填空题At every stage of development

填空题Say goodbye to the world's tropical glaciers and ice caps. Many will vanish within 20 years. When Lonnie Thompson visited Peru's Quelccaya ice cap in 1977, he couldn't help noticing a school-bus-size boulder that was upended by ice pushing against it. Thompson returned to the same spot last year, and the boulder was still there, but it was lying on its side. The ice that once supported the massive rock had retreated far into the distance, leaving behind a giant lake as it melted away. Foe Thompson, a geologist with Ohio State University's Byrd Polar Research Center, the rolled-back rock was an obvious sign of climate change in the Andes Mountains. "Observing that over 25 years personally really brings it home," he says. "Your don't have to be a believer in global warming to see what's happening. " 41. Thawed ice caps in the tropics. Quelccaya is the largest ice cap in the tropics, but it isn't the only one that is melting, according to decades of research by Thompson's team. NO tropical glaciers are currently known to be advancing, and Thompson predicts that many mountaintops will be completely melted within the next 20 years. 42. Situation in areas other than the tropics. The phenomenon isn't confined to the tropics. Glaciers in Europe, Russia, new Zealand, the United States, and elsewhere are also melting. 43. The worsening effects of global warming. For many scientists, the widespread melt-down is a clear sign that humans are affecting glottal climate, primarily by raising the levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. 44. Receding ice caps. That's not to say that glaciers, currently found on every continent except Australia, haven't melted in the past as a result of natural variability. These rivers of ice exist in a delicate balance between inputs (accumulating snow and ice)and outputs (melting and "calving" of large chunks of ice). Over time, the balance can tilt in either direction, causing glaciers to advance or retreat. What's different now is the speed at which the scales have tipped. "We've been surprised at how rapid the rate of retreat has been," says Thompson. His team began mapping one of the main glaciers flowing out of the Quelccaya ice cap in 1978,using satellite images and ground surveys. 45. Thinning ice cores. And its' not just the margin of the ice cap that is melting. At Qaelccaya and Mount Kilimanjaro, the researchers have found that the ice fields are thinning as well. Besides mapping ice caps and glaciers, Thompson and his colleagues have taken core samples from Queleeaya since 1976, when the ice at the drilling location was 154 meters thick. Thompson and his colleagues have also drilled ice cores from other locations in South America, Africa, and China. Trapped within each of these cores is a climate record spanning more than 8,000 years. It shows that the past 50 years are the warmest in history. The 4-inch-thick ice cores are now stored in freezers at Ohio State. On the future, says Thompson, that may be the only place to see what's left of the glaciers of Africa and Peru.[A] The latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, prepared by hundreds of scientists and approved by government delegates from more than 100 nations, states: "There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities." The report, released in January, says that the planet's average surface temperature increased by about 0.6℃ during the 20th century, and is projected to increase another 1.4 ℃ to 5.8 ℃ by 2100. That rate of warming is "with-out precedent during at least the last 10,000 years," says the IPCC.[B] Alaska's massive Bering and Columbia Glaciers located in nontropical regions, for example, have receded by more than 10 kilometers during the past century. And a study by geologists at the University of Colorado at Boulder predicts that Glacier National Park in Montana, under the influence of melting, will lose all of its glaciers by 2070.[C] For example, about 97 per cent of the planet's water is seawater. Another 2 per cent is locked in icecaps and glaciers. There are also reserves of fresh water under the earth's surface but these are too deep for us to use economically.[D] For example, Africa's Mount Kilimanjaro in tropical areas has lost 82 percent of its ice field since it was first mapped in 1912. That year, Kilimanjaro had 12.1 square kilometers of ice. By last year, the ice covered only 2.2 square kilometers. At the current rate of melting, the snows of Kilimanjaro that Ernest Hemingway wrote about will be gone within 15 years, Thompson estimates. "Butit probably will happen sooner, because the rate is speeding up."[E] "I fully expect to be able to return there in a dozen years or so and see the marks on the rock where our drill bit punched through the ice," says Thompson. If that happens, it will mean that a layer of ice more than 500 feet thick has vanished into thin air.[F] The glacier, Qori Kalis, was then retreating by 4. 9 meters per year. Every time the scientists returned, Qori Kalis was melting faster. Between 1998 and 2000, it was retreating at a rate of 155 meters per years (more than a foot per day), 32 times faster than in 1978. "You can almost sit there and watch it move," says Thompson.

