填空题It is hardly necessary to point out that we live in a world of increasing industrialization. While this process enables us to raise our standard of living at an ever-accelerating rate, it also leads to a corresponding growth of interdependence between the different regions of the world. 41) ______ What, then, is to be done? Although it is difficult to know where to begin to deal with such a large subject, the first step is perhaps to consider the main economic difficulties an underdeveloped or emerging region has to face. 42) ______ A number of quite common occurrences are therefore sufficient to cause immediate and serious interference with this export production- unfavorable weather conditions, plant or animal epidemics, the exhaustion of soil fertility or mineral deposits, the development of substitute products in the industrialized regions, etc. The sensitivity of the economy is greatly intensified in cases where exports are confined only to one or two products--"monocultures" as they are sometimes called. 43) ______ This also applies to the manufactured goods required to provide their populations with the "necessities of life". This economic structure makes it difficult for them to avoid being politically dependent on the countries which absorb their exports and provide their essential imports. Since, under modern conditions, a rapid rise in population is a phenomenon closely associated with underdevelopment. This cause alone can subject the economy to severe and continuous stress. 44) ______ In the first place, to set up modern industries necessitates capital on a large scale, which only industrialized regions are able to provide; secondly, they lack the necessary trained manpower; thirdly, their industries -- when established -- are usually not efficient enough to compete with foreign imports, and any restriction on these imports is likely to lead to counter-action against their own exports. From another point of view, it is necessary to bear in mind that there are invariably political, educational, social and psychological obstacles which tend to interfere seriously with any measures taken to deal with the economic difficulties outlined above. 45) ______ To conclude, it seems clear that if we are to succeed in solving the many inter-related problems of underdevelopment, only the fullest and most intelligent use of the resources of all branches of science will enable us to do so.[A] For example, the economies of such countries are orientated primarily toward the production of raw materials, i. e. agricultural and mineral products; these are then exported to the industrialized countries.[B] Given these conditions, it is easy to see that any permanent economic or political instability in one area is bound to have an increasingly serious effect upon the rest of the world. Since the main source of such instability is underdevelopment, it is clear that this now constitutes a problem of international dimensions.[C] As far as "necessities of life" are concerned, they represent a concept which is continually being enlarged through the mass media of communication such as newspapers, films, the radio and advertising.[D] Although it is obvious that industrialization is the key to development, it is usually very difficult for emerging countries to carry out plans of this nature.[E] Being under-industrialized, these countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipment needed to produce the raw materials they export.[F] To consider only one point: it is obviously useless to devote great efforts and expense to education, technical training and planning if, for psychological reasons, the population as a whole fails to turn theory into effective action.[G] This sudden increase in the population of the underdeveloped countries has come at a difficult time. Even if their population had not grown so fast they would have been facing a desperate struggle to bring the standard of living of their people up.

填空题[A] Assumed inhospitableness to social development[B] Price paid for misconceptions[C] Evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology[D] False believes revised[E] Extreme impoverishment and backwardness[F] Ignorance of early human impact In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The researcher described the primitive society as a desperate struggle for survival, a view of Amazonia being fundamentally reconsidered today. 41. ____________ The Siriono, Holmberg wrote, led a "strikingly backward" existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local re-sources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriono "may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world". Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Siriono seemed to possess were "two machetes worn to the size of pocket-knives". 42. ____________ Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not—and cannot—sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment. 43. ____________ The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies—some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000—thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans. Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem "primitive", the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. 44. ____________ The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants. 45. ____________ The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas. The other major casualty of the "naturalism" of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long-buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.

