填空题 World Health Organization (WHO) officials recently urged Asia-Pacific governments to shake off complacency and intensify the fight against tuberculosis (TB), which kills 1,000 people a day in the region. Shigeru Omi, regional director of WHO for the Western Pacific, said deaths caused by tuberculosis continue to rise in the region as 'more and more people are infected with the dreadful disease every year. "Every year, an additional two million tuberculosis cases are diagnosed in the region," Omi said at a news conference during the opening of a two-day meeting of Asian' parliamentarians to discuss strategies to control the disease.{{U}} (41) {{/U}}"When it comes to developed countries, the reason for the increase of TB is related to the ageing society," he said."{{U}} (42) {{/U}}""One common fact among developing countries and developed countries is complacency, "Omi added."{{U}} (43) {{/U}}" WHO said among the "high burden, high risk" countries in the region are Cambodis, China, Laos, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Vietnam.{{U}} (44) {{/U}}It noted that more that 40 million people are infected with the disease and "10 percent of them -will develop TB in their lifetime. "In Cambodia, more than 7 million people, or 60 percent of the population, are infected with the disease, while in Vietnam more than 145, 000 people are infected each year. "In several developed and newly industrialized countries in the Western Pacific region, TB prevalence has not decreased markedly during the last decade although economic growth should make more resources available to deal with the problem, "WHO said.{{U}} (45) {{/U}}. Omi expressed confidence that with renewed vigilance among health officials in the region. TB prevalence could be reduced by half by 2010.[A] If you become elderly, your immune system is becoming weaker and weaker.[B] In Japan, the number of diagnosed cases rose to 48, 264 in 1999 from 42, 472 cases in 1996.[C] Omi pointed out that the main factor for the rise of TB cases in developing countries is the rapid increase of people who migrate into the big cities and live in unsanitary conditions.[D] There is no doubt that tuberculosis will be eliminated completely everywhere in the world in the near future.[E] They thought we have already conquered tuberculosis, so they become a little bit complacent.[F] WHO records showed that in China, tuberculosis is one of the most common causes of death.[G] In Asia, the number of diagnosed cases rose to 148, 264 in 2001 from 42, 472 cases in 2005.

填空题 Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be hopeless. Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient, the doctor, and nature in these situations. Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain, those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be. 41 ______. What role should the doctor have? Doctors, when taking the Hippocratic oath, swear to preserve life at all costs, and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath. It is their responsibilities to heal the sick, and in the cases when healing is not possible, then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable. Doctors are trained never to hasten death. 42. ______ Doctors are also, by virtue of their humanness, capable of making mistakes. Doctors could quite possibly say, for instance, that a cancer patient was terminal, and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious. There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs. 43. ______ These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted-suicide question. For instance, patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions. Pain clouds judgment, and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny. Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment, so they shouldn't be held completely responsible for decisions related to it. Doctors are also fallible, and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur. 44. ______ I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service. If someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery, and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine that seems merciful rather than criminal. If we can agree to this, then I think we could also agree that having a doctor close by measuring the dosage and advising the family and friends is a reasonable request. 45. ______ Life is indeed precious, but an inevitable part of life is death, and it should be precious, too. If life has become an intolerable pain and intense suffering, then it seems that in order to preserve dignity and beauty, one should have the right to end her or his suffering quietly, surely, and with family and friends nearby. [A] If one simply withholds treatment, it may take the patient longer to die, and so he may suffer more than he would if more direct action were taken and a lethal injection given. [B] The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature. Life is precious. Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another's life. Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die. To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws, but to break divine laws as well. [C] Since doctors are trained to prolong life, they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide. [D] There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies, for example, nature. Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces. [E] Without the doctor’s previous treatment, the person would surely be dead already. Doctors have intervened for months or even years, so why not sanction this final, merciful intervention? [F] There is no single, objectively correct answer for everyone as to when, if at all, one’s life becomes all things considered a burden and unwanted. If self-determination is a fundamental value, then the great variability among people on this question makes it especially important that individuals control the manner, circumstances, and timing of their death and dying. [G] Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime, and they should be dealt with accordingly.