填空题41)__________. But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fix solution that will not alleviate the traffic problem in the long run. Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style construction program. 42) __________. Proponents of this advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television, radio communication, ramp metering, variable message singing, and other smart-highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic. Pathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a "smart corridor", is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement. Closed circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communications linked to properly equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours. 43) __________. "Electronics on the highway addresses just one aspect of the Problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently", explains Michael Rennet, senior researcher at the World watch Institute. "It doesn't deal with the central problem of too many cars for roads that can't be built fast enough. It sends people the wrong message: They start thinking 'Yes, there used to be a traffic congestion problem, but that's been solved now because we have an advanced high-tech system in place. '" Larson agrees and adds, 44) "__________". Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented with include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highway. 45) __________.[A] Smart highways are just one of the tools that we will use to deal with our traffic problems. It's not the solution itself, just part of the package. There are different strategies.[B] It seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years. There has to be a big change.[C] It's taking advantage of the technology you use in your everyday lives and putting it to work on highways.[D] Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture. To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S. cities have simply built more roads.[E] The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system.[F] Smart highways that will allow a driver to program a destination on a dashboard computer, then sit back and enjoy the ride.[G] Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock. Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem.

填空题In 1994, the Las Vegas police reported that a man had met an attractive woman at a local bar and then blacked out. When he awoke he was lying in a hotel bathtub, covered in ice. He called an ambulance and was rushed to the hospital, where the doctors told him that he had undergone massive surgery in which one of his kidneys had been removed, most likely by a gang selling human organs on the black market. (1) . This story is an urban legend, an incredible tale passed from one person to another as truth. Generally speaking, an urban legend is any modem, fictional story, told as truth that reaches a wide audience by being passed from person to person. Urban legends are often false, but not always. (2) . Folklorists have come up with a number of definitions for urban legend. To most it should be a story with characters and a plot. Others also call widely dispersed misinformation, or facts, urban legend. For example, the belief that you will automatically pass all of your college courses in a semester if your roommate kills himself is generally considered to be an urban legend. (3) . Thematically, there is great variety in urban legends, but several elements show up again and again. Typically, urban legends are characterized by some combination of humor, horror, warning, embarrassment, morality or appeal to empathy. They often have some unexpected twist that is crazy, but just plausible enough to be taken as truth. (4) . The story also includes a moral lesson, in that the businessman ended up in the mess only after flirting with a mysterious woman at a bar. (5) . Another is of temporary tattoos coated with drugs being given to children so that they will become addicted, new customers for evil dealers. Despite announcements that this is not true, concerned people continue to spread the word cautioning others about drug-laced tattoos. So regardless of the truth, urban legends will continue. It is human nature to tell bizarre stories, and there will always be an audience waiting to believe them. The urban legend is part of our make-up. A. While these "facts" don't always have the elements of a story, they are passed from person to person and have the elements of caution, horror or humor found in legends. Urban legends may therefore be a fact or a story. For example, someone could tell you that there are giant alligators in New York's sewers, and then tell a riveting story about a group of kids who stumbled upon such an animal. B. Where history is obsessed with accurately writing down the details of events, traditional folklore is characterized by the "oral tradition", the passing of stories by word of mouth. C. The warning and moral lesson of this story are clear: Don't go off by yourself, and don't engage in premarital intimacy! If you do, something horrific could happen. D. In the story of the organ harvesters, you can see how these elements come together. The most outstanding feature is its sense of horror: The image of a man waking up in a bathtub, with one less kidney, is a lurid one indeed. But the real hook is the cautionary element. Most people travel to unfamiliar cities from time to time, and Las Vegas is one of the most popular destinations in the world. E. There's a good chance you've heard this story, because it has been relayed by word of mouth, e-mail and even printed fliers. But there is no evidence that it ever occurred, in Las Vegas or anywhere else. F. A few turn out to be largely true, and a lot were inspired by an actual event but evolved into something different in their passage from person to person. More often than not, it isn't possible to trace an urban legend back to its original source—they seem to come from nowhere. G. This is what's called a cautionary tale. A variation of the cautionary tale is the contamination story which has played out recently in reports about human body fluids being found in restaurant food. One of the most widespread contamination stories is the long-standing rumor of rats and mice showing up in soda bottles or other prepackaged food.

