填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 - 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A - G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) (41)______ Through laziness and cowardice a large part of mankind, even after nature has freed them from alien guidance, gladly remain immature. It is because of laziness and cowardice that it is so easy for others to usurp the role of guardians, It is so comfortable to be a minor! If I have a book which provides meaning for me, a doctor who will judge my diet for me and so on, then I do not need to exert myself. I do not have any need to think; if I can pay, others will take over the tedious job for me. The guardians who have kindly undertaken the supervision will see to it that by far the largest part of mankind, including the entire "beautiful sex," should consider the step into maturity, not only as difficult but as very dangerous.(42)______ It is difficult for the isolated individual to work himself out of the immaturity which has become almost natural for him. He has even become fond of it and for the time being is incapable of employing his own intelligence, because he has never been allowed to make the attempt. Statues and formulas, these mechanical tools of a serviceable use, or rather misuse, of his natural faculties, are the ankle-chains of a continuous immaturity. Whoever threw it off would make an uncertain jump over the smallest trench because he is not accustomed to such free movement. Therefore there are only a few who have pursued a firm path and have succeeded in escaping from immaturity by their own cultivation of the mind. But it is more nearly possible for a public to enlighten itself: this is even inescapable if only the public is given its freedom. For there will always be some people who think for themselves, even among, the self-appointed guardians of the great mass who, after having thrown off the yoke of immaturity themselves, will spread about them the spirit of a reasonable estimate of their own value and of the need for every man to think for himself.(43)______. Through revolution, the abandonment of personal despotism may be engendered and the end of profit-seeking and domineering oppression may occur, but never a true reform of the state of mind. Instead, new prejudices, just like the old ones, will serve as the guiding reins of the great, unthinking mass. (44)______. But I hear people clamor on all sides: Don't argue ! The officer says: Don't argue, drill! The tax collector: Don't argue, pay! The pastor: Don't argue, believe!... Here we have restrictions on freedom everywhere. Which restriction is hampering enlightenment, and which does not, or even promotes it? I answer; The public use of a man's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment among men. The question may now be put: Do we live at present in an enlightened age'?(45)______.[A] All that is required for this enlightenment is freedom; and particularly the least harmful of that may be called freedom, namely, the freedom for man to make public use of his reason in all matters.[B] Enlightenment is man's leaving his self-caused immaturity. Immaturity is the incapacity to use one's intelligence without the guidance of another. Such immaturity is self-caused if it is not caused by lack of intelligence, but by lack of determination and courage to use one's intelligence without being guided by another. Have the courage to use your own intelligence! It is therefore the motto of the Enlightenment.[C] The answer is: No, but in an age of enlightenment. Much still prevents men from being placed in a position to use their own minds securely and well in matters of religion. But we do have very definite indications that this field of endeavor is being opened up for men to work freely and reduce gradually the hindrances preventing a general enlightenment and an escape from self-caused immaturity.[D] I call this soaring wealth and shrinking spirit "the American paradox." More than ever, we have big houses and broken homes, high incomes and low morale, secured rights and diminished civility. We excel at making a living but often fail at making a life. We celebrate our prosperity but yearn for purpose. We celebrate our freedoms but long for connection. In an age of plenty, we feel spiritual hunger.[E] A public can only arrive at enlightenment slowly.[F] After having made their domestic animals dumb and having carefully prevented these quiet creatures from daring to take any step beyond the lead-strings to which they have fastened them, these guardians then show them the danger which threatens them, should they attempt to walk alone. Now this danger is not really so very great; for they would presumably learn to walk after some stumbling. However, an example of this kind intimidates and frightens people out of all further attempts.[G] Attitudes about divorce have dramatically changed. In the past, it was seen as the last resort of a woman who had been beaten up or cheated on. Women were victims. Today many women choose' to get divorced because they think they will have a better life as a SINDI than by staying in a stale marriage. In 74 percent of eases it is women who now instigate divorce proceedings.

填空题　In economics the value added by a manufacturing firm to its products is the difference between the price of a finished product and the cost of raw materials, parts supplies, fuel, and electrical energy used in the production of that product. When　1　in this manner, the value added by manufacture is a useful index of the manufacturing firm''s　2　to the national economy. It is a more　3　index, of course, than　4　sales, a figure that is misleading because it tells　5　about production costs and　6　the manufacturing firm is　7　at a profit or at a loss. 　　In education there is now a spirited　8　as to whether such a concept would not be most　9　for college graduates is evidently　10　in the salaries they can command 　11　receipt of a college degree. Engineers, accountants, and computer specialists command　12　salaries upon graduation and by implication, there must be an　13　value added to their marketability　14　the education and training they　15　in college. When looked at more closely,　16　,the missing factor is　17　the difference between learner capabilities　18　to their educational experiences and graduate capabilities after　19　a college degree. In brief, how much does the student　20　from the instruction he or she has received?

填空题The job of raising children is a tough one. Children don't come with an instruction manual. And each child is different.41)__________. To Americans, the goal of parents is to help children stand on their own two feet. From infancy, each child may get his or her own room. As children grow, they gain more freedom to make their own choices. Teenagers choose their own forms of entertainment, as well as the friends to share them with.42)__________. But once they "leave the nest" at around 18 to 21 years old, they want to be on their own, not "tied to their mother's apron strings." 43)__________. When children become adults, their relationship with their parents becomes more like a friendship among equals. But contrary to popular belief, most adult Americans don't make their parents pay for room and board when they come to visit. Even as adults, they respect and honor their parents. 44)__________.Many Americans have strong feelings about which type of arrangement is best. Some argue that attending a day care center can be a positive experience for children. Others insist that mothers are the best caregivers for children. A number of women are now leaving the work force to become full-time homemakers. 45)__________.Many parents feel that an old-fashioned spanking helps youngsters learn what "No!" means. Others prefer alternate forms of discipline. For example, "time outs" have become popular in recent years. Children in "time out' have to sit in a corner or by a wall. They can get up only when they are ready to act nicely. Older children and teenagers who break the rules may be grounded, or not allowed to go out with friends. Some of their privileges at home--like TV or telephone use—may also be taken away for a while. Although discipline can' t fun for parents or children, it's a necessary part of training. Being a parent is a tall order. It takes patience, love, wisdom, courage and a good sense of humor to raise children (and not lose your sanity). Some people are just deciding not to have children at all, since they're not sure it's worth it, But raising children means training the next generation and preserving our culture. What could be worth more than that?A. The relationship between parents and children in America is very informal. American parents try to treat their children as individuals--not as extensions of them- selves. They allow them to fulfill their own dreams. Americans praise and encourage their children to give them the confidence to succeed.B. So parents sometimes pull their hair out in frustration, not knowing what to do. But in raising children—as in all of life—what we do is influenced by our culture. Naturally then, American parents teach their children basic American values.C. Disciplining children is another area that American parents have differing opinions about.D. Naturally, every parent wants their child to be safe, whether the child is online or on the school bus. And certainly if you suspect your child is involved in drugs, inappropriate relationships, or other dangerous situations, it' s your responsibility to step in and intervene using whatever tools are necessary.E. When they reach young adulthood, they choose their own careers and marriage partners. Of course, many young adults still seek their parents' advice and approval for the choices they make.F. Most young couples with children struggle with the issue of childcare. Mothers have traditionally stayed home with their children, In recent years, though, a growing trend is to put preschoolers in a day care center so Mom can work.G. Keep the family PC in an accessible part of the house where you can easily keep an eye on your children's activity, and limit the amount of time your kids spend online. Discuss some of the dangers of the Internet with older children, and make sure they understand that they should not provide personal information such as their name, address, or school to people they meet online, and they should never agree to meet an online acquaintance face to face without your permission.