填空题Is Harvard worth it? Conventional wisdom says yes. But with the price of a degree from America's most famous university and other elite private colleges now surpassing $125,000, many families — and a number of economists — aren't so sure. Here's a look at the evidence. For American's high school, seniors, April is the cruelest month. That's when colleges flood the postal system with news of who has won a place in next fall's freshman class. For more than a few families, a difficult decision will follow: Is it worth paying some $125,000 to give their child an education at an elite best private college? Or would her future be just as bright if she went to less expensive school? 41. ______ Certainly many neurotic boomer parents — and their stressed-out resume-building teenagers — assume that it is always better to choose Harvard over Big State U. because of Harvard' s presumably superior educational environment, better alumni connections, and more lucrative (profitable) on-campus recruiting opportunities. 42. ______ It's also true that if you want a career in big leading firms in the US, a gilt-edged diploma is a distinct advantage. Then again, there's plenty of anecdotal evidence that an elite education is hardly necessary. The majority of top CEOs (chief executive officer) surveyed by FORTUNE in 1990 did not attend an elite college. 43. ______ The academic evidence is murky to start with the basics: College pays. On average, a person with an undergraduate degree now earns almost twice as much as someone with only a high school diploma, up from 1.5 times in 1975. The economic literature on the payoff of graduating from an elite college, however, as opposed to any college, is far less conclusive. Several studies during the past decade found a connection between higher future earnings and attendance at a college with high SAT scores. Most of the research concluded that for each 100-point increase in the average SAT score, a graduate could expect a 3% to 7% increased in lifetime's earnings. 44. ______ You would expect graduates of selective schools — which attract successful students — to have successful careers. (It would be stunning if they didn't.) What such studies do not measure is how an individual's earnings are affected by the choice of college. Researchers found that those who went to the more prestigious schools reported higher earnings. 45. ______ Admissions offices at elite schools include many other criteria in their decisions — grades, extracurricular activities, recommendations, essays, interviews. These factors may reveal abilities, like good communication skills, that are far more valuable in the workplace than a perfect 1600. Because economists have no data on these traits, they term them" unobserved." But they are hardly unimportant. Until recently, no one had tried to control for unobserved characteristics in measuring the effect of an elite education on earnings.[A] What is less clear to many parents and their college-bound youngsters is whether it makes economic sense to attend an elite school with a total four-year price tag big enough to buy a nice suburban house in many parts of the country.[B] So what kind of return is there likely to be on that $125,000 investment? And how does it compare with the return on a less expensive but also less prestigious education?[C] These questions have no easy answers. Of course, that's not the impression you get from the $500-million-a-year college-admissions industry, with its magazine rankings, test prep courses, and guidebooks.[D] But the studies compared schools, not people.[E] School selectivity, measured by the average SAT score of the students at a school, doesn't pay off in a higher income over time.[F] It's true that big law firms, major teaching hospitals, and investment banks — even the offices of FORTUNE — are stuffed with Ivy Leaguers.[G] But SAT scores are not everything.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder,forQuestions41--45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistAHtofillineachnumberedboar.Threeparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinboxes.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1.A.Dothechildren'sversesofEdwardLear,HilaireBellocortheAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymes,orarcthosesomethingdifferentaltogether?Whataboutplaygroundrhymes,clappingorskippinggames,footballchants,popsongsoroldmusic-hallsongs?WhatabouttheworkofRobertGraves,W.H.Auden,l.ouisMacNeice,evenWordsworthandByronthatusestheformandmetreofnurseryrhymes,oftentohauntinglycomplexemotionaleffect.See,it'snotassimpleasitappears.B.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnurseryrhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswithwhichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthefiresideofadarkwinter'sevening,itisprobablybecausethelineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateandcontradictorytraditions--theoralandthewritten.C.Fromthisdiminutivebeginning(thebookmeasuredjust3inbyin),andfromALittlePrettyPocket-Book,publishedinthesameyearbyJohnNcwbery,thefirstspecialistchildren'spublisher,anentireliteraturesprang.Suddenly,therandomcacophonyoftheoraltradition--thelullabies,countinggames,fragmentsoffolksongs,mummer'splays,politicalsquibs,doggerel,scurrilousadultballads,riddlesandwhathaveyoubegantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanon,towhichthenameof"nurseryrhymes"becameattachedintheearly19thcentury.D.Thesatellitechildren'schannelNickJr.isrunningacompetitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislookingfora"modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium",whichcouldbe"aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrenteventstofamilylife".So,offyougo.Except,whatisanurseryrhyme,exactly?Andhowdoesitdifferif,indeeditdiffersatall--fromanyothersortofchildren'spoetry?E.Collectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessive,eccentricandproprietorialtendencies,andfromtherealmofnurseryrhymethereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.StrangestofallwasJohnBellendenKer,whodevelopedalaborioustheorydesignedtoprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakindofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaformofearlyDutch(whichwasinfacthisowninvention).F.