填空题[A]Thiswork,though,wererelativelysmall-scale.Now,amuchlargerstudyhasfoundthatdiscriminationplaysaroleinthepaygapbetweenmaleandfemalescientistsatBritishuniversities.[B]Besidespay,herstudyalsolookedatthe"glass-ceiling"effect--namelythatatallstagesofawoman'scareersheislesslikelythanhermalecolleaguestobepromoted.Betweenpostdoctoralandlecturerlevel,menaremorelikelytobepromotedthanwomenare,byafactorofbetween1.04and2.45.Suchdifferencesarebiggerathighergrades,withthehardestmoveofallbeingforawoman'tosettleintoaprofessorialchair.[C]Sevenyearsago,agroupoffemalescientistsattheMassachusetts.InstituteofTechnologyproducedapieceofresearchshowingthatseniorwomenprofessorsintheinstitute'sschoolofsciencehadlowersalariesandreceivedfewerresourcesforresearchthantheirmalecounterpartsdid.Discriminationagainstfemalescientistshascroppedup.[D]SaraConnolly,aresearcherattheUniversityofEastAnglia'sschoolofeconomics,hasbeenanalyzingtheresultsofasurveyofover7,000scientistsandshehasjustpresentedherfindingsatthisyear'smeetingoftheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinNorwich.Shefoundthattheaveragepaygapbetweenmaleandfemaleacademicsworkinginscience,engineeringandtechnologyisaround￡1,500($2,850)ayear.[E]Toprovethepointbeyonddoubt,DrConnollyworkedouthowmuchoftheoverallpaydifferentialwasexplainedbydifferencessuchasseniority,experienceandage,andhowmuchwasunexplained,andthereforesuggestiveofdiscrimination.Explicabledifferencesamountedto77%oftheoverallpaygapbetweenthesexes.Thatstillleftasubstantial23%gapinpay,whichDrConnollyattributestodiscrimination.[F]Thatisnot,ofcourse,irrefutableproofofdiscrimination.Analternativehypothesisisthatthecoursesofmen'sandwomen'slivesmeanthegapiscausedbysomethingelse;womentaking"careerbreaks"tohavechildren,forexample,andthusrisingmoreslowlythroughthehierarchy.Unfortunatelyforthatidea,DrConnollyfoundthatmenarealsolikelytoearnmorewithinanygivengradeofthehierarchy.Maleprofessors,forexample,earnover￡4,000ayearmorethanfemaleones.[G]Ofcourse,itmightbethat,ateachgrade,mendomoreworkthanwomen,tomakethemselvesmoreeligibleforpromotion.Butthatexplanation,too,seemstobewrong.Unlikethepreviousstudies,DrConnolly'scomparedtheexperienceofscientistsinuniversitieswiththatofthoseinothersortsoflaboratory.Itturnsoutthatfemaleacademicresearchersfacemorebarrierstopromotion,andhaveawidergapbetweentheirpayandthatoftheirmalecounterparts,thandotheirsistersinindustryorresearchinstitutesindependentofuniversities.Privateenterprise,inotherwords,deliversmoreequalitythanthesupposedlyegalitarianworldofacademiadoes.

填空题[A] Convenient packaging[B] Health and wellness[C] Skeptical customers[D] Enormous markets[E] Soaring sales[F] Trendy drink In the last 40 years the bottled water industry has gone from a business prospect that few took seriously, to a global industry worth billions of pounds. The commodity itself remains simple. The way we think about it has changed fundamentally. Water is natural, pure and sourced at minimal cost. Its real value lies in its marketing and branding. "I think bottled water is the most revealing substance for showing us how the global capitalist market works today," says Richard Wilk, professor of anthropology at Indiana University. "In a sense we're buying choice, we're buying freedom. That's the only thing that can explain why you would pay money for a bottle of something that you can otherwise get for free. " 41. ______ Through a confection of advertising and marketing, bottled water has become one of the biggest success stories in the modern food and beverage industry. "The demand for bottle water has grown exponentially in the last few decades," says Dr. Peter Gleick, author of Bottled and Sold. "It's doubled, it's doubled again and it's doubled again. And the bottle water companies see enormous markets not just in the rich countries but also in the poorer countries. " No actual variety Some people think that bottled water is the high point of global capitalism, particularly the people in the bottled water business. "I think bottled water actually represents a kind of caricature of the global economy. It provides people in the developed world with 20 or 30 varieties of something for which there is no actual variety," says Charles Fishman, author of The Big Thirst. 42. ______. At the beginning there really was no variety and the bottled water phenomenon began with one brand. Perrier (佩绿雅，矿泉水品牌) was a triumph of advertising, creating a brand that was to define a generation. At the heart of the campaign to make the brand popular was Richard Wheatley, of the Leo Burnett advertising agency between 1979 and 1994. "Perrier popularised bottled water," he says. "It made it acceptable, more than acceptable, it made it... desirable. " But it was not an instant success. When Perrier UK was looking to increase its sales in the early 1970's, it faced a skeptical public. Many questioned why anyone would buy water when you could get it free from the tap. 43. ______. Faced with obstacles, Perrier turned to advertising with a campaign that was to change our consumer landscape for ever. The campaign was a marketing coup and sales went through the roof from 12 million bottles in 1980 to 152 million by the end of the decade. Perrier was no longer just a bottle of water. The marketing and advertising teams had established a crucial emotional link between the product and the consumers. "Perrier became a badge," says Michael Bellas, chairman of the Beverage Marketing Corporation. "When you held a Perrier bottle up, it said something about yourself, it said you were sophisticated, you understood what was happening in the world. It was a perfect beverage for the young and coming business executives, the trend-setters. " 44. ______. In an age of instant gratification, still water in portable bottles provided what