填空题In 1959 the average American family paid $989 for a year's supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1, 311. That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible? Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the farmer's share of the $1, 311 spent by the family in 1972 was $521. This was 31 percent more than the farmer had received in 1959. But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products; leave the farm. These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. (1) . Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlemen received $790, which was 33 per cent more than they had received in 1959. It appears that the middlemen's profit has increased more than farmer's. But some economists claim that the middleman's actual profit was very low. According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one percent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent. (2) . (3) . Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several "TV dinners" are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes dessert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. (4) . Economists remind us that many modem housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after day's work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family's table easily and quickly. (5) . It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one. Producers, consumers, and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs. A. Thus, as economists point out, "Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor's plant." B. They are among the "middlemen" who stand between the farmers arid the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices? C. "If the housewife wants all of these," the economists say, "that is her privilege, but she must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier." D. Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don't want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market. E. However, some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment F. Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it. G. By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices.

填空题46) A major reason most experts today support concepts such as a youth services bureau is that traditional correctional practices fail to rehabilitate many delinquent youth. It has been estimated that as many as 70 percent of all youths who have been institutionalized are involved in new offenses following their release. Contemporary correctional institutions are usually isolated—geographically and socially—from the communities in which most of their inmates live. 47) In addition, rehabilitative programs in the typical training school and reformatory focus on the individual delinquent rather than the environmental conditions which foster delinquency. Finally, many institutions do not play an advocacy role on behalf of those committed to their care. They fail to do anything constructive about the back-home condition—family, school, work—faced by the youthful inmates. As a result, too often institutionalization serves as a barrier to the successful return of former inmates to their communities. Perhaps the most serious consequence of sending youths to large, centralized institutions, however, is that too frequently they serve as a training ground for criminal careers. 48) The classic example of the adult offender who leaves prison more knowledgeable in the ways of crime than when he entered is no less true of the juvenile committed to a correctional facility. The failures of traditional correctional institutions, then, point to the need for the development of a full range of strategies and treatment techniques as alternatives to incarceration. Most experts today favor the use of small, decentralized correctional programs located in or close to communities Where the young offender lives. Half-way houses, all-day probation programs, vocational training and job placement services, remedial education activities, and street-working programs are among the community-based alternatives available for working with delinquent and potentially delinquent youths. Over and above all the human factors cited, the case for community-based programs is further strengthened when cost is considered. The most recent figures show that more than $258 million is being spent annually on public institutions for delinquent youths. 49) The average annual operating expenditure for each incarcerated youth is estimated at a little over five thousand dollars, significantly more than the cost of sending a boy or a girl to the best private college for the same period of time. 50) The continuing increase in juvenile delinquency rates only serves to heighten the drastic under-financing, the lack of adequately trained staff, and the severe shortage of manpower that characterize virtually every juvenile correction system.