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasoldasthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythefoundationsoflanguagelearning,but--togetherwiththeirnaturalpartners,thephysicalactivitiesofskipping,clapping,jumping,dancingtheyarethegreat,free,unbreakable,ever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpie,theleadingauthorityonchildren'sloreandliterature,andherlatehusband,Peter,intheirintroductiontotheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymes,noteafragmentofachildren'ssongintheBible("Wehavepipeduntoyou,andyehavenotdanced;wehavemourneduntoyou,andyehavenotwept.")G.Butonthewhole,referencestorhymesspecificallyintendedforchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcentury,whenthefirstbookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumb'sPrettySongBook,publishedbyawoman,MaryCooper,andeditedby"N.Lovechild',appearedin1744intwovolumes,at4dapiece.AsinglecopyofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseum,containingrhymesthatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:"Bah,bah,ablacksheep","WhodidkillCockRobbin?"and"TherewasalittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun."H.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn'tanurseryrhymeiscompoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemstohaveadifferenttheory.NickTucker,aformerseniorlecturerattheUniversityofSussex,comesupwiththemostenigmaticdefinition."It'scompletelyselfdefining,"hesays."Anurseryrhymeissomethinginanurseryrhymebook.Mostanthologiesarenotinterestedinexpandingthecanon,becausewhenpeoplebuyananthology,theydon'twantalotofchange.Athome,theyaresingingbitsofBeatlessongsorfootballchantstotheirchildren,whichwouldoncehavegotintothenurseryrhymecanon,ifafolkloristhadcomeandcollectedthem--butwehavegotpastthatstagenow."{{B}}Order:{{/B}}

填空题HERE'S A TALE OF TWO COMPANIES. Both are foreign owned, both are embroiled in scandals are foreign owned, both are embroiled in scandals involving allegations of sexual harassment. Company A is confronted with the problem and punishes top execs. Company B stonewalls and mounts an aggressive campaign to discredit its accusers and portray itself as a victim of corporate slander. (41) For business schools looking for a few good case studies in damage control, last week was about as good as it gets. One was Swedish pharmaceuticals company Astra USA, a maker of asthma medications and the popular anesthetic Xylocaine. Facing similar charges, Mitsubishi Motor manufacturing of America opted for in your-face denial. Who did it right? It's too soon to know for sure. Astra's strategy may seem smarter. Financially speaking, at least, one can see why Mitsubishi is reluctant to issue a public mea culpa. Fessing up could expose it to as much as $ 200 million in damages. Such controversies are no rarity these days. The Equal Employment Opportunity commission alone received more than 15, 000 complaints of sexual harassment last year, more than twice as many as in 1991. Its suit against Mitsubishi, filed last month, may turn out to be by far the biggest ever—and could eventually involve as many as two thirds of the company's 900 female workers. (42) Mitsubishi's response was clear from the beginning. When the EEOC announced its case against the Illinois automaker, the company dispatched busloads of workers to picket the agency's Chicago offices. Attorneys for Mitsubishi will no doubt probe the private lives of the women lodging complaints, and may even accuse them of "Japanbashing." Mitsubishi's brass in Tokyo seemed a bit taken aback by the ferocity of the counteroffensive, to the point of suggesting that maybe the case could be quietly settled. (43)Could such tactics be effective? If aggressive PR makes people doubt the allegations against the company, or encourages federal investigators to settle on more favorable terms, then the strategy will have succeeded. But there are risks, especially for consumer companies like Mitsubishi. (44) That's no small threat, considering that Mitsubishi is struggling to turn a profit in this country. (45)Astra's strategy seems savier. Its openness and prompt response might help it evade punitive damages, should any of the complaints go to a jury. In fact, that may be a chief reason the company acted even before it completed its own investigation. That said, Astra is in the soup to begin with because it had no adequate mechanisms for reporting incidents, and because it failed to deal with its problems before they became public. Women have complained of harassment at the company for more than a decade. Business Week reports incidents ranging from gropings at company retreats to suggestions that female sales reps could advance their careers by putting out sexually for their bosses—including the head of the company, Lars Bildman. (His lawyer denies the allegations, as do the other executives.) So far, Astra itself has offered no evidence suggesting any of the three are guilty. Both companies now promise to do better. Astra is overhauling its corporate personnel policies and plans to train managers on how to handle issues of sexual discrimination. So is Mitsubishi. Says the automaker's general counsel Gary Shultz: "We are going to become the model in handing sexual-harassment and-discrimination cases." That remains to be seen. If these sorts of scandals force companies to set up rules that actually work, that may be the best case study of all.[A] That's precisely what the company did in response to a prior sexual-harassment suit filed by 29 women in 1994.[B] "A great deal of attention should be paid to these affairs." Says Mitsubishis's spokesman.[C] But "we're taking these allegations very seriously," says Astra spokesman Benjamin Kincannon.[D] Outraged by the automaker's seeming disregard of its problems, perennial presidential hopeful Jesse Jackson and the National Organization for Women called on car buyers to boycott the company.[E] When business Week published tales of wide-ranging abuse at Astra's American subsidiary, outside Boston, the company quickly faced up to the problem and suspended its U. S. chief executive, along with two top lieutenants.[F] Prof. Martin Stoller, a crisis-management expert at Northwestern University, thinks so. "The aim of crisis management is to stop the attackers," he says.