people needed, exactly when they needed it. "People in general are more and more time pressed," says Mr. Fishman. "We don't cook our own meals any more, we eat prepared foods of all kinds. And there's nothing more appealing than a bottle of cold water at a moment when you're really thirsty. But I think bottled water is one of those products that on many occasions when people buy it, what they're buying isn't the water so much as the bottle. That is the package and the convenience at that moment. " 45. ______. When people bought this convenience, what they were really buying was Polyethylene Terephthalate, or PET, the single most important innovation in the industry's history. Strong, shatterproof and a highly valued form of polyester, PET is a by-product of the oil industry. It is now utilised in the packaging of everything from pharmaceuticals and soap, to ready meals. In years to come, the environmental impact of PET would haunt the industry and raise questions about its very survival, but in the 1990s this was a revolution. According to Mr. Bellas it was behind the subsequent incredible growth of the industry. "Starting with the introduction of the small premium PET waters, the category started to explode," says Mr. Bellas. "The bottled water industry before PET on the list of all beverage categories was number seven. With the advent of PET, water jumped to the number two spot, behind carbonated soft drinks. " By branding and marketing water, bottled water has been transformed from something that many of us took for granted into a product that now makes billions for global multinational companies.

填空题There are many differences between communicating in written and spoken words--one to one or one to many. Because speaking is face to face and personal, it is much more direct than writing. Hand and body gestures, facial expressions, and vocal variety help greatly to support face-to-face communication. It is also reinforced by instant feedback from listeners in the form of smiles, frowns, applause, catcalls, clenched fists, and so on. An alert speaker who is sensitive to feedback can "shift gears" and adapt to changing circumstances. 41. The differences between talking and writing Writing, however, depends solely on words and punctuation to deliver the message. There are no gestures and no voice, and if there is any feedback, it takes time to reach the writer. 42. Why long sentences can be used in writing? Effective talking is aimed at people's minds and hearts through their ears, and ears prefer short, direct, conversational sentences. There are three standards that apply equally to talking and writing--clarity, accuracy, and appropriateness. 43. Clarity. If the audience doesn't understand the message instantly, then the speaker has, to some extent, failed. Thus, every possible measure must be taken to ensure that all your words and thoughts are perfectly clear to the audience. 44. Accuracy. As a conscientious speaker, you must see to it that your information is as current and as accurate as research can make it. 45. Appropriateness. In addition to being precise, your language should also be suitable to the subject, audience, and occasion.[A] For instance, a speaker can vary his/her pitch or tone to change the meaning expressed. A writer, on the other hand, has to rely solely on the words and context or even explanations in braces to achieve that.[B] Good talking is wordy, repetitive, and far less structured than efficient writing. A good speech, reproduced word for word on paper, usually does not read well because it rambles and repeats words and thoughts. It is not nearly as disciplined and organized as good writing.[C] Throughout your talk, words are your prime means for helping your audience understand your message. And to harness the profound power of words, you should develop a lifelong habit of using a dictionary and a thesaurus. If you do not exploit these resources, you will fail to achieve your full potential as a speaker and conversationalist. Another device that will help you achieve clarity in your talk is a summary. If your talk consists of three will- researched major points, lit those points in your introduction so your audience will know at once what ground you will cover. Discuss them in depth, summarize them at the end of your talk, and emphasize any conclusions hat they lead to.[D] For example, a speaker who's addressing a Parent-Teacher Association should avoid the statistical and psychological jargon of advanced educational researchers. By the same token, she should not indulge in teenage slang. Any speaker worth her salt will analyze her audience first and adapt her language accordingly.[E] The surest way for you to damage your credibility is to spew forth misinformation or outdated information. How many times have you seen a story, a name, an important fact, or a charge against someone retracted in newspapers? Unfortunately, the damage was done when the misinformation first appeared in print. Such unwarranted embarrassment and mental anguish could have been avoided if someone had taken the time to recheck the information. If your talk is on a current or crucial topic, do your homework and arm yourself with quotations and sources to fortify your facts.[F] Long, involved sentences are acceptable in writing for two reasons: (1) The eye can absorb many more words in an instant than the ear can hear. (2) If a reader stumbles on a marathon sentence, she can read it again. Not so with spoken words-- once uttered they're gone, especially in speech. If a listener misses a sentence, both she and the speaker have lost part of the message; there is no going back, except perhaps during the question-and-answer period. In a conversation, of course, the listener can ask the speaker to repeat.