填空题[A]Butscientistsarestillworkingtoimproveonthat,andamongthemissocialpsychologistAldertVrijoftheUniversityofPortsmouthinEngland.Vrijhasbeenusingakeyinsightfromhisfieldtoimproveinterrogationmethods.Inshort,thetruthisautomaticandeffortless,andlyingistheoppositeofthat.Itisintentional,deliberateandexhausting.Thehumanmind,despiteitsimpressiveabilities,haslimitedcapacityforhowmuchthinkingitcanhandleatanyonetime.Sopilingondemandsforadditional,simultaneousthought—orcognitive"load"—compromisesnormalinformationprocessing.[B]WhenVrijandhiscolleaguesaskedvolunteerswhattheirofficeslookedlike,afterinstructinghalftotellthetruthabouttheiroccupationsandhalftolie,bothtruthtellersandliarsgavethesameamountofdetailintheirverbalresponses.ButwhenVrijaskedthemtodrawtheiroffices,theliars"drawingsweremuchlessdetailedthanthoseofthetruthtellers.[C]Allthesetricksmayseemlikeoverkillwhenwethinkaboutthefictionaldetectivesweknow,includingHolmesSherlock,whoseemabletoferretouteveryfalsehoodtheyhearwithoutusinganystrategiesotherthantheirintuition.Butinreallife,suchpeopleareexceedinglyrare;andresearchershavebeentrying—withoutalotofsuccess—tounravelthesegenius"strategies.Untiltheydo,lesssophisticatedliecatchersmaybeabletoexploitthemind"scognitivedeficits,usingtrickssuchasVrij"s,tocatchthebadguysintheirdeceptions.[D]Andinfact,thatisjustwhathappensinthelab:Vrijrananexperimentinwhichhalftheliarsandtruthtellerswereinstructedtorecalltheirstoriesinreverseorder.Whenobserverslaterlookedatvideotapesofthecompleteinterviews,theycorrectlyspottedonly42percentoftheliespeopletoldwhenrecountingtheirstorieswithoutfabrication—belowaverage,whichmeanstheywerehardtospot—butaremarkable60percentwhentheliarswerecompromisedbythereversestorytelling.[E]Psychologicalscientistsarefascinatedbykeenliespotter.Detectingliesandliarsisessentialtoeffectivepolicingandprosecutionofcriminals,butitismaddeninglydifficult.Mostofuscancorrectlyspotbarelymorethanhalfofallliesandtruthsthroughlisteningandobservation—meaningwearewrongalmostasoftenasweareright.Andhalfacenturyofresearchhasdonelittletopolishthisunimpressivetrackrecord.[F]Anotherstrategythatcouldbesurprisinglyeffectiveistoasksuspectstodrawapicture.Puttingpenciltopaperforcespeopletogivespatialinformation—somethingthatmostliarshavenotpreparedforaspartofplanningtheirliesandthat,therefore,overtaxestheirmentalresources.[G]HereareafewstrategiesthatVrijandhiscolleagueshavebeentestinginthelaboratory.Oneintriguingstrategyistodemandthatsuspectstelltheirstoriesinreverse.Narratingbackwardincreasescognitiveloadbecauseitrunscountertothenaturalforwardsequencingofevents.Becauseliarsalreadyhavedepletedcognitiveresources,theyshouldfindthisunfamiliarmentalexercisemoretaxingthantruthtellersdo—whichshouldincreasethelikelihoodthattheywillsomehowbetraythemselves.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Screaming headlines about stars arrested for everything from spousal abuse to firearms violations make it painfully clear that athletic talent isn't enough to deal with the rigors of being a pro. 41. ______________________ A team that finds itself in serious behavioral straits will often hire a famous person to help defuse the situation and help polish a tarnished franchise images -- witness the Dallas Cowboys naming extremely-clean former All-Pro running back Calvin Hill, a Yale Divinity School graduate, as a special consultant. There is an accompanying commandment, handed down from on high by the czars of prosports: If you're an elite athlete, the role of role model is mandatory, not optional. 42. ______________________ "We're running a business where players are our products. It's a business with very visible and prominent young men in the forefront," says Pat Williams, senior executive vice president of the NBA's Orlando Magic, a franchise that has hired "Doctor J", Julius Erving, as a broad-ranging am- bassador to the community, and the locker room. "Sure, we're protecting the business, but we're also protecting the sport, too. And having a bunch of lawbreakers playing your sport doesn't make it attractive -- to fans or to sponsors. It's also the right thing to do for these young men." 43. ______________________ Hill, who has held executive positions with the Cleveland Browns and the Baltimore Orioles since ending his playing days, says the pressure and scrutiny faced by his son, Detriot Pistons star Grant Hill, are far more intense than what he endured during his days in the 1960s and 1970s with the Cow- boys, Redskins and Browns. 44. ______________________ "What scares me about free agency is the same thing that scares me about society -- there is no longer stability or a sense of community," says Hill. "and that's helped break down a sense of team culture and tradition." 45. ______________________ Not only are today's new pros younger than ever, they have a healthy disrespect for their athletic elders and the traditions of the leagues they are entering, according to Gary Sailes, a sports sociologist at Indiana University.