填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a text about Gold-Medal Workouts, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Drawing on biomechanics and other sports science, Olympic hopefuls target just the right muscles and moves. Olympians of yesteryear shared the same goal, but they would hardly recognize today's training techniques. To achieve to Olympian ideal of "faster, higher, stronger," coaches now realize, athletes don't have to train more but they do have to train smarter. That's why, these days, cross-country (Nordic) skiers kneel on skateboards and tug on pulleys to haul themselves up a ramp. By analyzing every motion that goes into a ski jump or a luge run, the science of biomechanics breaks down events into their component parts and determines which movements of which muscles are the key to a superlative performance. Knowing that is crucial for a simple hut, to many coaches and trainers, unexpected reason: it turns out that although training for general conditioning improves fitness, the best way to boost performance is by working the muscles and practicing the moves that will be used in competition. It's called sport-specific training.{{B}} 41. Ways to work the right muscles and train the right patterns of movement.{{/B}} Sport-specific training doesn't have to mean running the actual course or performing the exact event. There are other ways to work the right muscles and train the right pattern of movement. Doing situps on a Swiss ball, for instance, develops torso control as well as strength. The Finnish ice-hockey team recently added acrobatics to its training regime because it helps players to balance on the ice, says head coach Raimo Summanen. Performance-enhancing strategies. The advances in physiology that have revolutionized training are giving sports scientists a better under-standing of how to improve strength, power, speed and both aerobic and anaerobic fitness:{{B}} 42. Training the start-up.{{/B}} Speed is partly genetic. A star sprinter is probably born with a preponderance of fast twitch muscle fibers, which fire repeatedly with only microsecond rests in between. Speed training therefore aims to recruit more fast-twitch fibers and increase the speed of nerve signals that command muscles to move.{{B}} 43. Strength reflects the percentage of muscle fibers the body can recruit for a given movement.{{/B}} "Someone with pure strength can recruit 90 percent of these fibers, while someone else recruits only 50 percent," says the USOC's Davis.{{B}} 44. Developing anaerobic fitness.{{/B}} Anaerobic fitness keeps the muscles moving even when the heart can't provide enough oxygen. To postpone the point when acid begins to accumulate, or at least train the body to tolerate it, Jim Walker has the speed skaters he works with push themselves beyond what they need to do in competition. Power is strength with speed. "One of the biggest changes in strength training is that we're getting away from pure strength and emphasizing power, or explosive strength," says USOC strength-and- conditioning coordinator Kevin Ebel.{{B}} 45. Difficulties under way.{{/B}} It's still difficult to persuade coaches to let sports scientists mess with their athletes. To overcome such resistance, the USOC's Peter Davis has set up "performance-enhancing teams" where coaches and scientists put their heads together and apply the best science to training. Come February, the world will see how science fared in its attempt to mold athletic excellence. [A] Zach Lund races skeleton (a head-first, belly-down sled race), in which the start is crucial. He has to sprint in a bent-over position (pushing his sled along the track), then hop in without slowing the sled. "You have to go from a hard sprint to being really calm in order to go down the track well," says Lund. To improve his speed he does leg presses while lying on his back, or leg curls on his stomach (bringing his foot to his backside). [B] Despite the finding that drafting reduces the demand on the heart of a speed skater and generally improves performance, for instance, most skaters still prefer to go out fast and first. [C] Sprinters who skate 500 meters in the Olympics, for instance, power through multiple 300 meters, and do it faster than they skate the 500. By raising the anaerobic threshold, the training gives skaters a better shot at exploding with a sprint at the finish. [D] Luge, for instance, requires precise control of infinitesimal muscle movements: "Overcorrect on a turn," says driver Mark Grimmette, "and you're dead.' To achieve that precise control, he and his doubles partner, Brian Martin, devote a good chunk of their training time to exercises on those squishy rubber spheres called Swiss balls. [E] Aerobic fitness is hockey star Cammi Granato's goal one autumn morning as she pedals a stationary bike with sweaty fury at the USOC training center in Lake Placid, New York. When Granato finally staggers off the bike and crumples onto the padded platform, she's' had a tougher workout than in any hockey period--which is exactly the point. [F] The thigh's quadriceps, for instance, consist of millions of fibers organized into what are called motor units. When a speed skater pushes off the ice, he recruits a certain percentage of them to fire; the others are relaxing and so do not contribute to the movement.