填空题[A]SowhatdotheAmericansthinkoftheforeignvisitorswhoarriveforthetorridheat,justwhenlocalsfromtheUnitedStatestendtoavoidDeathValley?SaysparkrangerBrendaHenson,"TheforeignerswanttoexperiencetheheatinDeathValley.Theythinkthisisneat.Ithinkit'scrazy.[B]Theplacethatthetourists—mainlyfromEurope—aredrawntoisanactuallyseriesofsaltflats225kmlongand6kmto26kmwide.Thesearingheatofthesunisreflectedupfromthisdryandwaterlessterrain,andtheonlynoisethatbreaksthesilenceinthisvastvalleyisthecrunchofvisitors'shoesonthefinesaltcrystalsleftbyevaporation.Birdsandanimalsarelargelyabsent,andonlythehardiestplantshaveanychanceofexistenceinthisunforgivinglandscape.[C]Accordingtoparkrangers,anaverageof1.3millionvisitorsentertheparkeachyear.FromJunethroughAugust,90percentofthemareforeigners,theretoexperiencetheblisteringheatthatgivesDeathValleyitsname.ArtHorton,meteorologistfromtheNationalWeatherService,saystheaveragehighinJulyis46.2℃andthelow30℃.ForAugust,theaveragehighis45.2℃andthelow29.4℃.[D]Allaround,mountainstowerabovethesaltflats.Acrosstheflats,visitorscanseeTelescopePeak,thehighestpointintheparkatmorethan3,350m.Normallysnowcoveredinwinter,themountainrangeisbareinsummer,butattheedgesofthevalleyofferssomeshadefromtheblisteringsun.[E]EvenDeathValley'shotnewsweathercanhaveextremesabovethat.ThehottestdayseverrecordedwereonJune30,1994,andJuly14,1972whentemperatureshit53.3℃.Andinwinter,DeathValleycontinuestoliveuptoitsname,producingcoldnessattheotherendofthescalethatcanbelife-threateningtoanyonecaughtexposedinit.ThecoldestdayrecordedinDeathValleywasonJanuary30,1988whenitwas18℃;belowzero.[F]OnetouristfromParissumsuptheattractionverysimply:"Wecomeherebecausewecantellallourfriendsandfamilythatwe'vebeentothehottestplaceintheworld,"hesays.[G]DeathValleyisthelowest,hottest,driestareainNorthAmerica.TheclimateinthisCaliforniaNationalParkhaslessthan5cmofrainfallayearandtemperaturesupto53℃insummer.That'senoughtokeepsensibleAmericansawayduringthehottestmonthsfromJunetoAugust.Butit'sthenthatthesizzlingtemperaturesandstiflingheatdrawtheirmostavidfans,theforeigntourists.Fromallovertheglobe,theydescendtothevalleyfloorinrentalcars,carryingmapsandwaterbottles,andvigorouslyfanningthemselveswithnewspaperstokeepcool.Order:

填空题A. But Hodge is hardly the only one worried about London"s Olympicnomics. In May, Moody"s issued a report suggesting that London"s Olympics boom may come to an end not long after the event"s closing ceremonies. "Overall, we think that the Olympics are unlikely to provide a substantial boost to the UK economy," a Moody"s official said in a statement. B. Hosting the Olympics is generally seen as a giant boon for the host city and cities lobby hard to get themselves picked. But if you look at the historical record, the actual economic impact of the Olympics on their host cities and countries has been decidedly mixed. And there are good reasons to think that whatever economic benefits London gets from hosting the Olympics will be short-lived at best. So what exactly is there to won"y about? Well, hosting the Olympics is an extremely costly business: Existing infrastructure needs to be upgraded, new sports facilities need to be built; security needs to be tight. And it almost invariably ends up costing much, much more than expected. C. The 2008 Olympics in Beijing is the current king of cost overruns: It was supposed to cost a mere $1.6 billion—but the Chinese ended up shelling out a staggering $ 40 billion for what turned into a lavish propaganda extravaganza, according to economist Brad Humphreys at the University of Alberta, an expert on the economics of sports. The 2004 Olympics in Athens was also expected to cost $1.6 billion, and ended up costing ten times of that, contributing to Greece"s current debt crisis. Meanwhile, many of the sports facilities built for the Athens Games are underused and already falling apart. D. Back in 2009, as London began preparing in earnest for the Games, Britain"s Olympics Minister boasted that the event would "provide economic gold at a time of economic need." With costs rising and hopes shrinking, it"s looking like the best London can hope for is a Bronze. E. London isn"t expected to go quite so far over budget, but its Olympics are turning