[A] But ask yourself: Does Jerry Jones, the owner of the Dallas Cowboys, hire Hill because he is genuinely concerned about the psychological effects of fame on Michael Irvin, a married man, who was found in a hotel room full of cocaine and exotic dancers? Or does Jones. want to expropriate Hill's upright image as whitewash for the damage done to his cash flow and corporate relations by Irvin and other members of "America's Team"?[B] "The value system are different," says Sailes, "The boundaries of their mainstream don't intersect with the boundaries of mainstream America. And if you're not finding some way to bridge the gap between mainstream America and where these kids come from, you're wasting your time."[C] At the heart of all this counseling and concern is the day-to-day pressure on a pro athlete. "There is a lot of money and fame involved when you sign a NBA contract," says Lamont Winston, who handles player programmes for the Kansas City Chiefs. "Yet there is nowhere in that contract that says you will feel tremendous stress, you will feel tremendous anxiety and pressure."[D] In basketball, Williams sees a more devastating version of the maturity problem affecting pro sports, cause by the influx of younger and younger players who have decided to abandon the final two years of college, or ditch college altogether.[E] And this touches on a key problem that a generic mentoring programme may not address: there are crucial cultural differences between the athletes and the world they are about to enter.[F] He also points to a destructive consequence of free agency -- the end of a natural clubhouse system of veteran players who served as mentors to young rookies, passing on the traditions and expectations of a particular club, be it the Detriot Tigers or the Washington Redskins.[G] Coaches, owners and managers acknowledge the increasing need to teach their talents how to act, what and whom to avoid and what burdens accompany the money and the fame. The players need to be taught about everything from finances and career choices outside the game to emotional counseling and substance abuse.

填空题Northern Europeans will not forget the name Eyjafjallajokull (埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖) in a hurry, even if they may have trouble pronouncing it. Monday April 19th marked a fifth day of jet-free skies over a huge swathe of the continent as a result of the eruption of the Icelandic volcano, which began pumping large quantities of ash into the sky last Wednesday. (41) ______. Demonstrating the unpredictability of volcanic eruptions, Britain's National Air Traffic Service said on Monday afternoon that airspace in Scotland and parts of northern England would reopen on Tuesday morning, and sounded optimistic that the rest of Britain would be cleared for flying later in the day; hut later switched to a more cautious tone as a new ash cloud began spreading. Earlier, Norway, Sweden and Finland had allowed a few mainly domestic flights to operate. The civil-aviation authorities had come under strong pressure from European airlines, several of whom had conducted successful test flights in the supposed danger zone. However, the engines of a Finnish military jet did suffer considerable damage as a result of breathing in the ash. By late on Monday night there was still no clear answer as to how long the disruption might last. (42) ______ Furthermore, there is no way of telling what concentration of ash the test aircraft were flying through. The best source of information for the moment is a theoretical model of where the cloud might be, taking into account the prevailing wind and other weather conditions. One interesting wrinkle is that studies of natural disasters tend to be paid for by insurance companies. As volcano eruption is deemed to be an uninsurable (不可予以保险的) risk, there are few studies to turn to. (43) ______ The industry body reckons that its members have been losing $ 200m a day as a result of the shut-down. On Monday British Airways said that it and other European airlines had asked for cash from the EU in compensation for the losses suffered because of the closure of airspace, citing the bailout offered to American airlines in the wake of the September 11th 2001 terror attacks. IATA reckons the situation for Europe's airlines is even worse than then. (44) ______ If meteorologists and vulcanologists developed a dynamic model of the ash cloud's progress, it might be possible to keep more airports open, and to reroute planes to get passengers moving again. Wind patterns could change at any time and some reckon that they might do so by the end of the week. If the ash cloud were to drift in another direction flights could be sent around or above it. But when it sits over Europe's biggest airports, that is all but impossible. And while there remains any uncertainty, passengers may decide not to make trips in case the temporary respite reverses along with the wind. stranding them far from home. (45) ______ Some fear that they could be in for a long wait. Icelandic volcanic activity has been low for some time. Eyjafjallajokull is particularly prone to producing the fine ash that has caused the current mayhem. So far, aside from airlines and air travellers, the impact has been limited. But as the shutdown continues Europe's fragile economies will suffer as tourists fail to arrive, meetings are cancelled and businesses with supply chains that rely on air freight nervously watch stocks running down.