填空题A.Theculpritisclimatechange,causedbysociety'sburningoffossilfuels.Whenitcomestoglobalwarming,farmerswhoaremoreattunedtoweatherpatternsthanmostpeople—maybetheproverbialcanariesinthecoalmine.Theweather,ofcourse,hasneverbeenexactlydependable—farmershavealwaysbeenatthemercyofthevagariesofsunandrain.Generalweatherpatternshaveatleastbeenbroadlypredictable,allowingfarmerstoknowwhentosowtheirseeds,whentotransplant,whentoharvest.Asweatherpatternsbecomelessreliable,growerswillbetestedtodevelopnewrhythmsandsystemsforgrowingcrops.B.MostkeyboardjockeyswoulddiefortheviewfromOrinMartin'sofficewindow:appletreesinblossom,linesofcitrus,dozensofvarietiesofflowersandneatrowsofpeppersandpotatoes.MartinisafarmerinSantaCruz,Cali~,whereforthelast30yearshehasbeenaninstructorattheUniversityofCalifornia'sagro-ecologyprogram,oneofthenation'soldestorganicagriculturecurriculums.C.Whatallagricultureexpertsagreeonisthatfarmersneedtostartpreparingtodayforclimatechange.Growersoughttobethinkingaboutwhatwarmertemperatures,fluctuationsinprecipitation,andanincreaseinextremeweathereventswillmeanfortheirfarms,andhowtheycanrespond."Thisischange;it'snotnecessarilydisaster,"saysGrubinger."Thedisasterwillcomeifpeoplearen'tprepared."D.Inrecentyears,however,somethinghasbeenwronginhisidyllicsetting.Theweatherischanginginstrangeways.FromNewEnglandtotheMidwesttoCalifornia,farmersandscientistsarenoticingthatonce-dependableweatherpatternsareshifting.E.Amongfarmersandresearchers,thereisdisagreementaboutwhichtypesofgrowersclimatechangewillimpactmost—largeagribusinessgrowingoperations,orsmaller,family-runfarms.Someagricultureindustryobserverssaythatthebiggerfarmerswillhaveanadvantageincopingwithweatherchanges,astheywillhavemoreresourcestoswitchtonewcrops.Otherssaythatsincefamilyfarmsusuallygrowawiderrangeofcrops,theirbiologicaldiversitywillmakeiteasiertocopewithwhateverchangesoccur.F.Toomuchrainatthewrongtimecanmakeitdifficulttoplantorharvestcrops.Above-averagerainfallalsocontributestofungiandinsectsthatcandramaticallyreducecropyields.Toomuchwarmthisequallyproblematic.Someplantsrequireacertainnumberoffrostdayseachyearinordertothrivethefollowingspring.Astemperatureswarm,farmersmayfindthemselveshavingtoeithershifttodifferentcropsoractuallymovetheiroperationstonewlocales.Unreliableweatherwillmakeitharderforfarmerstobeasproductiveaswehavecometoexpect.Order:

填空题If good intentions and good ideas were all it took to save the deteriorating atmosphere, the planet's fragile layer of air would be as good as fixed. The two great dangers threatening the blanket of gases that nurtures and protects life on earth-global warming and the thinning ozone layer--have been identified. Better yet, scientists and policymakers have come up with effective though expensive countermeasures. (2) 41._________________. (3) CFCs-first fingered as dangerous in the 1970s by Sherwood Rowland and Mario M01ina, two of this year's Nobel-prizewinning chemists--have been widely used for refrigeration and other purposes. (4) If uncontrolled, the CFC assault on the ozone layer could increase the amount of hazardous solar ultraviolet light that reaches the earth's surface, which would, among other things, damage crops and bring disasters to environment. (5) Thanks to a sense of urgency triggered by the 1985 detection of what has turned out to be an annual "hole" in the especially vulnerable ozone over Antarctica, the Montreal accords have spurred industry to replace dangerous CFCs with safer substances. (6) 42._________________. (7) Nonetheless, observes British Antarctic Survey meteorologist Jonathan Shanklin: "It will be the middle of the next century before things are back to where they were in the 1970s." (8) Even that timetable could be thrown off by international smugglers who have been bringing illegal CFCs into industrial countries to use in repairing or recharging old appliances. (9) 43._________________. (10) Developing countries were given more time to comply with the Montreal Protocol and were promised that they would receive ＄ 250 million from richer nations to pay for the CFC phaseout. At the moment, though, only 60% of those funds has been forthcoming. This is a critical time. (11) It is also a critical time for warding off potentially catastrophic climate change Waste gases such as carbon dioxide, Methane and the same CFCs that wreck the ozone layer all tend to trap sunlight and warm the earth. The predicted results: and eventual melting of polar ice caps, rises in sealevels and shifts in climate patterns. (12) 44._________________. (13) The encouraging precedent is the Montreal Protocol for ozone protection, which showed how quickly nations can act when they finally recognize a disaster. A related lesson is that if CFCs do disappear, it will be partly because chemical manufactures discover they can make a profit by selling safer replacements. (14) 45._________________. (15) If that happens, then all nations, from the rich to the poor, may end up working to save the atmosphere for the same reason they've polluted it: pure economic self-interest.