填空题　The human brain can do a lot of wonderful things; many of them include 　1　 mastery of complex feedback systems with long 　2　 For example, consider how difficult raising a child truly is. Many factors are 　3　 , including the nutritional, physical, emotional and mental condition of the child, and the feedback of these factors 　4　 the behavior of those involved in raising the child. To 　5　 matters, many of the responses of the child/parent "system" take years to 　6　 themselves. Yet billions of parents have somehow 　7　 to feed, clothe, protect, nurture, heal, teach, and love their children 　8　 successful adulthood. 　　 　9　 all our intuitive sophistication in dealing with complicated situations, it''s a 　10　 to see how poorly we deal with some newer systems, most of 　11　 brought about by technology. 　　Both raising children and protecting Earth''s life-support systems are 　12　 of life and death; in the long term, they are equally important. But 　13　 our brains seem fairly well prepared for the long-term process of raising kids, we seem to have 　14　 built-in skill for taking care of the environment that supports us, any children we might have, and all other 　15　 . It seems that the "thinking" parts of our brains can''t deal with complicated systems and their long- term 　16　 ,and the 　17　 parts of our brains that can deal with complex systems don''t help us much outside of their 　18　 areas. One of the goals of systems science is to use math and computers to help people get better 　19　 taking care of Earth''s life-support systems. The task involves teaching our thinking brains about 　20　 complicated systems work.

填空题In the late 1960's many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. 41) __________. Skyscrapers are also lavish comsumers, and wasters of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120 000 kilowatts—enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day. 42) __________. The heat loss(or gain) through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings. 43) __________. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year—as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut, which has a population of more than 109000. Skyscrapers also interfere with television reception, block bird flyways, and obstruct air traffic. 44) __________. 45) __________.[A] Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful.[B] Tall buildings are an inevitable building form and part of the contemporary landscape.[C] In Boston in the late 1960's, some people even feared that shadows from skyscrapers would kill the grass on Boston Common.[D] Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities, too.[E] Still, people continue to build skyscrapers for all the reasons that they have always built them—personal ambition, civic pride, and the desire of owners to have the largest possible amount of rentable space.[F] Some of these ideas may soon appear in the city as a more holistic approach is taken in balancing environmental and social factors with the economics of building development.[G] Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.

填空题Directions:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Stepinfrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing:Areyoushouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanyside?Theyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.Isyourchinparalleltothefloor?Thechinhastobeparalleltothefloor.Areyourearsinlinewithyourshoulders?Thishelpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.Areyourkneesstraightorareyoulockingthemback?Thekneesshouldberelaxedandcentered,notforward,andnotlocked-onattheback.[B]Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhatyouneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightposture,youcandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbadposture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtherightpositionaslongasyoucan.[C]Ifwedonothavegoodposture,weputmoreweightinsomejointsandmusclesthanothersandthiscausespain.Badpostureaffectsyourhealth,generalwellbeing,andyourappearance.Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.Itrequirespractice,butitisworthit.[D]Isyourheadrelaxed,centered,andheldback(earsovershoulders)?Ifyourheadisforward,backwardortiltedtoanysideitisbadposture.Doyouhaveanarconyourchest?Thechesthastobeerect,centerandaslightlyuplifted.Areyouarchingyourbackforwardorback?Thereisanarchinthebackbutisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbigger,youneedtocorrectyourposture.Areyourhipsatthesameleveloroneishigherthantheother?Theyhavetobeatthesamelevel.Areyouranklesstraight?Theyhavetobe.[E]Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainorotherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctororachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyotherhealthproblems.However,ifyoucannotgo,youmaytrytostrengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheonesthathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthesemuscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudototightenyourtummy:crunches.[F]Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwaytoimproveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsufferthemostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption.[G]Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatallmodelsandmostcelebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyontheredcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhowtowalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowtohaveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdeskandforgetaboutgoodposture.Goodpostureisimportantnotonlyforappearance,butalsoforhealthreasons.Order:

填空题A. Set a Good Example for Your Kids B. Build Your Kids" Work Skills C. Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities D. Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis E. Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies F. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are G. Build Your Kids" Sense of Responsibility Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job"s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult"s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call "work-life uneasiness". 1 You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best. 1 Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying "I have no idea." They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good. 3 Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities. 4 Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs. 5 They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations. What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mail,sayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarnings,eventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected.[B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglish,thatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft'sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory.[C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthors,theystillcauseddamage.Forinstance,theyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworks,includingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroom,andtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSX,afreightcompanyonAmerica'seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed.[D]Mostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystem,butwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumour,sincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting.[E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.However,accordingtoMr.Haley,WelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritself,byoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers.[F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mail,meaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspread(some500,000computerswereinfected)thatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthat,onecommoncounter-measurebackfired,increasingtrafficstillfurther.[G]KevinHaleyofSymantec,afirmthatmakesanti-virussoftware,thinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKing,ofCERT,aninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburgh,notesthat,unlikeitsprecursors,SoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneously,allowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes.