple ring onto my finger, and at the same time capturing my wandering heart. That evening, I, the foreign groom, with my Erru, two-stringed Chinese violin, together with Angel, the local bride, with her violin, successfully performed the most beautiful concerto of cross-border marriage. "The spring is coming, the earth is smiling..." the hall was resounding to the strains of Strauss' joyful waltz while We were tripping away in a dance. At the climax of the music we swirled so quickly that both of us felt ourselves swoon in the glamour of our cross-border marriage.

填空题A.Concernedcitizensandscientistshavebeguntotakeaction.Awiderangeofsolutionsisbeingproposedtostopthedestructionofbiodiversityattheregionalaswellasthegloballevel.Since1985,theefforthasbecomemorepreciselycharted,economicallyefficient,andpoliticallysensitive.B.Thenewbiodiversitystudieswillleadlogicallytoanelectronicencyclopediaoflifedesignedtoorganizeandmakeimmediatelyavailableeverythingknownabouteachofthemillionsofspecies.Theindustrializedcountrieswillleadforatime.However,thebulkoftheworkmusteventuallybedoneinthedevelopingcountries.Thelattercontainsmostoftheworldspecies,andtheyaredestinedtobenefitsoonestfromtheresearch.Thetechnologyneededisrelativelyinexpensive,anditstransfercanbeaccomplishedquickly.Thediscoveriesgeneratedcanbeapplieddirectlytomeettheconcernsofgreatestimportancetothegeographicregioninwhichtheresearchisconducted,beingequallyrelevanttoagriculture,medicine,andeconomicgrowth.C.Inthemidstofthisrichnessoflifeforms,however,therateofspeciesextinctionisrising,chieflythroughhabitatdestruction.Mostseriousofallistheconversionoftropicalrainforests,wheremostspeciesofanimalsandplantslive.Theratehasbeenestimated,bytwoindependentmethods,tofallbetween100and10,000timesthepre-humanbackgroundrate,with1,000timesbeingthemostwidelyacceptedfigure.Thepriceultimatelytobepaidforthiscataclysmisbeyondmeasureinforegonescientificknowledge;newpharmaceuticalandotherproducts;ecosystemsservicessuchaswaterpurificationandsoilrenewal;and,notleast,aestheticandspiritualbenefits.D.Sincethecurrenthierarchical,binomialclassificationwasintroducedbyCarolusLinnaeus250yearsago,10percent,ataguess,ofthespeciesoforganismshavebeendescribed.Itisbelievedthatmostandperhapsnearlyalloftheremaining90percentcanbediscovered,diagnosed,andnamedinaslittleasabout25years.Thatpotentialistheresultoftwodevelopmentsneededtoacceleratebiodiversitystudies.E.Theincreasingattentiongiventothebiodiversitycrisishighlightstheinadequacyofbiodiversityresearchitself.Earthremainsinthisrespectarelativelyunexploredplanet.Thetotalnumberofdescribedandformallynamedspeciesoforganismshasgrown,butnotbymuch,andtodayisgenerallybelievedtoliesomewherebetween1.5millionand1.8millionThefullnumber,includingspeciesyettobediscovered,hasbeenestimatedinvariousaccountsthatdifferaccordingtoassumptionsandmethodsfromanimprobablylow3.5milliontoanimprobablyhigh100million.Byfarthegreatestfractionoftheunknownspecieswillbeinsectsandmicroorganisms.F.Thepastdecadehaswitnessedtheemergenceofamuchclearerpictureofthemagnitudeofthebiodiversityproblem.Putsimply,thebiospherehasprovedtobemorediversethanwasearliersupposed,especiallyinthecaseofsmallmicroorganisms.Anentiredomainoflife,theArchaea,hasbeendistinguishedfromthebacteria,andahuge,stillmostlyunknownandenergeticallyindependentenvironmenthasbeenfoundtoextendthreekilometersormorebelowthesurfaceofEarth.G.Thefirstisinformationtechnology,withwhichhigh-resolutiondigitizedimagesofspecimenscannowbeobtained.Moreover,typespecimens,scatteredinmuseumsaroundtheworldcannowbephotographedandmadeinstantlyavailableeverywhereas"types"ontheInternet.Thesecondrevolutionabouttocatapultbiodiversitystudiesforwardisgenomics,whichwillsoonenablescientiststodescribebacterialandAchaeanspeciesbypartialDNAsequencesandtosubsequentlyidentifythembygeneticbarcoding.