[A] Says Nelson Sabogal of the U. N. Environment Program: "If developed countries don't come up with the money, the ozone layer will not recuperate."[B] But that doesn't mean these problems are anywhere close to being solved. The stratospheric ozone layer, for example, is still getting thinner, despite the 1987 international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol, which calls for a phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting chemicals by the year 2006.[C] The same process may ultimately be what mitigates global warming. After long years of effort, manufacturers of solar-power cells are at last close to matching the low costs of more conventional power technologies. And a few big orders from utilities could drive the price down to competitive levels.[D] Yet the CFCs already in the air are still doing their dirty work. The Antarctic ozone hole is more severe this year than ever before, and ozone levels over temperate regions are dipping as well. If the CFC phaseout proceeds on schedule, the atmosphere should start repairing itself by the year 2000, say scientists.[E] Last year alone 20 000 tons of contraband CFCs entered the U. S.--mostly from India, where the compounds are less restricted.[F] Until recently, laggard governments could to scientific uncertainty about whether global warming has started, but that excuse is wearing thin. A draft report circulating on the Internet has proclaimed for the first time that warming has indeed begun.[G] The good news is that this gloomy scenario may galvanize the world's governments into taking serious action. For example, though it's now more costly to generate electricity from solar cells than from would otherwise have to be spent in the future combating the effects of global warming.

填空题Every now and then a study comes along whose chief interest lies in how peculiarly askew its findings seem to be from the common perception of things. Sometimes, of course, the "surprising new study" itself turns out to be off in some way. But if the data are fundamentally sound, then what you really want to know is why sensible people hold such a contrary view. 41___________________. Researchers took a closer look at an earlier study that had been widely interpreted, when it was first published in 2000, as proof that the homework monster was growing, and insatiable. A Time magazine cover article spawned a minigenre of trend stories, all peopled by pale, exhausted kids and bewildered boomer parents whose own homework memories seemed to encompass only felt puppets and shoe-box dioramas. But the new report points out that while the amount of time schoolchildren 12 and under devoted to study at home did indeed grow between 1981 and 1997, the increase was small: an average of 23 minutes per week. 42___________________. So why do so many parents seem to think otherwise? One answer is that the real increase in homework that has been documented is among younger children. In 1981, for instance, one-third of 6- to 8-year-olds had some homework; one-half did in the late 90's. 43___________________. Since children 6 to 8 are the ones we particularly like to think of as engaged in unstructured play--we imagine them riding bikes in the honeyed light of waning afternoons, even when what they might well be doing, in the absence of homework, is watching TV-homework for them seems like one of those heavy-handed incursions on the freedom of childhood. 44___________________. These children go to elite private schools or to demanding public ones where the competitive pressures are such that they either really do have hours of homework each night or take hours finishing it because they (or their parents) are so anxious that it be done well. They come from the demographic that makes a cultural, almosta. moral, ideal of enrolling children in soccer and oboe lessons and karate and ballet, and so their time really is at a premium. 