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. The maple smoke of autumn bonfires is incense to Canadians. Bestowing perfume for the nose, color for the eye, sweetness for the spring tongue, the sugar maple prompts this sharing of a favorite myth and original etymology of the word maple. (2) The maple looms large in Ojibwa folk tales. The time of year for sugaring-off is "in the Maple Moon." Among Ojibwa, the primordial female figure is Nokomis, a wise grandmother. (3) 41. __________. (4) Knowing this was a pursuit to the death, Nokomis outsmarted the cold devils. She hid in a stand of maple trees, all red and orange and deep yellow. This maple grove grew beside a waterfall whose mist blurred the trees' outline. As they peered through the mist, slavering wendigos thought they saw a raging fire in which their prey was burning. (5)42. __________. (6) For their service in saving the earth mother's life, these maples were given a special gift: their water of life would be forever sweet, and Canadians would tap it for nourishment. (7)43. __________. (8) The contention that maple syrup is unique to North America is suspect, I believe. China has close to 10 species of maple, more than any country in the world. Canada has 10 native species. North America does happen to be home to the sugar maple, the species that produces the sweetest sap and the most abundant flow. (9) But are we to believe that in thousands of years of Chinese history, these inventive people never tapped a maple to taste its sap? I speculate that they did. (10)44. __________. (11) What is certain is the maple's holdfast on our national imagination. Is leaf was adopted as an emblem in New France as early as 1700, and in English Canada by the mid-19th century. In the fall of 1867, a Toronto schoolteacher named Alexander Muir was traipsing at street a the city, all squelchy underfoot from the soft felt of falling leaves, when a maple leaf alighted to his coat sleeve and stuck there. (12) The word "maple" is from "mapeltreow", the Old English term for maple tree, with "mapl"--as its Proto-Germanic root, a compound in which the first "m" --is, I believe, the nearly worldwide "ma", one of the first human sounds, the pursing of a baby's lips as it prepares to suck milk from mother's breast. The "ma" root gives rise in many world languages to thousands of words like "mama", "mammary", "maia", and "Amazon." Here it would make "map!-" mean "nourishing mother tree," that is, tree whose maple sap in nourishing. (13)45. __________. [A] The second part of the compound, "apl-", is a variant of Indo-European able "fruit of any tree" and the origin of another English fruit word, apple. So the primitive analogy compares the liquid sap with another nourishing liquid, mother's milk. [B] In one tale about seasonal change, cannibal wendigos-creatures of evil-chased through the autumn countryside old Nokomis, who was a symbol for female fertility. Wendigos throve in icy cold. When they entered the bodies of humans, the human heart froze solid. [C] Here wendigos represent oncoming winter. They were hunting to kill and eat poor Nokomis, the warm embodiment of female fecundity who, like the summer, has grown old. [D] Could Proto-Americas who crossed the Bering land bridge to populate the Americas have brought with them a knowledge of maple syrup? Is there a very old Chinese phrase for maple syrup? Is maple syrup mentioned in Chinese literature? For a non-reader of Chinese, such questions are daunting but not impossible to answer. [E] Maple and its syrup flow sweetly into Canadian humor. Quebeckers have developed a special love for such a nutriment. [F] After it resisted several brushings-off, Muir 'joked to his walking companion that this would be "the maple leaf for ever!" At home that evening, he wrote a poem and set it to music, in celebration of Canada's Confederation. Muir's song, "The Maple Leaf Forever," was wildly popular and helped fasten the symbol firmly to Canada. [G] But it was only old Nokomis' being hidden by the bright red leaves of her friends, the maples. And so, drooling ice and huffing frost, the wendigos left her and sought easier prey.