[A] This uncertainty has led the International Air Transport Association (IATA) to plead on behalf of its members for Europe's government to rethink policy on shutting airspace.[B] If the eruption were to worsen again, there are several ways that the damage wrought by the volcano might be mitigated.[C] That fine volcanic ash could pose a risk to jet engines, which have broken down in the past' after exposure to similar volcanic material. Many of Europe's busiest airports remained out of action.[D] Some air freight might take to the road or water—98% of the world's trade is already carried by ship. And plenty of the world's container vessels are sitting idly waiting for the world economy to pick up after the recent recession in the rich world.[E] For one thing, the European Aviation Safety Agency says that there is currently no consensus as to what is an acceptable level of ash in the atmosphere.[F] Some airlines were offering little compensation, leaving cash-strapped travelers to turn a number of international airports into impromptu emergency shelters. Across Europe, meanwhile, authorities were weighing cancellations of championship soccer matches and heads of state were altering travel plans.[G] Even if the volcano stopped emitting ash immediately, it might take two or more weeks before airlines could restore their schedules, with planes and crew stuck around the globe along with their passengers.

填空题[A] If you choose a career that does not fit you, you can start over.[B] Career planning overweighs any other factors.[C] Review your plans and progress periodically with another person.[D] Serious flaws in the ways many people make career decision.[E] Study yourself.[F] Set up some predictions about yourself in a career.[G] Write your career goals down. Career planning helps you to shape your career possibilities. It does not necessarily follow routine or logical steps. Each of us places weight on different factors and may consider certain phases of career planning at different times. Career planning includes gathering information about ourselves and about occupations, estimating the probable outcomes of various courses of action, and finally, choosing alternatives that we find attractive and feasible. Quite often career planning helps people to see the kinds of assistance they need to do what they want and helps direct them to available resources. (41)__________ This is the key to career planning. Understanding what you are like, what you value, and what you want to become is the foundation for all career planning. To have a better insight into yourself, you are supposed to examine your strengths and weaknesses, your goals, and the trends in your personal development. The self-understanding that you gain enables you to imagine how certain occupations may best fit your personality, interests, abilities, and goals. All career decisions require us to learn both about ourselves and about work, and to integrate these two kinds of knowledge. (42)__________ A technique useful for organizing ideas about your career development is to actually put them down by time blocks in your life, for example, ages nineteen to twenty-two, twenty-three to thirty... This action forces you to crystallize your thinking and to reorganize fuzzy and half-formed ideas. It may lead to new insights about your possibilities and may help you to see new relationships, patterns and trends, or to identify gaps in your thinking about your career development. (43)__________ Consider the kind of person you are, what you're likely to be like, what changes are likely to take place in an occupation, what basic problems you might meet, and what you need to solve your problems. These hypotheses, or educated guesses, should represent your understanding of yourself at present, what you can do, and what you will do. (44)__________ Every so often, take stock of your situation and consider what steps have to be taken next. Taking inventory of progress and planning further steps can help you cope with the changes that you undergo and the changes that take place in the labor market. Talking over your plans with a college counselor, your parents, and your friends helps you define your goals and improve your career plan or make them work. (45)__________ Today, growing numbers of people are changing careers or getting second start in careers that have greater appeal to them. Society no longer attaches the stigma of "instability" to the idea of career hopping, as it once did. Motives or reasons for changing career vary widely, but many people move because they feel stale or fed up with a grinding or dull routine. For some, a second start grows out of the realization that what they want out of life is not what they are doing, and they decide to do those things they enjoy and believe to be important. Certainly, time spent in one occupation is likely to narrow the range of later occupation choices; very few people have the motivation and financial resource to start a completely new career in mid-life. Most people move to related field that involves a minimum of new training.