45___________________.A. Moreover, 20 percent fewer children between the ages of 9 and 12 were doing homework at all in 1997 than in 1981. And high-school students spent no more time on homework than they did in previous decades.B. That is certainly the question raised by a Brookings Institution report released last month showing that the amount of time kids devote to homework has not, in fact, significantly increased over the last two decades.C. Behind the seeming contradictions of steady homework levels and the anti-homework backlash, in other words, is the reality of social class.D. They are likely to have busy professional parents, oversubscribed themselves but with an investment in seeing their children produce book reports of a kind that teachers, counselors and, in time, college admissions boards will find impressive.E. Anti-homework crusades are not new-in 1901, for example, California passed a law abolishing homework for grades one through eight-but they have usually been led by the same kinds of people, which is to say, elites.F. Since parents are more likely to have to supervise a first or second grader doing homework than an older child, the earlier launching of a homework regimen might feel like a disproportionate increase in the parental workload.G. But the bigger answer, I suspect, is that the parents we tend to hear from in the press, at school-board meetings and in Internet chat groups, the parents with elaborated, developmentally savvy critiques of standards and curriculums, are parents whose children really are experiencing a time crunc

填空题[A]Cityplannerswelcomedthedevelopment[B]Demandsonspaceandenergyarereduced[C]Plansforfuturehomes[D]Worldwideexamplesofundergroundlivingaccommodation[E]Developingundergroundworldeverywhere[F]HomessoldbeforecompletionThefirstanybodyknewaboutDutchmanFrankSiegmundandhisfamilywaswhenworkmentrampingthroughafieldtoundanarrowsteelchimneyprotrudingthroughthegrass.Closerinspectionrevealedachinkofsky-lightwindowamongthethistles,andwhenamazedinvestigatorsmoveddownthesideofthehilltheycameacrossapinedoorcompletewithleadeddiamondglassandabrassknockersetintoanundergroundbuilding.TheSiegmundsarethelatestinaclutchofindividualistichomemakerswhohaveburrowedundergroundinsearchoftranquility.Most,fallingfoulofstrictbuildingregulations,havebeenforcedtodismantletheirindividualistichomesandreturntomoreconventionallifestyles.Butsubterraneansuburbia,Dutch-style,isabouttobecomerespectableandchic.Sevenluxuryhomescossetedawayinsideahighearth-coverednoiseembankmentnexttothemainTilburgcityroadrecentlywentonthemarketfor$296,500each.Thefoundationshadyettobedug,butcustomersqueueduptobuytheunusualpart-submergedhouses,whosebackwallconsistsofagrassymoundandwhosefrontisalongglassgallery.TheDutcharenottheonlywouldbemoles.GrowingnumbersofEuropeansareburrowingbelowgroundtocreatehouses,offices,discosandshoppingmalls,Itisalreadyprovingawayoflifeinextremeclimates;inwintermonthsinMontreal,Canada,forinstance,citizenscanescapethecoldinanundergroundcomplexcompletewithshopsandevenhealthclinics.InTokyobuildersareplanningamassiveundergroundcitytobebeguninthenextdecade,andundergroundshoppingmallsarealreadycommoninJapan,where90percentofthepopulationinsqueezedinto20percentofthelandspace.Therearebigadvantages,too,whenitcomestoprivatehomes.Adevelopmentof194houseswhichwouldtakeup14hectaresoflandabovegroundwouldoccupy2.7hectaresbelowit,whilethenumberofroadswouldbehalved.Underseveralmetersofearth,noiseisminimalandinsulationisexcellent.PeterCarpenter,secretaryoftheBritishEarthShelteringAssociation,andanundergrounddwellerhimself,sayshehasneverpaidaheatingbill,thankstosolarpanelsandnaturalinsulationinhishome.InEurope,theobstaclehasbeenconservativelocalauthoritiesanddeveloperswhoprefertoensurequicksaleswithconventionalmassproducedhousing.ButtheDutchdevelopmentwasgreetedwithundisguisedreliefbySouthLimburgplannersbecauseofHolland"schronicshortageofland."Theyarenotsomuchbelowtheearthasinit,"JoHurkmans,aTilburgarchitect,says."Allthelightwillcomethroughtheglassfront,whichrunsfromthesecondfloorceilingtotheground.Areaswhichdonotneedmuchnaturallightingaretheback.Thelivingaccommodationistothefrontsonobodynoticesthatthebackisdark."IntheUS,whereenergy-efficienthomesbecamepopularaftertheoilcrisisof1973,10,000undergroundhouseshavebeenbuilt.Aterraceoffivehomes,Britain"sfirstsubterraneandevelopment,isunderwayinNottinghamshire.Italy"soutstandingexampleofsubterraneanarchitectureistheOlivettiresidentialcenterinIvrea.CommissionedbyRobertoOlivettiin1969,itcomprises82one-bed-roomedapartmentsand12maisonettesandformsahouse/hotelforOlivettiemployees.Itisbuiltintoahillandlittlecanbeseenfromoutsideexceptaglassfacade.PatriziaVallecchi,aresidentsince1992,saysitislittledifferentfromlivinginaconventionalapartment.Noteveryoneadaptssowell,andinJapanscientistsattheShimizuCorporationhavedeveloped"spacecreation"systemwhichmixlight,sound,breezesandscentstosimulatepeoplewhospendlongperiodsbelowground.UndergroundofficesinJapanarebeingequippedwith"virtual"windowsandmirrors,whileundergrounddepartmentsintheUniversityofMinnesotahaveperiscopestoreflectviewsandlight.ButFrankSiegmundandhisfamilylovetheirhobbitlifestyle."Wefeltatpeaceandsoclosetonature,"hesays.

