填空题Every year, Fortune magazine celebrates women in the top echelons of corporate America by publishing a list Of the 50 Most Powerful Women in Business. Their titles are impressive -- CEO, chairman, president -- and photos portray them as polished and confident. What an inspiration they could be to the young women following them. 41. But what if those young women don' t aspire to a comer office? A week after the Fortune list appeared on newsstands, a major national study of teenagers revealed a surprising finding- while 97 percent of girls polled expect to work to support themselves or their families, only 9 percent want careers in business. Among boys, the figure is 15 percent. "Girls of this generation are quite ambitious, which is exciting," says Fiona Wilson, a professor'*at Simmons College School of Management and an author of the study, which polled more than 3,000 girls and 1,200 boys in middle school and high school. She finds it encouraging that half the girls prefer professions such as doctors, lawyers, and architects. "We' re not going back to the stereotype of their mothers - generation, where women were thinking about being nurses and teachers." 42. But why do girls shy away from business? The number of women applying to business schools has dropped off. By contrast, women make up half the students in medical and law schools. 43. Unlike boys in the study, who say they want to earn a lot of money, girls place great importance on helping others and improving society. But they don' t see connections between those goals and business, which they equate with finance and numbers. And they' re less confident than boys about their business related skills. Teen girls also place a high value on having enough time to spend with family and friends. 44. In describing business, Professor Wilson says, "they used many images involving stress - images about dads having to make conference calls on vacation, and moms always being tired when they got home, or complaining about their bad bosses." 45. As it happens, mothers are the primary source of career advice for daughters. But parents goals are often less well defined for girls than for boys. "Mothers express their hope and aspiration for daughters in terms of wanting them to be happy and have a lot of options, but they don' t translate that directly into business opportunities," says Connie Duckworth, head of The Committee of 200, a national women' s business leadership group that commissioned the study. Wilson Calls the lack of women at the top "alarming', adding that the study doesn' t offer a lot of hope that future generations will swell the ranks of women in leadership positions. [A] Titles of the echelon [B] Images used in describing business [C] Women student in schools [D] Mothers play an important role [E] Why women are not willing to choose business carrier [F] A surprising poll

填空题A.Especiallysincesexting(sexandtexting)mightactuallybetheleastofoarworries.Comparedwithwhattheyareactuallydoing,teenagers'virtualsexlivesmaybelessamirrorthananillusion,animageofhowtheyseethemselvesthatvanishesasyougetupclose.Theresearchsuggeststhatevenastheygetmoreelectronicallyimmodest,theyaredelayingactualsex,havingfewerpartnersandgenerallybehavingmoreresponsiblythanmanyoftheirparentsdid.Byallmeans,comedownhardonthekidwhousesaphonetocheatorbullyorharassorcauseharm.Butwhenitcomestobaringall,remindthemthateveniftheyescapethelawthey'llnevererasethetrail.B.Justdon'timaginethatyoucanprevailbybruteforce.Youcanblockwebsites,limittimeonline,screene-mail,removethewebcam.Butkidsaremorenimblethanwise;theywillfendaworkaround.Andwearefightingontheirterritory.Theyareupinthetreesandundergroundandincaveswhilewemarcharoundinourbrightreduniformstryingtodefendtheirdignityandvirtue.Notafairfight.C.Unfortunatelyit'stoolatetolegislatethatnooneshouldbe'allowedacellphoneuntilheorsheisatleast18andfullylicensedtouseit.Cellphonestookusbysurprise:sosmall,soinnocent,sopowerfulinthehandsofaboredortwistedteenwhonowhasanextremelyefficienttoolforwastingtime,cheatingontests,bullyingclassmates,arrangingdrugdealsand,morecommonly,flirting(tomakeplayfullyromanticorsexualovertures)inajunior-varsityversionofGirlsGoneWild.D.HowmanyparentsinsistedafterColumbineandSept.11thattheirchildrenbereachableatalltimes?Howcomfortingtogivekidscellphones,sothaturgentreassuranceswerenevermorethan10digitsaway.Andhowhandy,aswejuggledjobsandmeetingsandsoccermatches