填空题A. Breaking all constraints B. Timeline to execution C. The purpose of the decision D. Known unknowns and unknown unknowns E. Wrong is never permanent F. Resource accessibility G. Playing to self-interest Leadership in any capacity requires a laser-like focus, complete awareness of the problem set, and a willingness to "move the needle" when faced with uncertainty. Leaders must, at any point, be willing to make a split-second decision with potentially long-lasting and profound impacts. Here are five criteria to consider when making your next big decision: 16 In the military, there was (and still is) a pecking order of priority upon which decisions are based. The mission always came first, followed by what would serve the team, and finally, what would serve the individual. The individual always comes last because he or she was always the smallest link in the organization al chain. Playing to self-interest serves little purpose, and that"s not what a team or an organization is about. 17 Well, "never" is a strong word, but you get the idea. I"ve said before that failure is only determined by where you choose to stop, and it also depends on how that particular problem is perceived. The higher one ascends within an organization. For example, the same problem that appears tricky at one level may not necessarily be the right one to solve for at another. Seek as many viewpoints as you can to enhance your understanding of the situation. 18 There are internal and external influences that shape the feasibility of execution along a given timeline. Internal influences refer to the competency of you and your team to execute the decision in the given time, whereas external influences signify the driving forces that impact the deadline that you have no control over, such as weather, the economy or market demand. You want to ask yourself two questions. First, "Is now the right time to decide?" If the answer is yes, then your next question is, "Am I capable of executing the decision?" If the answer is no then ask "why?" 19 These are the constraints surrounding the execution of your decisions. A known unknown is when you realize a specific intangible exists but can"t quantify how much, such as traffic. For instance, you"re aware that rush hour in Los Angeles never really has an end point, so it could take you from 20 minutes to two hours to travel from A to B. The point is, you know that uncertainty exists but don"t know how much. Unknown unknowns are when Murphy likes to throw another wrench in the mix that you simply can"t plan for, such as a vehicle accident or engine breakdown. Try to identify all constraints as best you can so you know how to align them towards the purpose of your decision. 20 If at first you don"t succeed, try, try again. The result of any effort will depend in part on the resources used to execute it, so be sure to identify not only the primary resources available but also secondary ones, too. Every decision should have a contingency plan for when those unknown unknowns arise and deem your primary course of action obsolete. Decision-making can paralyze you if you"re not prepared. Tackle your next major dilemma using the aforementioned considerations and feel better about the decisions you come to.

填空题{{B}}41. Extends Language Learning Time and Place:{{/B}} As many researchers have noted, e - mail extends what one can do in the classroom, since it provides a venue for meeting and communicating in the foreign language outside of class. Because of the nature of e - mails, FL learners do not have to be in a specific classroom at a particular time of day in order to communicate with others in the foreign language. They can log in and write e - mails from the comfort of their own room, from a public library or from a cyber - cafe, and these spatial possibilities increase the amount of time they can spend both composing and reading in the foreign language in a communicative context.{{B}}42. Provides a Context for Real - world Communication and Authentic Interaction:{{/B}} By connecting FL speakers outside of the classroom, e - mail also provides a context for communicating with other speakers in authentic communicative situations. Interaction via e - mail lends a feeling of reality to students' communicative efforts that may seem artificial in a classroom setting. This communicative interaction is much like spoken language because of its informal and interactive nature. Yet, unlike face- to- face communication, e- mail is in written form and this can serve the language learner well.{{B}}43. Expands Topics Beyond Classroom - based Ones:{{/B}} Language teachers often have to follow a rigorous schedule in terms of content and/or grammatical topics to be presented and practiced in a semester or marking period. Large chunks of time can rarely be spared for free communication.{{B}}44. Promotes Student - centered Language Learning:{{/B}} In e - mail communication, FL learners can experience increased control over their own learning, since they can choose the topic and change the direction of the discussion. The end goal is to communicate with another person in the FL rather than to produce a mistake - free composition.{{B}}45. Encourages Equal Opportunity Participation:{{/B}} Beauvois (1997) reported that computer- mediated communication increased total class participation to 100%.