填空题[A]Assumedinhospitablenesstosocialdevelopment[B]Pricepaidformisconceptions[C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology[D]Falsebeliefsrevised[E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness[F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact[G]PopularviewonresidentsIn1942AlanRHolmberg,adoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversity,USA,ventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.Theresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestruggleforsurvival,aviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday.TheSiriono,Hohnbergwrote,leda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforest,whileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepleted,thetribemovedon.Asfortechnology,Holmbergnoted,theSiriuno"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".Otherthanbows,arrowsandcrudediggingsticks,theonlytoolstheSirionoseemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives".AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecades,theimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.Tocasualobservers,aswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplanners,theluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemageless,unconquerable,ahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology,,livingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot--andcan'tsustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboralecullureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregion,abandonedlodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment.ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfiomanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatedthattheregionhassupportedaseriesoflocal/indigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas10000—thrivedthereformorethan1,000yearsbeforethearrivalEuropeans.Farfrombeingevolutionarilyretarded,prehistoricAmazonianpeopledeelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive",theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure.TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaeeologist,PeterFeinsinger,hasnoted,anapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongersensible.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants.Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupation,someenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironically,onemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislation,developmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedonalargescaleovervastareas.Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonians,whosehabitsofhunting,fishing,andslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.Intheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddevelopers,theIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAinazonia,however,pointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpast,itseems,offerhopeforthetuture.

填空题A.Recentarchaeologicalresearchhasfocusedonaphenomenonbarelynoticedbefore:extensivepatchesofrichblacksoilfoundalongthebanksandonterracesaboveallmajorriversintheAmazon.Somecoveranareaofmanyacresandareupto6feetdeep.Theyarethoughttohaveformedovermanycenturiesastheaccumulatedproductoforganicremainsleftbynativesettlements.ThesesoilsareusuallyfilledwithfragmentsofbustedceramicsandarenowbeingstudiedforcluestotheriseoftropicalforestcivilizationsintheAmazonBasin.Localfarmersregardtheblacksoilsasa"giftfromthepast"becausetheyarenaturallyfertileandhavetheabilitytosupportawiderangeofcrops.B.Secondly,thereisatrulyimpressivediversityoflanguages,withseveralhundreddistincttonguesanddialects.ThisverbaldiversitymusthaveevolvedoverthousandsofyearsandimpliesanoccupationoftheAmazonbasinforatleast14,000years,afiguresupportedbyarchaeologicalevidence.TherockartintheAmazonBasinmaybeasoldashumanoccupationitself.Imagesarecarvedandpaintedonexposedrocknearrapidsandwaterfallswherefishingismostproductive,andincavesandrocksheltersclosetoarchaeologicalsites.C.Twofactorshavebeeninstrumentalinliftingtheveilofmisunderstanding.Firstisasurprisinglydiverserangeofceramicstyles.Recentresearchseemstoconfirmthatacreativeexplosionofstylesoccurredabout2,000yearsago.ArchaeologicaldigsinthehighestreachesoftheUpperAmazonhavedemonstratedtheexistenceofawidespreadstyleofpaintinglargewatertightjarsinboldblack,redandcreamdesigns.ThissamestylehasbeenfoundonanisleatthemouthoftheAmazon,andappearstohaveitsoriginswheretheAmazonmeetstheocean,laterspreadingacrossmuchoftheUpperAmazon.Thestyletranscendslocalandregionalculturesandpointstoconsiderableintercoursebetweensocietiesalongthevastrivernetwork.D.ThenativepeoplesoftheAmazoncannolongerbeseenasisolatedcommunitiesinthedepthsoftheforestordispersedalongrivers.Westillhavemuchtolearnabouttheirsocieties,buttherainforestshouldnolongerbeseenasanuntouched"paradise".E.AmongthemostexcitingdiscoveriesarefuneraljarsdatingtoA.D.1400-1700foundincavesandrocksheltersnearthemouthoftheAmazon.Thebonesofmen,womenandchildrenwerepreservedinindividuallydedicatedvessels.Itseemsthatthesiteswerevisitedregularlyovertheyearsandnewjarsaddedasfamilymembersexpired.Theseburialsreflectthefamilytiesofancientsettlementsandtheirnurturingoflinksbetweenthelivingandthedead.F.PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950s,scientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitself,butmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobean"imitationparadise"unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince.G.ThefutureoftheAmazonBasinisnowasubjectoffiercedebate.Knowledgeaboutthepasthasavitalroletoplayinplanninganddecisionmakingforthefuture.Archaeologypointstosuccessfulmethodsforadaptingtotheforest,groundedinpracticalexpertiseandempiricalknowledgeofthelimitationsandpossibilitiesofthisenvironment.Thesetechniquesforwisemanagementarebecomingamatterofglobalconcern.Order:

填空题When Nick A. Coreodilos started out in the headhunting business 20 years ago, he had a keen eye for tracking talents. From his base in Silicon Valley he would send all-star performers to blue-chip companies like Xerox, IBM and General Electric. But while he would succeed in his part of the hunt, the job-seekers he located would often fail in theirs. They were striking out before, during or after the interview. So instead of simply hunting for talent, Corcodilos began advising job candidates as well. He helped improve their success ratio by teaching them to pursue fewer companies, make the right contacts and deliver what companies are looking for in an interview. In his myth-busting book, Ask the Headhunter (Plume, 1997 ) , Coreodilos has reinvented the rules of the job search, from preparation to interview techniques. Here are his six new principles for successful job hunting: 41. Your resume is meaningless. Headhunters know a resume rarely gets you inside a company. All it does is to outline your past largely irrelevant since it doesn" t demonstrate that you can do the work the hiring manager needs to be done. 42. Don"t get lost in HR. Headhunters try to get around the human resources department whenever possible. 43. The real matchmaking takes place before the interview. A headhunter sends a candidate into an interview only if he or she is clearly qualified for the position. In your own job hunt, make the same effort to ensure a good fit. Know the parameters of the job when you walk into the interview. Research the company, finding out about its culture, goals, and competitors. Remember, the employer wants to hire you. "A company holds interviews so it can find the best person for the job," Corcodilos says. The manager will be ecstatic if that person turns out to be you, because then he or she can stop interviewing and get back to work. 44. Pretend the interview is your first day at work. Most people treat an interview as if it were an interrogation. The employer asks questions, and the candidate gives answers. Headhunters go out of their way to avoid that scenario. 45. Got an offer. Interview the company. When an employer makes an offer, he does more than deliver a title and a compensation package, he also cedes part of his control over the hiring process. Once you get that offer, "You have the power," says Coreodilos, to decide whether, and on what terms, you want to hire that company. [A] Consider how Corcodilos coached Gerry Zagorski of Edison. N. J. , who was pursuing an opening at AT & T. Zagorski, walked over to the vice president" s marker board and outlined the company"s challenges and the steps he would take to increase its profits. Fifteen minutes later, as Zagorski wrote down his estimate of what he would add to the bottom line, he looked up at his interviewer. [B] One of the best ways to learn about a company is to talk to people who work there. Kenton Green of Ann Arbor, Mich., used this technique while completing a doctoral program in electrical engineering and optics at the University of Rochester: "I would find an article published by someone in my field who worked at a company 1 was interested in. Then I" d call that person and ask to talk, mention my employability and discuss the company" s needs. One of two things happened: I"d either get an interview or learn we weren"t a good match after all. " [C]" Most HR departments create an infrastructure that primarily involves processing paper," Corcodilos says. "They package, organize, file and sort you. Then, if you haven" t gotten lost in the shuffle, they might pass you on to a manager who actually knows what the work is all about. While the typical candidate is waiting to be interviewed by HR, the headhunter is on the phone, using a back channel to get to the hiring manager. [D]" At the outset of the interview, the employer controls the offer anti the power that comes with it, " Corcodilos says. "But upon making an offer, he transfers that power to the candidate. This is a power few people in that situation realize they have. It" s the time for you to explore changing the offer to suit your goals and fidly interview the company. " [E] "The guy" s jaw was on the floor, " Corcodilos says. " He told Zagorski that finishing the interview wouldn" t be necessary. Instead, the VP brought in the rest of his team, and the meeting lasted for two hours. " [F] "A resmne leaves it up to employers to figure out how you can help their organization," Corcodilos says. "That"s no way to sell yourself. " [G] One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background. 41. ______42. ______43. ______44. ______45. ______