,tobeabletorearrangedeploymentsonthefly.Theirphonesservedourneedssowell;toobadwedidn'tfactorinadolescentcreativity.E.Therushofprosecutions,however,justremindsusthatthelawmakesanawfulparent.Alegalsystemnaturallydependsondeterrence;youmakeanexampleofthoseyoumanagetocatch,sothatpotentialoffendersthinktwice.Buttomanyateen,dangerisaslikelytofeeddesireastofrustrateit.Thequalitiesrequiredtoshapetheirbehavior,thehumorandpatiencemixedjustacertainwaywithclarityandresolve,aretoomuchtoexpectfromlawswrittentoapplyequallytoeveryone.Don'tweneedtoexemptthemfromprosecutionforbeingidiotsandtofindsomebetterwaytopunishconductthatwedidn'tmanagetoprevent?F.Butthere'snothingquiteliketheimageofyourchildonaregistryofsexoffenderstoconcentratetheparentalmind.Itnowhasacatchynewlabel,but"sexting"hasbeenaround,asatrickandaproblem,foryears:in2004a15-year-oldPittsburghgirlwaschargedwithsexualabuseofchildrenanddisseminationofchildpornographywhenshepostednudepicturesofherselfonline.Andjustinthepastyear,morethanadozenstateshavefollowedsuit,arrestingkidsasyoungas13forsendingorreceivingsmuttypicturesontheirphones.Forparents,thesecaseshavesuddenlyraisedtheprospectofretirementsavingsmelteddowntopaylegalbills,collegedreamsdeferred,scholarshipslost.G.Isthisthedarksideoftheparentalimagination?Yes.ButastudyreleasedlastDecemberfoundthatoneinfiveteenshadsentorpostedanakedpictureofthemselves,andathirdhadreceivedsuchapictureorvideobytextmessageore-mail.Threeoutoffourteenssaypostingsuggestivestnff"canhaveseriousnegativeconsequences,"whichmeanstheyknowit'sdumb-andtheydoitanyway.

填空题A.ThepetitionersarguethatrepealingthetaxwillcosttheTreasurybillionsofdollarsinlostrevenuesandwillresultineitherincreasedtaxesinthelongrunorcutstomedicare,socialsecurity,environmentalprotectionandothergovernmentprograms.Repealingthelevy"wouldenrichtheheirsofAmerica'smillionairesandbillionaires,whilehurtingfamilieswhostruggletomakeendsmeet",thepetitionsays.B.About120wealthyAmericanshadsignedorsupportedapetitiontoopposephasingoutthetax.PresidentBushhasincludedtherepealofthetaxinhis$1.6trilliontax-cutproposal.Normallywhen"dozens"ofAmericansjoininapoliticalcause,itisnotparticularlynoteworthy,butinthiscasethedozensinclude:GeorgeSoros,abillionairefinancier;WarrenBuffett,aninvestorlistedasAmerica'sfourth-richestperson;thephilanthropistDavidRockefellerJr.;andWilliamGatesSr.,aSeattlelawyerandfatherofAmerica'srichestman,MicrosoftCorp.ChairmanBillGates.C.Buffettandcompanycitethesefactorsintheirpetitioncallingforoppositiontotheestate-tax-repeal.Theyalsodiscusssomethingthat'sequallyemotionalandfarmorecomplex:theprincipleofmeritocracy.TheideathateveryoneinAmericahasanequalchance,thatourfatesarenotdeterminedbyaccidentsofbirth,isoneofourcorevalues.Andnowhereisthisprinciplemorereverendthaninthetechnologyeconomy;entrepreneurshipisalmostbydefinitionanexpressionofmeritocracy.D.BuffetttoldtheNewYorkTimesthatrepealingtheestatetaxwouldbea"terriblemistake"andtheequivalentof"choosingthe2020Olympicteambypickingtheeldestsonsofthegoldmedalwinnersinthe2000Olympics."E.Anoldbrokeragecommercialsays:"Hemadehismoneytheold-fashionedway:Heearnedit."Therewasaperfectparodyoftheadinwhichthelineread:"Hemadehismoneytheold-fashionedway.Heinheritedit."In20or50or100years,whichoftheselineswillberight?BuffettandSorosandfriends,totheircredit,wanttohelpmakethefirstonereal.Let'shopethisisonlyonestepinthatprocess.F.ItwasrefreshingtoseeBuffettandGeorgeSorosandanumberofotherextremelywealthyluminariesstandupinoppositiontoPresidentBush'sproposedrepealoftheestatetax.Whilethepolicyhassomeemotionalattractions—itwouldprotecttheinheritorsofsomesmallbusinessesfromhavingtosellthecompaniestopaytaxes,anditistruethatmostpeoplehavebeentaxedontheirsavingsoncealready—inpracticethetaxrepealwouldmainlybeawindfallforaverysmallnumberofvery,veryrichpeople.G.PresidentBushwillmakehiscaseforhis$1.6trilliontax-cutplan,deliveringaspeechatacommunitycenterinSt.Louis.Theproposalwouldslashfederaltaxratesacrossalllevelsofincome,eliminatetheso-calledmarriagepenaltyandphaseoutestatetaxes.Democratscomplainthattheplan—whichwouldcutthetopratefrom39to33—woulddisproportionatelybenefitthewealthyandunnecessarilysquanderexpectedbudgetsurpluses.SomeoftherichestAmericansareurgingCongressnottorepealtheestatetax,theNewYorkTimesreportedonWednesday.Order:

填空题　Mental models guide our perceptions and help us make predictions. Most of our mental models are built　1　the structure of our nervous systems, and we are usually　2　of them. 　　We　3　the world not according to direct knowledge of reality, but according to mental models, which people often mistake　4　reality. For example, we all share a built-in mental model that the world is continuous,　5　our eyes tell us differently. This built-in mental model tells us what to "see" in a part of the eye that doesn''t　6　see anything. This "blind spot" model causes us to　7　made-up information (a continuation of surrounding patterns ) and　8　that if we look at a previously hidden spot, it will look like its　9　. 　　Not all mental models are built in; some we learn or　10　. For example, most people believe that the automobiles driving down the street will not turn　11　the sidewalk and hit pedestrians. If we believe　12　, we would act like　13　squirrels, always stopping to look around and proceeding　14　no automobiles were operating nearby. 　　We use mental models of our surroundings to perceive what we believe to be　15　and to predict what may happen. These mental models　16　to our surroundings--we have mental models of objects ,of the environment ,and of other people--and to our own capabilities and　17　 　　All of our mental models are, unfortunately, approximations　18　in the lump of nervous tissue we call the brain. Sophisticated　19　the brain is, it is very small and simple compared with the　20　of the outside world.

填空题[A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountainsnearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthevast,unexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamiliesperished.Onesmallgroupof49ers,lookingforashortcutacrosstheSierraNevadaMountains,happenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.Itwasluckyforthemitwaswinter,forinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmostdesolateplaceonearth.Asitwas,oneofthegroupdiedofthirst,anditwasthe49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname.[B]ThecompletionoftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCalifornia,italsobroughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplains,andtotherancherswhowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightears.Infact,thenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnowstretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans.[C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedforstealingahorse,yetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank.Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknown,theydependedabsolutelyontheirhorsesandtheirguns.Ifamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedeserts,mountainsorforestsofNevada,ArizonaandeasternCalifornia,hestoodnochance.Hunger,thirst,agrizzlybear,amountainlion,orhostileIndianswouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetough,braveandresourcefulinthosedays.[D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwasgivenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroad,oneofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.CongressdecidedthatthelayingofthetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothebuildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraphsystem,developedintoarace.TheEasterners,movingacrosstheplains,progressedfaster,fortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsorbridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th,1867.Therewasgreatexcitement,andaspecialceremonytomarktheoccasion.[E]Deserts,mountainsandforestsarestillthefrontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulatedwildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.Eventoday,Nevadahashardlymorethan500thousandinhabitants,mostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasandReno.[F]Later,in1865,aftertheCivilWar,disillusionedsoldiers,unabletofrndwork,followedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydidnotfindmuchgold,buttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.ItwastheywhofoundedtheUSA'sgreatfoodindustry,andtheyworkedwiththevigorandcourageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible.[G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.Americansdonotlikebeingwithoutwork,andtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajob,showingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedyinaspeechtothenation,spokeofthis"NewFrontier."Thefrontierspiritcertainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoon,themostrecentofallfrontierstobecrossed.

填空题[A]Sowhatdowedotobesafer?Manysmartpeoplehavetackledthisquestion.PeterPronovostatJohnsHopkinsdevelopedachecklistshowntobringhospital-acquiredinfectionsdowntoclosetozero.Therearerulesagainstdisturbingnurseswhiletheydispensemedicationsandsoftwarethatwarnsdoctorswhenpatients"prescriptionswillinteractbadly.Therearepoliciesdesignedtoempowernursestoconfrontdoctorsiftheyseesomethingwrong,evenifaseniordoctorisatfault.[B]Here"sonetheory.ItisagiventhatAmericandoctorsperformastaggeringnumberoftestsandprocedures,farmorethaninotherindustrializednations,andfarmorethanweusedto.Since1996,thepercentageofdoctorvisitsleadingtoatleastfivedrugsbeingprescribedhasnearlytripled,andthenumberofM.R.I.scansquadrupled.[C]Doctorsmakemistakes.Theymaybemistakesoftechnique,judgment,ignoranceoreven,sometimes,recklessness.Regardlessofthecause,eachtimeamistakehappens,apatientmaysuffer.Wefailtoupholdourprofession"sbasicoath:"First,donoharm."[D]Hereinliesastunningirony.Defensivemedicineisrootedinthegoalofavoidingmistakes.Buteachadditionalprocedureortest,nomatterhowcautiouslyperformed,injectsafreshpossibilityoferror.CTandM.R.I.scanscanleadtofalsepositivesandunnecessaryoperations,whichcarrytheriskofcomplicationslikeinfectionsandbleeding.Themoremedicationspatientsareprescribed,themorelikelytheyaretoaccidentallyoverdoseorsufferanallergicreaction.[E]Accordingtoa1999reportbytheInstituteofMedicine,asmanyas98,000Americansweredyingeveryyearbecauseofmedicalmistakes.Today,exactfiguresarehardtocomebybecausestatesdon"tabidebythesamereportingguidelines,andfewcasesgainasmuchattentionasthatofRoryStaunton,the12-year-oldboywhodiedofsepticshockthisspringafterbeingsenthomefromaNewYorkhospital.Butareasonableestimateisthatmedicalmistakesnowkillaround200,000Americanseveryyear.ThatwouldmakethemoneoftheleadingcausesofdeathintheUnitedStates.Whyhavethesemistakesbeensohardtoprevent?[F]Whatmaybeevenmoreimportantisrememberingthelimitsofourpower.More—moreprocedures,moretesting,moretreatment—isnotalwaysbetter.In1979,StephenBergman,underthepennameDr.SamuelShem,publishedrulesforhospitalsinhiscausticallyhumorousnovel,"TheHouseofGod."RuleNo.13reads:"Thedeliveryofmedicalcareistodoasmuchnothingaspossible."First,donoharm.[G]Certainlymanyprocedures,testsandprescriptionsarebasedonlegitimateneed.Butmanyarenot.Inarecentanonymoussurvey,orthopedicsurgeonssaid24percentoftheteststheyorderedweremedicallyunnecessary.Thiskindoftreatmentisaformofdefensivemedicine,meantlesstoprotectthepatientthantoprotectthedoctororhospitalagainstpotentiallawsuits.

填空题Most people would not object to living a few years longer than normal, as long as it meant they could live those years in good health. Sadly, the only proven way to extend the lifespan of an animal in this way is to reduce its calorie intake. Studies going back to the 1930s have shown that a considerable reduction in consumption ( about 50% ) can extend the lifespan of everything from dogs to nematode worms by between 30% and 70%. Although humans are neither dogs nor worms, a few people are willing to give the calorie-restricted diet a try in the hope that it might work for them, too. But not many—as the old joke has it, give up the things you enjoy and you may not live longer, but it will sure seem as if you did. Now, though, work done by Marc Hellerstein and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, suggests that it may be possible to have, as it were, your cake and eat it too. Or, at least, to eat 95% of it. Their study, to be published in the American Journal of Physiology—Endocrinology and Metabolism, suggests that significant gains in longevity might be made by a mere 5% reduction in calorie intake. The study was done on mice rather than people. But the ubiquity of previous calorie-restriction results suggests the same outcome might well occur in other species, possibly including humans. However, you would have to fast on alternate days.(41)______ Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells. For a cancer to develop efficiently, it needs multiple mutations to accumulate in the DNA of the cell that becomes the tumor's ancestor.(42)______ A slower rate of cell division thus results in a slower accumulation of cancer-causing mutations.(43)______ Heavy water is heavy because the hydrogen in it weighs twice as much as ordinary hydrogen (it has a proton and a neutron in its nucleus, instead of just a proton). Chemically, however, it behaves like its lighter relative. This means, among other things, that it gets incorporated into DNA as that molecule doubles in quantity during cell division.(44)______ Dr Hellerstein first established how much mice eat if allowed to feed as much as they want. Then he set up a group of mice that were allowed to eat only 95% of that amount. In both cases, he used the heavy-water method to monitor cell division. The upshot was that the rate of division in the calorie-restricted mice was 37% lower than that in those mice that could eat as much as they wanted--which could have a significant effect on the accumulation of cancer-causing mutations.(45)______[A] To stop this happening, cells have DNA-repair mechanisms. But if a cell divides before the damage is repaired, the chance of a successful repair is significantly reduced.[B] Bingeing and starving is how many animals tend to feed in the wild. The uncertain food supply means they regularly go through cycles of too much and too little food ( it also means that they are often restricted to eating less than they could manage ff food were omnipresent).[C] But calorie-reduction is not all the mice had to endure. They were, in addition, fed only on alternate days: bingeing one day and starving the next. So, whether modern man and woman, constantly surrounded by food and advertisements for food, would really be able to forgo eating every other day is debatable.[D] Why caloric restriction extends the lifespan of any animal is unclear, but much of the smart money backs the idea that it slows down cell division by denying cells the resources they need to grow and proliferate. One consequence of that slow-down would be to hamper the development of cancerous tumors.[E] So, by putting heavy water in the diets of their mice, the researchers were able to measure how much DNA in the tissues of those animals had been made since the start of the experiment (and by inference how much cell division had taken place), by the simple expedient of extracting the DNA and weighing it.[F] The second reason, according to Elaine Hsieh, one of Dr Hellerstein's colleagues, is that cutting just a few calories overall, but feeding intermittently, may be a more feasible eating pattern for some people to maintain than making small reductions each and every day.[G] At least, that is the theory. Until now, though, no one has tested whether reduced calorie intake actually does result in slower cell division. Dr Hellerstein and his team were able to do so using heavy water as a chemical "marker" of the process.