填空题This is the story of a sturdy-American symbol which has now spread throughout most of the world. The symbol is not the dollar. It is not even Coca-Cola. It is a simple pair of pants called blue jeans, and what the pants symbolize is what Alexis de Tocqueville called "a manly and legitimate passion for equality ..." (2) Blue jeans are favored equally by bureaucrats and cowboys; bankers and deadbeats; fashion designers and beer drinkers. They draw no distinctions and recognize no classes; they are merely American. (3) 41. __________. (4) This ubiquitous American symbol was the invention of a Bavaraian-born Jew. His name was Levi Strauss. (5) He was born in Bad Ocheim, Germany, in 1829, and during the European political turmoil of 1848 decided to take his chances in New York, to which his two brothers already had emigrated. Upon arrival, Levi soon found that his two brothers had exaggerated their tales of an easy life in the land of the main chance. He found them pushing needles, thread, pots, pans, ribbons, yarn, scissors and buttons to housewives. (6) 42. __________. (7) It was the wrong kind of canvas for that purpose, but while talking with a miner down from the mother lode, he learned that pants-sturdy pants that would stand up to the rigors of the digging--were almost impossible to find. (8) Opportunity beckoned on the spot, Strauss measured the man's girth and inseam with a piece of string and, for six dollars in gold dust, had [the canvas] tailored into a pair of stiff but rugged pants. (9) 43. __________. (10) When Strauss ran out of canvas, he Wrote his two brothers to send more. He received instead a tough, brown cotton cloth made in Nimes, France. (11) Almost from the first, Strauss had his cloth dyed the distinctive indigo that gave blue jeans their name, but it was not until the 1870s that he added the copper rivets which have long since become a company trademark. (12) 44. __________. (13) For three decades thereafter the business remained profitable though small, with sales largely confined to the working people of the West-cowboys, lumberjacks, railroad workers, and the like. (14) Levi's jeans were first introduced to the East, apparently, during the dude-ranch craze of the 1930s, when vacationing Easterners returned and spread the word about the wonderful pants with rivets. (15) 45. __________. (16) The pants have become a tradition, and along the way have acquired a history of their own so much so that the company has opened a museum in San Francisco. For example, there is the particularly terrifying story of the careless construction worker who dangled fifty two stories above the street until rescued, his sole support the Levi's belt loop through which his rope was hooked.[A] The miner was delighted with the result, word got around about "those pants of Levi's", and Strauss was in business. The company has been in business very since.[B] As a kind of joke, Davis took the pants to a blacksmith and had the pockets riveted; once again, the idea worked so well that word got around; in 1873 Strauss appropriated and patented the gimmick--and hired Davis as a regional manager.[C] By this time, Strauss had taken both his brothers and two brothers-in-law into the company and was ready for his third San Francisco store. Over the ensuing years the company prospered locally, and by the time of his death in 1902, Strauss had become a man of prominence in California.[D] For two years he was a lowly peddler, hauling some 180 pounds of sundries door-to-door to eke out a marginal living. When a married sister in San Francisco offered to pay his way West in 1850, he jumped at the opportunity, taking with him bolts of canvas he hoped to sell for tenting.[E] Another boost came in World War Ⅱ, when blue jeans were declared an essential commodity and were sold 0nly to people engaged in defense work. From a company with fifteen salespeople, two plants, and almost no business east of the Mississippi in 1946, the organization grew in thirty years to include a sales force of more than twenty-two thousand, with plants and offices in thirty-five countries.[F] They adapt themselves to any sort of idiosyncratic use; women slit them at the inseams and convert them into long skirts, men chop them off above the knees and turn them into something to be worn while challenging the surf. Decorations and ornamentations abound.[G] Yet they are sought after almost everywhere in the world-including Russia, where authorities recently broke up a teen-aged gang that was selling them on the black market for two hundred dollars a pair.

填空题[A] Separation of Hollinger[B] Profits of newspaper[C] The ideal business model[D] Hollinger denies the rumor[E] Difficult to share in the international market[F] Lord Black sells his remaining local newspapers in Canada HE HAS been selling newspaper titles in Canada. backing a new one in New York and trying to quash rumours that he is selling them in Britain. What exactly is Conrad Black, chairman of Hollingar, ex-Canadian, newly ennobled Briton, up to?41._______________. Last month, Lord Black of Crossharbour. as he is now known, sold his remaining local newspapers in Canada. This came shortly after he had offloaded his residual 50% stake in the National Post, the Canadian daily paper he founded only in 1998, to Can West Global Communications. This Canadian media group had already picked up the other half last year, along with most of Lord Black's other local newspapers in the country, for $1.8 billion.42._______________.Shorn of its Canadian operations, and apart from the tiny Jerusalem Post, Hollinger has now been pared down to two chief assets: the Chicago Sun-Times, plus a bagful of local papers in that area, and the Daily Telegraph, Britain's most popular broadsheet paper. After the group recently reported a net loss of $9 million for the nine months to September. excluding exceptional items, rumours swirled that even the Telegraph might be for sale.43._______________.Not so, says Hollinger. Although earnings at the Telegraph and its Sunday sister are well down on last year, and the papers plan to sack up to 40 editorial staff, they still provide most of the group's profits. "There is no substance at all to the story that the Telegraph is for sale," says Daniel Colson, Hollinger's vice-chairman. Indeed, having stemmed the National Post's losses and booked a good price for the sale of most of its Canadian assets last year, the group has cut its heavy debt burden and is wall-placed to look for new projects.44._______________.But what? Economies of scale in the newspaper market are best achieved with the local and regional press. The ideal business model, says Peter Kreisky of Mercer Management Consulting, is a geographical cluster of regional titles. With local monopoly power, this can bring down the cost of paper and ink, of printing and distribution, and of marketing. Hollinger enjoys many of these benefits in the Chicago area, where it has 97 papers.45._______________.But it is far harder to achieve cost-sharing across international borders. Most national papers are still mn from and owned in their home country. Those that belong to an international owner, such as Hollinger, Tony O'Reilly's Independent News and Media and Rupert Murdoch's NewsCorp, concentrate on English-speaking markets. Yet owning newspapers is as much to do with kudos and influence as it is about profits. Although he would not rule out opportunities even in non-English-speaking parts of Europe, Lord Black's sights now seem to be set on the United States. He has just made a small bet on a new quality paper, The New York Sun, by putting in $2 million, or about 13% of the total investment. Although Hollinger stresses that it is only loosely involved, the project is nevertheless intriguing. There has long been a view that New York. a city of 8 million people, ought m be able to support more than one all-round quality newspaper; yet the New York Times, with a circulation of 1.1 million, has no direct cross-town rival. Lord Black's experience of launching a new title, The National Post, in Canada may be salutary. He managed to create a franchise from nothing in a competitive market, and in doing so stirred up political controversy in consensus-minded Canada. But it never made him any money, which may be why his bet on The New York Sun is so modest. Buying established but faltering papers would make more sense. "There will be investment opportunities arising from this economic downturn that H. advantage of," says Mr Colson, "not only in New York, but elsewhere in the US."