out to be a lot pricier than the frugal $ 5 billion affair the government originally promised. And the Brits are already feeling more than a little defensive about the cost overruns. When Public Accounts Committee chair Margaret Hodge reported in March that the event was likely to end up costing closer to $17 billion, she found herself pilloried in the press. F. This is true. Even London"s hotels—which you would expect to profit massively from a flood of tourists with money—aren"t doing as well as expected. After raising their rates in anticipation of a flood of visitors, London"s hotels are having trouble filling their rooms, with roughly a third of their rooms as yet unbooked during the Games. Indeed, with some potential tourists deliberately staying away from London in order to avoid the Olympics-sized hassles that invariably accompany the Games, the U.K"s World Travel & Tourism Council expects that total tourist spending in the U. K. this year will only be a tiny bit higher than last year. G. With the start of the London Summer Olympics drawing ever nearer, some Londoners are wondering if the whole thing is worth the hassle—or the cost. They"ve got good reasons to worry. Order: G→ 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 →D

填空题A. "I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we'll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't-it's boring, routine paperwork, and there isn't much you can do about it. B. "Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the. arrests and interventions that get noticed. C. "I've got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies. D. "Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that's not fair-too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff. E. "The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor. F. "So I just don't know what to do. I've been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work." G. A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation-how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41--45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA--Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmorelandforthemselvesandtheirfamilies.MoreandmoreimmigrantswerecomingfromEuropeandallthesepeopleneededland.SotheEuropeansstartedtotakethelandfromtheIndians.TheIndianshadtomovebackintothecenterofthecontinentbecausethesettlersweretakingalltheirland.[B]By1857theIndianshadlostthefight:theywerelivinginspecialplacescalled"reservations".ButevenheretheWhiteMantooklandfromthem--perhapshewantedthewood,orperhapsthelandhadimportantmineralsinit,orheevenwantedtomakenationalparksthere.SoevenontheirreservationstheIndianswerenotsafefromtheWhiteMan.Between1500and1900theIndianpopulationoftheareathatisnowtheUnitedStatesdeclinedfromcloseto1,000,000to300,000.andforthoseremained,theagonywasgreat.Manywereforcedtotakelandinnewandstrangeplaces.Theywereintroducedtonewtools,implementsandtechniques.Theywereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflife.[C]In1960s,Indiansmovedingreatnumberstothenation'scities.ManyIndiansmovedintopovertyrows.Itwashardforthemtofindjobs.Itwashard--almostimpossible--tocompetewiththeWhiteManinthewhiteman'sworld.ManyIndiansreturnedtothereservations.Butifthereservationshadbeenbrokenuptherewasnoplacetogo.ThegapbetweenIndianAmericanandwhiteAmericanwasgrowingwider.[D]ThenativeAmericans,thepeoplewecallthe"Indians",hadbeeninAmericaformanythousandsofyearsbeforeChristopherColumbusarrivedin1492.ColumbusthoughthehadarrivedinIndia,sohecalledthenativePeople"Indians".TheIndianswerekindtotheearlysettlers.Theywerenotafraidofthemandtheywantedtohelpthem.Theyshowedthesettlersthenewworldaroundthem;theytaughtthemaboutthelocalcropslikesweetpotatoes,cornandpeanuts;theyintroducedtheEuropeanstochocolateandtotheturkey;andtheEuropeansdidbusinesswiththeIndians.[E]TheIndianscouldn'tunderstandthis.TheyhadaverydifferentideaoflandfromtheEuropeans.FortheIndians,theland,theearth,wastheirmother,everythingcamefromtheirmother,theland,andeverythingwentbacktoit.Thelandwasforeveryoneanditwasimpossibleforonemantoownit.HowcouldtheWhiteMandividetheearthintoparts?Howcouldheputfencesroundit,buyitandsellit?Naturally,whentheWhiteManstartedtakingalltheIndians'land,theIndiansstartedtofightback.Theywantedtokeeptheirland,theywanttostoptheWhiteMantakingitallforhimself.ButtheWhiteManwasstrongerandclever.SlowlyhepushedtheIndiansintothosepartsofthecontinentthathedidn'twant--thepartswhereitwastoocoldortoodryortoomountainoustolivecomfortably.