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填空题At the end of the fifteenth century, celestial navigation was just being developed in Europe, primarily by the Portuguese. Prior to the development of celestial navigation, sailors navigated by "deduced" (or "dead") reckoning, hereafter called DR. This was the method used by Columbus and most other sailors of his era. In DR, the navigator finds his position by measuring the course and distance he has sailed from some known point. Starting from a known point, such as a port, the navigator measures out his course and distance from that point on a chart, pricking the chart with a pin to mark the new position. Each day' s ending position would be the starting point for the next day's course-and-distance measurement. 41._______________________. The ship's speed was measured by throwing a piece of flotsam over the side of the ship. There were two marks on the ship's rail a measured distance apart. When the flotsam passed the forward mark, the pilot would start a quick chant, and when it passed the aft mark, the pilot would stop chanting. The pilot would note the last syllable reached in the chant, and he had a mnemonic that would convert that syllable into a speed in miles per hour. This method would not work when the ship was moving very slowly, since the chant would nm to the end before the flotsam had reached the aft mark. 42.____________________. Columbus was the first sailor (that we know of) who kept a detailed log of his voyages, but only the log of the first voyage survives in any detail. It is by these records that we know how Columbus navigated, and how we know that he was primarily a DR navigator. 43.___________________. If Columbus had been a celestial navigator, we would expect to see continuous records of celestial observations; but Columbus's log does not show such records during either of the transatlantic portions of the first voyage. It has been supposed by some scholars that Columbus was a celestial navigator anyway, and was using unrecorded celestial checks on his latitude as he sailed west on his first voyage. 44.______________________ In other words, if Columbus were a celestial navigator, we would expect to see a sense of small intermittent course corrections in order to stay at a celestially determined latitude. These corrections should occur about every three or four days, perhaps more often. But that is not what the log shows. 45.________________. Only three times does Columbus depart from this course: once because of contrary winds, and twice to chase false signs of land southwest. In none of these cases does he show any desire to return to a celestially-determined latitude . This argument is a killer for the celestial hypothesis. [A] Since DR is dependent upon continuous measurements of course and distance sailed, we should expect that any log kept by a DR navigator would have these records; and this is exactly what Columbus's log looks like. [B] On his return voyage in 1493, Columbus started from Samaria Bay on the north coast of Hispaniola, and he made landfall at Santa Maria Island in the Azores. We know his entire DR courses and distances between these two points, since they're recorded in his log. [C] In order for this method to work, the navigator needs a way to measure his course, and a way to measure the distance sailed. Course was measured by a magnetic compass. Distance was determined by a time and speed calculation: the navigator multiplied the speed of the vessel (in miles per hour) by the time traveled to get the distance. [D] On the first voyage westbound, Columbus sticks doggedly to his magnetic westward course for weeks at a time. [E] Could Columbus has corrected his compasses by checking them against the stars and thus avoids the need for course corrections? This would have been possible in theory, but we know that Columbus could not have actually done this. [F] Speed (and distance) was measured every hour. The officer of the watch would keep track of the speed and course sailed every hour by using a peg-board with holes radiating from the center along every point of the compass. The peg was moved from the center along the course traveled, for the distance made during that hour. After four hours, another peg was used to represent the distance made good in leagues during the whole watch. At the end of the day, the total distance and course for the day was transferred to the chart. [G] In that case, as magnetic variation pulled his course southward from true west, he would have noticed the discrepancy from his celestial observations, and he would have corrected it.