填空题[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperis,infact,probablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnow,withmassiveincreasesinpaperprices,thetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.[B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottles,whicharereturnedtothedairies,washedout,andrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.Moreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottles,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays![C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopper,whousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.Sowhyisitdone?Someofit,likethecellophaneonmeat,isnecessary,butmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment.[D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops,asuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks.[E]Littleresearch,however,isbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisit,forinstance,forlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaper,pulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxes?Woulditbecheapertoplantanotherforest?Paperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging--20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday--butverylittleissalvaged.[F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandreuseofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackaging,intendedtobeusedjustonce,andmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythem,isclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatis,afterall,arelativelyunimportantfunction.[G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoff,thelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polytheneorpaper.Order:

填空题[A]Althoughtheimpetusbehindlocation-basedtrackingwaspublicsafety,manycompaniesareexploringcommercialopportunitiesaswell.Severalcompaniesnowoffernon-emergencytrackingforamonthlyfeeofabout$15～$25.[B]Cellphoneshavebecomesoconvenientandaffordablethatinsomecasespeoplearereplacingtheirtraditionalphoneswithcellphones.Thesophisticationofcellphonetechnologyisincreasingatarapidpace.Itisimportanttoconsiderhowthistechnologyimpactsyourprivacywhenyoupurchaseanduseyourcellphone.[C]Groupsoffriendsarealsoexpectedtobeabletosign-upforlocation-basedtrackingservicesinthefuture.Companies,seekingtocapitalizeonpopularcomputersocialnetworks,suchasFriendsteraridMySpace,wouldallowfriendstotrackthelocationofeachother.Theservicewouldlikelyworksimilarlytothesocialnetworksontheinternet,whereonefriendwouldsendamessagetoanotheraskingthemtoauthorizethelocationtracking.Oncethepairoffriendswerelinked,eachpersoncouldsendrestaurantandmoviereviewsorevenweatherreportsdependingonthelocationoftheirfriend.[D]Inthepast,yourgenerallocationcouldbeverifiedbylookingatyourphonerecordstodeterminewhichtowerwasusedtoconnectyourcall.Now,yourlocationcanoftenbepinpointedinrealtimeifyourphoneisturnedon.Mostcurrent-modelphonesnowincludeGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)chips,whichcandetermineyourcoordinatesbyconnectingtosatellites.Itislikelythatthetrendofincludinglocation-trackingcomponentswillcontinueascellphonemanufacturerscomplywiththeFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)Enhanced911(E911)rule.[E]Theprivacypoliciesofcommerciallocation-trackingcompaniesusuallyrestricttheirservicestoeithertheactualownerofthecellphone,theparentofthecellphoneuseroremployer-ownedphones.Pleasebeawarethatifyouareusingaphoneorvehicleprovidedbyyouremployer,underthecurrentlawyouremployercanuseGPStomonitoryouduringworkhours.[F]Oneofthenewestcommercialformsofnon-emergencytrackingisaimedatparents.Inthenextyear,severalcompaniesareexpectedtopitchmonitoringservicestoparents.Theseserviceswouldallowparentstomonitortheirchild'slocationbytrackingtheircellphone.Aparentwouldbeabletoturnontheircomputerandlocatetheirchild—andevenwatchasthechildtravelsfromplacetoplace.Inadditiontotrackingthelocation,thesemonitoringservicescouldsendtextmessagestochildrenwhotraveltoofarfromparent-approvedlocations.Textmessagesmayalsobeusedtoalertparentsifastrangerorhackerattemptstousetheservicetolocatetheirchild.[G]TheFCC'sE911initiativerequirescellphonecarrierstobeabletopinpointtheircustomers'locationwithin100meters,soemergencyresponderscanreachtheminacrisis.However,phoneswithGPSchipscanactuallyfindyouwithinafewfeet.Ninety-fivepercentofcellphonesmustbeE911compliantbytheendof2005.Althoughseveralphonecarriershaveaskedforextensions,inthefuturenearlyallcellphoneswillhavelocation-trackingfeatures.Order:

填空题A. Create a new image of yourself B. Have confidence in yourself C. Decide if the time is right D. Understand the context E. Work with professionals F. Make it efficient G. Know your goals No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look. The difference between today"s workplace and the "dress for success" era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing. So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what"s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips: 1 As an executive coach, I"ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions—when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you"re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you"re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others per ceive you. Maybe there"s no need for an upgrade and that"s OK. 2 Get clear on what impact you"re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modem and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more "SoHo." (It"s OK to use characterizations like that.) 3 Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audience? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact. 4 Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a pro fessional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It"s not as expensive as you might think. 5 The point of a style upgrade isn"t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.

填空题[A]ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthecarnagetheycreate,andwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarris,fromBristolUniversity,said,"Themessageisclear,mostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors'catsintheirgardens".[B]Eventoday,someviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.EventheEnglishlanguageisstackedagainstthemoggy.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atwork,agreedy,lazybossisa"fatcat".[C]AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsasthelatestfavorite,mammaltovisitourgardens.TheUK's10millioncatshavehaditroughoflate,drawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthendtion'sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets.[D]ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK'sfavoritepets,Britishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitorstotheirplots--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll.[E]TheMammalSociety,whichconductedthesurveysayscatscutaswathethroughthenation'swildlife,killingaround300millionanimalseveryyear."Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunter.Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fed--butacat'smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."Evenwithafullstomach,acatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearby,saysMs.Heath,authorofWhyDoesMyCat."ltdoesn'tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit'shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere'stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway."[F]But,tobefair,theBritishcan'thatecatsthatmuch.ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese.[G]Britain'sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople'scats.Okay,they'resadisticmurderers,butisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners?Order:

填空题A. Have enough information B. Listen to your Gremlin C. Test them against your values D. Respect your doubts E. Trust your gut F. Weigh up the pro's and con's G. It just doesn't matter 5 Ways to Stop Second Guessing Yourself Some years ago I remember standing in my kitchen, staring silently at my boxes of cereal, trying to decide which to have for breakfast. I stood there for 5 minutes, until--utterly frustrated--I marched out of the house and went without. Fortunately I've learned to make decisions more quickly and more easily now, and when I notice that second-guessing and doubting starting to kick in, I kick it right back. So here are 5 ways to make confident decisions. (41) ______. So many times we have to make decisions without a framework and no way to judge between two choices. When faced with a tricky decision it's often a good idea to line up your choices and ask "Which one of these most honors the things that mean the most to me?" The decision that's most in line with the things that mean the most to you--your core values--will be the best decision for you. That might not be the simplest or most practical, but because it fits with who you are and what's most important to you it will always be the best decision for you. (42)______. When I was growing up I used to love rainy Sunday afternoons watching Columbo (an American crime fiction TV series). What Columbo had bundles of was a great trust in his intuition. In every episode, from the very moment he first meets the bad guy, he knows "whodunit"--and he always trusts that. So look at what your intuition tells you is the 'right' decision for you. Forget about all the "What if's" and the myriad, tiny details--what is your gut telling you? Listen to your intuition, it knows what it's talking about. (43)______. My decision between breakfast cereals wasn't a big deal. Whichever one I chose, there were never going to be any huge consequences and the ripples from that decision wouldn't have been felt much further than the end of my spoon. Sometimes it just doesn't matter which way you go. It's easy to get wrapped up in second guessing yourself, going round in circles and over-complicating things, when--if you get right down to it--it just doesn't matter. Going round in circles is only going to make you dizzy, so stop it. Ask yourself this question-if your future happiness wasn't dependent on your decision, which way would you go? (44)______. Go and get the facts before you make a complex decision. By all means weigh up the pro's and con's so that you can get an understanding of what's behind a choice. But be careful--there's a huge difference between knowing enough to make a choice, and knowing everything to make a choice. When you feel yourself pursuing every fact or every piece of information before you make a decision, stop yourself. Ask "What do I really need to know to make this decision?" and focus your efforts on getting the best information relatively quickly. (45)______. We all naturally shy away from change, and we've developed a whole bunch of tricks that make it easy for us to avoid making decisions and stay exactly where we are. That part of you is often called the "Gremlin", and it's the part of you that would rather avoid making decisions altogether rather than run the risk of making a bad one or screwing up. Your Gremlin is not the same thing as having doubts, which are valid concerus about a possible course of action, or reasonable concerns about what might be in store. Your doubts can help you prepare for change and get ready for what could happen. Your Gremlin is adept at feeding on your doubts and using them to get you to stay put, so knowing the difference between your Gremlin and your valid doubts helps you clarify what's real and what's imagined, what's relevant and what's irrelevant.