{{B}} Connects Speakers Quickly and Cheaply{{/B}} E - mail allows students to communicate with native speakers of the target language without the high cost of traveling a broad (Hedderich 1997; Roakes, 1998 ). Before the advent of the Internet, it was not possible to communicate so immediately and so frequently with native speakers or with other learners. [A] Others have noted that students reticent to speak in face -to -face contexts are more willing to participate in the electronic context ( Beauvois, 1995; Gonzalez - Bueno, 1998; Warschauer, 1995). [B] Rankin (1997) notes that the additional interaction in the foreign language provides FL learners with more input than they would be able to expect from class time, which typically amounts to not more than four hours per week in most high school or college settings. [C] E - mail allows for communication between students in a context where the teacher's role is no longer at the center (Patrikis, 1995). [D]E -mail gives learners an additional context for discussion that can be -- but does not necessarily have to be linked to topics being covered in class. [E] Frequently it is difficult for students to engage in an activity in a foreign language class without preparation ahead of time. A pre - class e - mail assignment can take care of the groundwork and save valuable class time. Examples are given of ways in which the teacher might prepare students for writing, listening, and speaking activities. [F] As Schwienkorst (1998) stressed, "The major advantage of written communication is... the possibility for each learner to preserve the entire communication ..." and to have for future use "an enormous sample of his or her own efforts in the target language."

填空题The U.S. space agency, NASA, is planning to launch a satellite that scientists hope will answer fundamental questions about the origin and destiny of our universe. (41) _________________. The prevailing theory of the universe's origin, the "Big Bang" theory, says all matter and energy were once compressed into a tiny point. The density and resulting temperature were so enormous that, about 13-to-15-billion years ago by current estimates, a mighty explosion flung the matter hurtling outward in all directions. (42) _________________. They also ask, is the expansion accelerating? Will the universe collapse? What is its shape? Scientists will seek explanations with NASA's new Microwave Anisotropy Probe, abbreviated as MAP. (43) _________________. "MAP will take the ultimate baby picture, an image of the infant universe taken in the fossil light that is still present from the Big Bang," he says. "This glow, this radiation, is the oldest light in the universe. Imprinted on this background, physicists knew, would be the secrets of the Big Bang itself." This background radiation is the light and heat that the early cosmic soup of matter emitted. Once roiling hot, it has cooled over the eons to just a few degrees above absolute zero. It was once thought to be distributed evenly. But in 1992, a highly sensitive NASA satellite named COBE detected nearly imperceptible variations in temperature as tiny as 30- millionths of a degree. (44) _________________. "These patterns result from tiny concentrations that were in the very early universe that were the seeds that grew to become the stars and the galaxies that we see today," he says. "The tiny patterns in the light hold the keys for understanding the history, the content, the shape, and the ultimate fate of our universe." (45) _________________. Princeton University scientist David Spergel says MAP will give us a much more accurate matter count than we have now. "Right now, we want to measure something like the matter-density of the universe," he says. "Today, we can estimate that to a factor of two. That's pretty good. What we want to do is be able to measure it to about the three-percent level, which is what MAP will be capable of doing." To do its job, the ＄145 million MAP spacecraft will settle into an orbit 1. 5 million kilometers from the Earth. This is where the Earth's and Sun's gravitational pull are equal, and well past the range of the Earth's own obscuring microwave radiation. While the older COBE satellite measured just a small part of the sky, Chalrles Bennett says MAP will scan the entire sky at 1,000 times better resolution. "The patterns that MAP measures are extremely difficult to measure," he says, "MAP will be measuring millionths of a degree temperature accuracies, and that's hard to do. That's like measuring the difference between two cups of sand to the accuracy of a single grain of sand."[A] The principal NASA scientist for the New MAP spacecraft, Charles Bennett, says the heat patterns represent slight differences in the density of the young universe, where denser regions evolved into the present web of structures.[B] NASA says the first results from the MAP mission will be ready in about 18 months after launch.[C] The spacecraft will orbit the Earth seeking answers from an extremely faint glow of microwaves that have existed since the beginning of time.[D] Scientists are trying to learn how it clumped together to produce stars, clusters of stars called galaxies, and clusters of galaxies.[E] Astronomers are reporting evidence that points to a massive star-eating black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy.[F] One of those keys is the amount of matter and its density. More matter with a higher density me, fins mole gravitational pull, suggesting a slowing of the universe's expansion, and perhaps even its collapse.[G] The head of NASA's Evolution of the Universe program, Alan Bunner, says MAP will measure what is thought h remnant of the Big Bang--an afterglow of microwaves bathing the universe that was emitted by the ancient cosmic matter.