填空题Why don't most people set and achieve personal goals, career goals and business goals? Goal setting is a positive, powerful practice when it ignites enthusiasm and provides clear direction. When practiced poorly, however, goal setting also has a serious downside which can undermine your success. Poor goal setting makes people upset, wastes their time and fosters confusion about where to concentrate actions and energy. How does such a potentially successful practice as goal setting, go wrong, so often? Goal setting, once executed poorly, thoughtlessly, or for the wrong reasons, can have a significant negative impact on both people and your organization business plan. Avoid these five misuses of a potentially positive, powerful practice: goal setting for personal goals, career goals and business goals. 41. Goal Setting Under Intimidation Sometimes intimidation brings driving force which stimulates staff members to go on, but usually it only incurs fears. Organizations often fail to achieve goals and strategic planning targets that are set top down, by executives who lack crucial information and are out of touch with staff challenges. The goals are unrealistic and they fail to consider organization resources and capabilities. Staff members don't believe that the rewards they will receive for goal accomplishment will equal the energy they invest to achieve them. Frequently, managers are intimidated when they fear job loss for failure. 42. Goals Intended to Impress, Not Guide Efforts William Hamilton says, "'During the roaring, crazy days of the dot. corn nineties, using goals to impress was commonplace, although organizations also utilized this technique long before the Internet arrived, in this process, management creates goals based on the desire to impress or mislead outside groups. " According to Hamilton, this process is, "also used to avoid serious analysis of the company and the marketplace. At the end of the time period, these goals can then be used by senior management to pass the buck and the blame for the failure to meet the goals. The first part of this article emphasized several problems with how organizations set goals. Additional potential problems with setting personal goals, career goals and business goals include the following. 43. Can't See Beyond One's Nose In an effort to meet the current period's goals, the long-term viability of the organization is put at risk. 44. Goal Setting Becomes About the Plan, Not the Execution Hamilton says a potential serious downside occurs when "the ratio of energy, time and creativity that goes into creating the goal outstrips (and comes out of the hide) of actually managing the product. " 45. Too Many Goals Make Nothing a Priority In my work with small and mid-sized manufacturing companies, I often find that people wear so many hats, they are overwhelmed with the sheer number of goals they are expected to meet. They don't know what is most important to accomplish next. In conclusion, goal setting is a positive, powerful, business practice when it tells your staff where you are going. Effective goal setting also demonstrates what success will look like during the journey and upon arrival. When practiced poorly, however, goal setting can negatively impact your organization in all the ways described, and more.[A] Such as: take a big dream, like "I want to be famous", and break it down into more steps, like "! want to star in a science fiction movie", "I want to go to three auditions a week", "I want to move to L. A. " and "I want to save $5000 so I can move".[B] Such as: use expensive promotions that actually generate less in sales than they cost or push expenses into the future, rather than accounting for them when incurred.[C] To internal staff members, who were often unconvinced and unmoved by the unrealistic, "' show goals", senior management's actions produced serious morale and competency-questioning issues. To staff members who bought into the euphoria, failure to achieve the goals was a deadly downward spiral.[D] A former Siebel Systems executive says, "My nightmare goal setting story of all time was how Siebel set sales goals for its District Managers: everyone's quota was $ 3. 5 million. There, no more thought needed to go into it, no discussion--just do it or you're fired ! So the District Manager calling on Citibank had the same quota as the District Manager calling on the States of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. As a result no one succeeded.[E] In one small manufacturing company, a management group decided to use Gantt charts to track goal accomplishment. After starting with a huge investment of time in making the charts for all of their goals, the management group soon abandoned the charting. When questioned later, they affirmed that the charting was taking too much of the time they needed to accomplish the goals.[F] I once facilitated a strategic planning session during which people analyzed and established priorities. They moved non-priority items to a "B" list and believed they had successfully created an "A" list of the most important, achievable goals. You can imagine my consternation when, at the end of the session, the senior manager looked at the list of goals on the "B" list and said, "These are all givens. We have to accomplish these anyway. "

填空题41)___________. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation—conversion of liquid water to water vapor in this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind. The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. 42) ___________. Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. 43) ___________. A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. 44) ___________. In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctic, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. 45) ___________.[A] The water in the oceans only leaves by evaporating (and the freezing of polar ice), but the salt remains dissolved in the ocean—it does not evaporate.[B] Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.[C] If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place.[D] Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.[E] This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper, portions of the oceans of the world.[F] The salinity (salt content) of ocean water varies. One cubic foot of average sea water contains 2.2 pounds of salt.[G] Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.