填空题Even if we could make it impossible for people to commit crimes, should we? Or would doing so improperly deprive people of their freedom? This may sound like a fanciful concern, but it is an increasingly real one. The new federal transportation bill, for example, authorized funding for a program that seeks to prevent the crime of drunken driving not by raising public consciousness or issuing stiffer punishments — but by making the crime practically impossible to commit. (41)______ The Dadss program is part of a trend toward what I call the "perfect prevention" of crime: depriving people of the choice to commit an offense in the first place. The federal government's Intelligent Transportation Systems program, which is creating technology to share data among vehicles and road infrastructure like traffic lights, could make it impossible for a driver to speed or run a red light. (42)______ Such technologies force us to reconcile two important interests. On one hand is society's desire for safety and security. On the other hand is the individual's right to act freely. Conventional crime prevention balances these interests by allowing individuals the freedom to commit crime, but punishing them if they do. The perfect prevention of crime asks us to consider exactly how far individual freedom extends. Does freedom include a "right" to drive drunk, for instance? It is hard to imagine that it does. (43)______ For most familiar crimes (murder, robbery, rape, arson), the law requires that the actor have some guilty state of mind, whether it is intent, recklessness or negligence. (44)______ In such cases, using technology to prevent the crime entirely would not unduly burden individual freedom ; it would simply be effective enforcement of the statute. Because there is no mental state required to be guilty of the offense, the government could require, for instance, that drug manufacturers apply a special tamper-proof coating to all pills, thus making the sale of tainted drugs practically impossible, without intruding on the thoughts of any future seller. But because the government must not intrude on people's thoughts, perfect prevention is a bad fit for most offenses. (45)______ Even if this could be known, perhaps with the help of some sort of neurological scan, collecting such knowledge would violate an individual's freedom of thought. Perfect prevention is a politically attractive approach to crime prevention, and for strict liability crimes it is permissible and may be good policy if implemented properly. But for most offenses, the threat to individual freedom is too great to justify this approach. This is not because people have a right to commit crimes; they do not. Rather, perfect prevention threatens our right to be free in our thoughts, even when those thoughts turn to crime. [A] But there is a category of crimes that are forbidden regardless of the actor's state of mind: so-called strict-liability offenses. One example is the sale of tainted drugs. Another is drunken driving. [B] The Dadss program, despite its effectiveness in preventing drunk driving, is criticized as a violation of human rights because it monitors drivers' behavior and controls individual's free will. [C] And the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 has already criminalized the development of technologies that can be used to avoid copyright restrictions, making it effectively impossible for most people to illegally share certain copyrighted materials, including video games. [D] If the actor doesn't have the guilty state of mind, and he commits crime involuntarily, in this case, the actor will be convicted as innocent. [E] Perfect prevention of a crime like murder would require the ability to know what a person was thinking in order to determine whether he possessed the relevant culpable mental state. [F] The program, the Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety (Dadss), is developing in vehicle technology that automatically checks a driver's blood-alcohol level and, if that level is above the legal limit, prevents the car from starting. [G] But what if the government were to add a drug to the water supply that suppressed antisocial urges and thereby reduced the murder rate? This would seem like an obvious violation of our freedom. We need a clear method of distinguishing such cases.