[F]MeanwhiletheIndianshavebeenworkinghardintheirowninterests.Theyarebuildingnewcommunities,establishingnewindustries,anderectingnewschools.Theyaredevelopingmotelsandotherrecreationalschemesonthereservations.ThereisagrowingPan-IndianGovernment.Indianshavebecomeactiveinwritingandpublishing.Sometribeshavebenefitedthroughsettlementoftheirlandorotherclaimsagainstthegovernment.Theyareusingthefundsfortheirowndevelopment.PerhapsanewdayhasalreadydawnedfortheAmericanIndians.[G]Manyoftheirtribeswereresettledonreservationsinthewest.ThelandbelongedtotheUnitedStatesGovernmentbutwasreservedtax-freefortheIndians.Thefederalgovernmentprovidedthetribeswithrations,tools,andequipment.Boardinganddayschoolsweresetup.Inmanycasesresponsibleagentsweresenttoadministerthereservations.ButthechangefromafreelifetotherestrictedlifeofreservationsbroughttheIndiansneardespair.Theydidnotchangeeasily.

填空题{{B}}Directions: {{/B}} In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. The volcano in the cornfield grew until it was bigger than the cornfield! (41)______ People called the volcano the Little Monster because it grew so fast. Scientists came from all over the world to study it and watch it grow. It is not often that people get a chance to watch a volcano from the very beginning. Most of the volcanoes have been here for a very long time. Some have been here so long that now they are cold. They are called dead volcanoes. They have stopped throwing out fire and melted rock and smoke. It is safe to walk on them. Farms are plowed on the quiet slopes, and people have built houses there. Some volcanoes have stopped throwing out hot rock, but they still smoke a little now and then. They are "sleeping" volcanoes. Sometime they may "wake up". (42)______. Today volcanoes are not so dangerous for people as they were a long time ago. Now we know more about why volcanoes do what they do, and we can usually tell when they are going to do it. (43)______. People used to think dragons under the earth caused volcanoes. They said the smoke that puffed above the ground was the dragon's breath. They said the earthquakes were caused by the dragon's moving around down in the earth. Now we know that this is not true. Another thing we know about volcanoes is that they don't happen just anywhere. (44)______. Scientists know where these places are, and maps have been made to let everybody know. There are different kinds of volcanoes. Some explode so violently that the rock goes high into the air and falls miles away. A volcano may shoot out ashes so high that they float all the way around the world. They have made the sunsets green and the snow purple. (45)______. One very tall volcano stays fiery red at the top all the time. It is lucky that the volcano is near the ocean. Sailors can use it for a lighthouse. [A] Other volcanoes are more gentle. The hot lava rises in their cones and overflows, rolling slowly down the mountainside, where it becomes cool and hard. [B] Black smoke puffed out. Hot ashes fell like black snowflakes. Hot rock and fire and lava shot out. [C] Smoke puffed up, and rock started popping up out of a crack that opened in the ground. [D] A volcano named Vesuvius slept for a thousand years. But it woke up and threw out so much hot melted rock that it buried the buildings of two cities. [E] Before a sleeping volcano wakes up, it usually makes a noise like faraway thunder, and the ground shakes in small earthquakes. People are warned and have time to get away safely. [F] A volcano starts from a hole in the ground from which hot rock and smoke and steam come out. Far, far under the ground it is so hot that rock melts. This hot melted rock, or lava, is some-times pushed out of the earth through a hole or a crack in the ground. The steam inside the earth pushes the rock out. [G] There are certain places under the earth where the rock is broken in a way that lets the steam and hot rock escape to the outside more easily.