填空题The difficulty of holding onto good, experienced staff has always been a major issue with the majority of companies. High staff turnover can result in many problems. One of the most serious of these is the cost of continually having to find and train replacements. 41. ______ Most companies hope to recruit the right type of person in the first place. However, too much emphasis on qualifications and not enough on personality often leads to a company attracting the right standard. but not the right kind, of person. Selection tests can be used to indicate a candidate's suitability for the job they are applying for. They can also be used to identify existing staff who are suitable but who, initially, may not have been considered. 42. ______ It is important for companies to understand why employees move on to another employer. The reasons for staff resigning and the benefits offered by their new employer must be recorded. They can be the key to identifying any problem areas that might exist within an organization. It is essential, therefore, that employees who are about to disappear are interviewed before they depart, in order to discover why they are leaving. 43. ______ Analysis of these interviews has shown that a lack of appreciation is one of the main factors causing employees to look elsewhere for work. Managers should provide regular feedback to their staff. For example, when good work has been done it must be praised. If this is not done, employees will think their efforts are not appreciated. 44. ______ Communications within the organization are another consideration. If these are poor, employees will feel left out. This can be avoided through regular departmental and inter-departmental meetings, which are extremely valuable as means of passing on information throughout the company and keeping employees up to date with recent developments. They also serve to provide the opportunity for employees to express their opinions. 45. ______ Paying staff according to how they perform is another way of recognizing employee's efforts. If the company benefits from an employee's extra efforts, it is only reasonable that the employee should also receive some financial benefit. It is, however, important to avoid offering some member of staff the opportunity to improve their pay while excluding others. The reasons for staff resigning and the benefits offered by their new employer must be recorded. In cases where such difficulties might exist, a planned career progression for an individual staff member means that the pe4son knows exactly what to expect from the job and what is required from them[A] appreciation as the main factor[B] selection tests help in recruitment[C] praise the men who act well[D] to know why employees leave[E] reasonable reward and fair treatment[F] exchanges inside the company

填空题Seismologist David Oppenheimer of' the U. S. Geological Survey Earthquakes Hazards Team explains (as told to Katherine Harmon) : Traditional geothermal drilling bores into hot rock such as sandstone that has water or steam trapped in its pore spaces and natural fractures. When a drilled hole intersects these fractures, the water flashes into steam because of the sudden drop in pressure-like bubbles that come out of a soda bottle when the cap is removed. The steam surges into the well hole, and the steam pressure at the surface spins a turbine to generate electricity. Sometimes the plant returns some of the water back into the reservoir to keep water levels up. The drilling itself does not cause earthquakes, but the steam removal and water return can do so, by producing new instability along fault or fracture lines. (41)______________________ Researchers know they result from steam withdrawal or injection because when operators begin geothermal production in a new area, earthquakes begin and when production ends, the earthquakes stop. Many minor tremors occur, but quakes as large as magnitude 4.5 have been recorded. Residents of nearby Anderson Springs often feel tremors as small as magnitude 2.0 because the town sits only a couple of kilometers above the rock fractures. (42) ______________ When a large earthquake does occur, the public will ask whether the geothermal projects might have played a role in causing the rocks to shift along other faults. And researchers will have to use geodetic monitoring and other data to try to figure out whether it really was a factor in changing key stress dynamics. (43) ______________ Because the felsite has no natural pores, it also contains no water. To recover the heat, the project's operators would have needed to fracture the rock and circulate water through it. First, in the short phase of the project, they would have drilled into the felsite and injected water to fracture the rock, most likely generating earthquakes in the process. Then, aided by borehole cameras revealing in which direction the fractures formed, they would have drilled a second hole to intersect the new fractures and would have produced steam by pumping water through the hot fractures linking the wells. This dry-rock geothermal approach has the potential to harness much more heat than the traditional sandstone techniques, but it can also mean more earthquakes. (44)______________. Unfortunately, areas that are less tectonically active also have less accessible subterranean heat sources. (45)______________.[A] California, for example, has more heat (because of its location near tectonic plate margins) than, say, Texas. The whole country has some geothermal potential if we wanted to draw warmth for heating. But the resulting heat would not necessarily have the energy to spin large turbines for electricity generation.[B] At a long-term geothermal project in northern California known as the Geysers, the USGS has been monitoring seismic activity since 1975. Even though the area does not appear to have any large faults running through it, researchers record about 4,000 quakes above magnitude 1.0 every year.[C] All sources of energy-hydropower, nuclear, wind or coal—have advantages and disadvantages. Geothermal energy has the advantage of being clean and renewable, but earthquakes are a downside.[D] In addition to the traditional geothermal plants at the Geysers, a pilot project, which was suspended last September, intended to draw steam directly from the volcanic, nonporous rock called Msite that lies below the sandstone and is its heat source.[E] To control the earthquake risk, drillers would have tried to keep the size of the fractures small and to maintain steady water flow rates. The threshold goal for earthquakes is 2.0 or lower on the Richter scale. Such deep-drilling operations would not want a repeat of events in Basel, Switzerland, where a widely felt magnitude 3.4 quake in 2006 ultimately stopped a similar geothermal project.[F] Many researches have been finished during the past years, and the relationship between the earthquake and Geothermal energy has been proved, which orientated the direction to the use of Geothermal energy.[E] Geologists suspect that even larger earthquakes could occur on nearby faults such as the Maacama, which is adjacent to the Geysers fields. The extraction of water and heat from the porous sandstone causes it to contract, much as a sponge shrinks when it dries out.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize the paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. Paragraphs B and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. A. In recent years Purdue has launched a battery of exploratory courses across disciplines to help students get a better idea of their interests before they commit to a major. An academic boot camp in the summer before freshman year is aimed at students who didn't have access to advanced courses in high school to ensure they'll be prepared for college coursework. The school is even considering switching to a trimester system, which would aim to shorten students' time to degree by making more courses available during the summer months. B. Another graduation ceremony has come and gone, and Chauncey Woodard is still a student at the University of Alabama. He came to UA in the spring of 2008 after some time in community college, expecting to spend, at most, four years at the school. After being forced to take a semester off in 2010 to save up more money for his education, he expects to graduate in August 2013 at the earliest. "For me to get my education, I either have to go deep in debt or drag it out like I'm doing now," Woodard, a construction-engineering major, says. "You get to see a lot of people move on, and you're still here. That kind of gets to you around graduation." C. "It's a huge issue for society," says Matthew Chingos, an author of Crossing the Finish Line: Completing College at America's Public Universities. "It's a huge issue for the individual students who are spending more money on tuition than they need to. The longer they wait to graduate and get a job, those are extra years of their careers when they're in college and not working and not making money." Chingos points out that delayed graduation at public schools also affects taxpayers who are subsidizing 'students' education. D. At Purdue University, improving the four-year graduation rate is a priority for administrators. The school hopes to improve its four-year rate from 42% to 50% by 2014 and to 70% in the coming decade. "The biggest thing we can do to lower cost is make sure that every student who wants to finish in four years has the ability do so," says Tim Sands, acting president of Purdue. "If we can increase our graduation rate and decrease time to degree modestly... we give more students an opportunity to get a Purdue degree." E. Reasons for delaying graduation are numerous. For students who choose to participate in co-ops or internships during the school year, it can be tough to fit in all the necessary courses. Overcrowded classes can make it impossible for students to fulfill degree requirements in a timely manner. And the common practice of changing majors midway through college can make a four-year degree impractical. F. Woodard's not alone in extending his university studies beyond a t3lpical senior year. While undergraduate education is typically billed as a four-year experience, many students, particularly at public universities, actually take five, six or even more years to attain a degree. According to the Department of Education, fewer than 40% of students who enter college each year graduate within four years, while almost 60% of students graduate in six years. At public schools, less than a third of students graduate on time. G. "We've got a long way to go," Purdue's Sands says. He recommends that students take advantage of advisers and career counselors starting in their freshman year so that they can develop a coherent plan for their time in college, whether it be short or long. "Don't just go semester to semester. Really think ahead. If they do that right off the bat, they're much more likely to be successful and complete their studies in a reasonable amount of time."

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a list of headings and a text about happiness. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41- 45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] Extensive applications of haptic technology. [B] Possibilities rendered by haptic mechanisms. [C] The feasibility of extending our senses and exploring abstract universes. [D] An example of the progress in science of haptics. [E] Bringing the potential of our senses into full play. [F] Will haptics step into a bright future? "OOOF!" Using your mouse, you heave a data file across the screen--a couple of gigabytes of data weigh a lot. Its rough surface tells you that it is a graphics file. Having tipped this huge pile of data into a hopper that sends it to the right program, you examine a screen image of the forest trail you'll be hiking on your vacation. Then, using a gloved hand, you master its details by running your fingers over its forks and bends, its sharp rises and falls. Later you send an E-mail to your beloved, bending to the deskpad to attach a kiss. 41. __________. The science of haptics (from the Greek haptesthai, "to touch") is making these fantasies real. A few primitive devices are extending human-machine communication beyond vision and sound. Haptic joysticks and steering wheels for computer games are already giving happy players some of the sensations of piloting a spaceship, driving a racing car or firing weapons. In time, haptic interfaces may allow us to manipulate single molecules, feel clouds and galaxies, even reach into higher dimensions to grasp the subtle structures of mathematics. 42. __________. Most of our senses tire passive. In hearing and vision, for example, the sound or light is simply received and analyzed. But touch is different: we actively explore and alter reality with our hands, so the same action that gathers information can also change the world--to model a piece of clay or press a button, for example. In providing direct contact between people, touch carries emotional impact. And in providing direct contact with the world, it is the sure sign of reality, as in "pinch me--am I dreaming?" 43. __________. Some small steps have even been taken towards whole-body haptics. Touch Technology of Nova Scotia, Canada, has built a haptic chair. It looks like a full-length lounge chair in a family den, but its surface is studded with 72 "tactors" -pneumatic piston rods, covered with rounded buttons, that can extend about an inch, and can be driven under computer control in any desired sequence and pattern. It could be programmed to imitate a real massage or to function in time to music. According to the manufacturer, that provides a powerful blending of sen-sations--a long-term goal of virtual reality. 44. __________. Even at its present crude level, however, haptics can make tangible what once could not be touched or even pictured. To investigate the world of the very small, researchers at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, have developed the nanoManipulator. This adds touch to the technique of scanning probe microscopy, which can image a single atom by monitoring either the electrical current flowing between an extremely fine probe and a surface or the force between them. With the nanoManipulator, researchers can see and manipulate a universe a million times smaller than their own, to study viruses and tiny semiconducting devices. If the force feedback can be made sensitive enough, it may be possible to push molecular keys into specific molecular locks, to custom-design drugs or assemble silicon parts into intricate nanomachines. With other interfaces, there is no reason we shouldn't also be able to touch the very large-clouds, ocean currents, mantle flows, mountains, galaxy clusters. Or the very strong--with a suitable force scaling, new ceramics or alloys could be squeezed and twanged to test their engineering properties. Or the physically extreme and inaccessible--such as ultra hot plasma flows in fusion machines. 45. __________. Haptic technology could even make abstract ideas tangible. Many scientific concepts occupy spaces of more than three dimensions, string theory, for' example, asserts that we live in a 10 or 11-dimensional Universe. As it is impossible to visualise such a space, we explore these ideas' through mathematical expressions or two dimensional sketches on paper. But probing these unfamiliar geometries with touch may be more effective. And for blind people, haptics offers a new way to grasp information even in three dimensions. A group at the University of Delaware has developed an environment where a person can feel a mathematical function. Using a PHAN-TOM, the user "walks" along the surface of the figure. Like a hiker following mountainous terrain, the user feels where the function is steep, where it is level, and where its peaks and valleys lie. Other haptic systems could help blind people to browse the Internet, feeling images as well as words. The future of haptics is bright, but the only sensual relationship it will be sustaining any time soon is between you and your computer.