填空题A. Periodicals in initial stageB. The function of periodicalsC. Newspapers and other periodicals onlineD. The introduction of reviewsE. Features of periodicalsF. The emergence of modern periodicals Periodicals refer to publications released on a regular basis that may include news, feature articles, poems, fictional stories, or other types of writing. Many periodicals also include photographs and drawings. Periodicals that are aimed at a general audience, such as weekly news roundups or monthly special-interest publications, are also called magazines. Those with a more narrow audience, such as publications of scholarly organizations, can be termed journals. While newspapers are periodicals, the term generally has come to refer to publications other than dailies. 41.__________ Historically, must periodicals have differed from newspapers in their format, publication schedule, and content. Most newspapers deal with the news of the day and are issued on pulp paper with relatively large, unbound pages. By contrast, other types of periodicals focus on more specialized material, and when they deal with news they tend to do so in the form of summaries or commentaries. For centuries these periodicals generally have been printed on finer paper than newspapers, with smaller bound pages, and issued at intervals longer than a day (weekly, every two weeks, monthly, quarterly, or even annually) . 42.__________ In the 1990s, with the growth of the Internet, publishers began to release newspapers and other periodicals online. This development blurred the line between the two forms because the general format and design of online newspapers and periodicals are similar, and the publication schedules of both forms became more flexible. For example, many newspaper publishers update their online versions throughout the day, and some online periodicals do the same. Despite these technological changes, the two forms differing emphasis in choice of content remains a distinguishing factor. 43.__________ The earliest periodicals include the German Erbauliche Monaths-Unterredungen (Edifying Monthly Discussions, 1663-1668 ), the French Journal des Scavans (1665; subsequently titled Journal des Savants), and the English Philosophical Transactions (1665) of the Royal Society of London. These were essentially collections of summaries (later essays) on developments in art, literature, philosophy, and science. 44.__________ The first periodical of the modern general type, devoted to a miscellany of reading entertainment, was the English publication The Gentleman's Magazine (1731—1907)-the first instance of the use of the word magazine to denote a forum for entertaining reading. It contained reports of political debates, essays, stories, and poems and was widely influential. It served as the model for the first true American periodicals, General Magazine and Historical Chronicle and American Magazine. Both of these periodicals first appeared in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in January 1741 as rival publications; neither lasted more than a few months, however. The former was founded by the American statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin and the latter by the American printer Andrew Bradford. Monthly or quarterly reviews, usually partisan in politics, and with articles contributed by eminent authors and politicians, were introduced in Britain early in the 19th century. Of these, two became outstanding. The Edinburgh Review (1802-1929), founded in support of the Whig Party, was one of the most influential critical journals of its day and numbered among its contributors-the English writers Sir Walter Scott, Thomas Carlyle, Matthew Arnold, and William Hazlitt. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine (1817-1981), a Tory publication, was early in its career noted for its serialization of Scottish fiction and its satirical commentaries on Scottish affairs. One of the most important serious periodicals in the United States in the 19th century was the North American Review (1815-1940; revived in 1964). Editors during its kong and illustrious career included such literary figures as James Russell Lowell, Charles Eliot Norton, and Henry Adams; contributors included Henry James,H.G. Wells, and Mark Twain. Among the European equivalents of such periodicals were the French Revue des Deux Mondes and the German Literarisches Wochenblatt.