填空题People are unselfish because they are militaristic, and cultured because they are common. At least that is the message of a couple of new studies. Two of the oddest things about people are morality and culture. Neither is unique to humans,-but Homo sapiens (humans) have both in an abundance missing from other species. (41) ______ How these human traits evolved is controversial. But two papers may throw light on the process. In one, Samuel Bowles of the Santa Fe Institute in New Mexico fieshes out his paradoxical theory that much of human virtue was forged in the war. Comrades in arms, he believes, become comrades in other things, too. (42) ______. It also requires a dense population. Dr Bowles's argument starts in an obscure crack of evolutionary theory called group selection. This suggests that groups of collaborative individuals will often do better than groups of selfish ones, and thus prosper at their expense. (43)______ This good-of-the-group argument was widely believed until the 1960s, when it was subject to rigorous scrutiny and found wanting~ The new theory does not pitch groups against groups, or even individuals against individuals, but genes against genes. In fact, this theory does not disallow unselfish behavior. (44)______. The "selfish gene" analysis, so called after a book by Richard Dawkins, makes good-of-the-group theory almost impossible to achieve. Dr Bowles has focused the argument on war, since it is both highly collaborative and often genetically terminal for the losers. In his latest paper he puts some numbers on the idea. He looks at the data, plugs them into a mathematical model of his devising and finds a pleasing outcome. Dr Thomas and his colleagues also rely on a mathematical model. The model suggested that once more than about 50 groups were in contact with one another, the complexity of skills that could be maintained did not increase as the number of groups increased. Rather, it was population density that turned out to be the key to cultural sophistication. (45)______ Dr Thomas therefore suggests that the reason there is so little sign of culture until 90,000 years ago is that there were not enough people to support it. According to him, culture was not invented once, when people had become clever enough, and then gradually built up into the edifice it is today. Rather, it came and went as the population waxed and waned. Since the invention of agriculture, of course, the population has done nothing but wax. The consequences are all around you.[A] In the other paper, Mark Thomas and his colleagues at University College, London, suggest that cultural sophistication depends on more than just the evolution of intelligence.[B] It is therefore no surprise, according to group-selectionists, that individuals might be genetically predetermined to act in self-sacrificial ways.[C] But it requires that this evolve in a way that promotes the interest of a particular gene--for example by helping close relatives who might also harbor the gene in question.[D] This, he contends, allows the evolution of collaborative, unselfish traits that would not otherwise be possible.[E] The more people there were, the more exchange there was between groups and the richer the culture of each group became.[F] Indeed, that abundance--of concern for the well-being of others, (even unrelated others), and of finely crafted material objects both useful and ornamental--is seen by many as the mark of man, as what distinguishes humanity from mere beasts.[G] They note the word "almost" in the argument above and contend that humans, with their high intelligence and possession of language, and their tendency to live in small, tightly knit groups, might be exceptional.

填空题[A]Generally,however,modernexaminationsarewritten.Twotypesoftestsarecommonlyusedinmodernschools.Thefirsttypeissometimescalledan"objective"test.Itisintendedtodealwithfacts,notpersonalopinions.Tomakeupanobjectivetesttheteacherwritesaseriesofquestion,eachofwhichhasonlyonecorrectanswer.Alongwitheachquestiontheteacherwritesthecorrectanswerandalsothreestatementsthatlooklikeanswerstostudentswhohavenotlearnedthematerialproperly,Thestudenthasjustonetask:hemustrecognizethecorrectanswerandcopyitsletter(ornumber)onhisexaminationpaper.[B]Foraclearerpictureofwhatthestudentknows,mostteachersuseanotherkindofexaminationinadditiontoobjectivetests.Theyuse"essay"tests,whichrequirestudentstowritelonganswerstobroad,generalquestionssuchasthefollowing:MentionseveralwaysinwhichMahatmaGandhihasinfluencedthethinkingofpeopleinhisowncountryandinotherpartsoftheworld.[C]Whetheranobjectivetestoranessaytestisused,problemsarise.Whensomeobjectivequestionsareusedalongwithsomeessayquestions,however,afairlyclearpictureofthestudent'sknowledgecanusuallybeobtained.[D]Fortestingastudent'smemoryoffactsanddetails,theobjectivetesthasadvantages.Itcanbescoredveryquicklybytheteacherorevenbyamachine.Inashorttimetheteachercanfindoutagreatdealaboutthestudent'srangeofknowledge.Fortestingsomekindsoflearning,however,suchatestisnotverysatisfactory.Aluckystudentmayguessthecorrectanswerwithoutreallyknowingthematerial.[E]Inancienttimesthemostimportantexaminationswerespoken,notwritten.IntheschoolsofancientGreeceandRome,testingusuallyconsistedofsayingpoetryaloudorgivingspeeches.IntheEuropeanuniversitiesoftheMiddleAges,studentswhowereworkingforadvanceddegreeshadtodiscussquestionsintheirfieldofstudywithpeoplewhohadmadeaspecialstudyofthesubject.Thiscustomexiststodayaspartoftheprocessoftestingcandidatesfordoctor'sdegree.[F]Oneadvantageoftheessaytestisthatitreducestheelementofluck.Thestudentcannotgetahighscorejustbymakingaluckyguess.Anotheradvantageisthatitshowstheexaminermoreaboutthestudent'sabilitytoputfactstogetherintoameaningfulwhole.Itshouldshowhowdeeplyhehasthoughtaboutthesubject.Sometimes,though,essaytestshavedisadvantages,too.Somestudentsareabletowritegoodanswerswithoutreallyknowingmuchaboutthesubject,whileotherstudentswhoactuallyknowthematerialhavetroubleexpressingtheirideasinessayform.[G]Besides,onanessaytestthestudent'sscoremaydependupontheexaminer'sfeelingsatthetimeofreadingtheanswer.Ifheisfeelingtiredorbored,thestudentmayreceivealowerscorethanheshould.Anotherexaminerreadingthesameanswermightgiveitamuchhighermark.Fromthisstandpointtheobjectivetestgiveseachstudentafairerchance,andofcourseitiseasierandquickertoscore.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a list of headings and a text about happiness. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A--F for each numbered paragraph (41- 45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] Various definitions and interpretations of happiness.[B] One episode of enjoying happiness.[C] Some misconceptions about happiness.[D] Where to seek happiness?[E] Happiness is equivalent to the ability to rejoice.[F] The complexity of how to define happiness. "Are you happy?" I asked my brother, Ian, one day. "Yes. Nod It depends what you mean," he said. "Then tell me," I said, "when was the last time you think you were happy?" "April 1967," he said. It served me right for putting a serious question to someone who has joked his way through life. But Ian's answer reminded me that when we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle of sheer delight--and those pinnacles seem to get rarer the older we get. 41．________________________. For a child, happiness has a magical quality. I remember making hide-outs in newly cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play. Of course, kids also experience lows, but their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved. In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly it's conditional on such things as excitement, love, popularity and whether that zit will clear up before prom night I can still feel the agony of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to. But I also recall the ecstasy of being plucked from obscurity at another event to dance with a John Travolta look-alike. In adulthood the things that bring profound joy--birth, love, marriage--also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. Love may not last, sex isn't always good, loved ones die. For adults, happiness is complicated. 42．________________________. My dictionary defines happy as "lucky" or "fortunate," but I think a better definition of happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment." The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It's easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health. I added up my little moments of pleasure yesterday. First there was sheer bliss when I shut the last lunchbox and had the house to myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids came home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the day. Later, peace descended again, and my husband and I enjoyed another pleasure-intimacy. Sometimes just the knowledge that he wants me can bring me joy. 43．________________________. You never know where happiness will turn up next. When I asked friends what makes them happy, some mentioned seemingly insignificant moments. "I hate shopping," one friend said. "But there's this clerk who always chats and really cheers me up." Another friend loves the telephone. "Every time it rings, I know someone is thinking about me." 44．________________________. I get a thrill from driving. One day I stopped to let a school bus turn onto a side road. The driver grinned and gave me a thumbs-up sign. We were two allies in a world of mad motorists. It made me smile. We all experience moments like these. Too few of us register then as happiness. 45．________________________. Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a blend of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I doubt that my great-grandmother, who raised 14 children and took in washing, had much of either. She did have a net-work of close friends and family, and maybe this is what fulfilled her. If she was happy with what she had, perhaps it was because she didn't expect life to be very different. We, on the other hand, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have turned happiness into one more thing we "gotta have." We're so self-conscious about our "right" to it that it's making us miserable. So we chase it and equate it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren't neeessaiily happier. While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn't about what happens to us--it's about how we perceive what happens to us. It's the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge. It's not wishing for what we don't have, but enjoying what we do possess.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Question 41--45, choose the most suitable one the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. It is difficult to overstate how the reforms since 1978 have improved the life of the average citizen in China. According to China's Office on Poverty Alleviation and Development, well over 100 million individuals have risen out of destitution and now live above the official poverty line (set at annual per capita income below 640, which equals $ 77). At present, 42 million Chinese still live below the poverty line. Much work, of course, remains to be done in this regard. In addition to helping alleviate poverty, the economic reforms in China have brought overall gains as well as the gains per capital income for both urban and rural residents suggest. While there is some question on the veracity of data. The overall quality of life for the average citizen in China has improved dramatically since the reform in 1978. Citizens now have access to better services in crucial areas such as health care and 'education. 41. ______. The better lives that citizens in China now lead is a direct result of the decision by China's leadership in 1978 to pursue the path of economic reform in a more marked-oriented direction. Despite the overall importance of the domestic economy in determining China's economic future, there still are two reasons why China's entry to the WTO will help its citizens lead better lives. 42. ______. As noted above, government officials in China report that roughly 20% of the increase in GDP during the 1990's is attributable to growth in exports. Still, exports in some key sectors such as textiles and other labor-intensive sectors would expand. Overall, in light of long-term dynamic effects, the Chinese government predicts that China's entry to the WTO would increase its GDP by 95.5 billion ($ 23.64 billion), or 1.5 percent by 2005. And while acknowledging that some 10 million jobs will be lost in agriculture, auto and machinery sectors. 43. ______. Chinese firms will also face a more stable export environment, one less subject to anti-dumping and special safeguard provisions. The country will be able to enjoy stable multilateral preferential trade polices in a rules-based market. 44. ______. As noted above, China's transition to a market-oriented economy is not complete and elements of centralized planning remain. And it is quite clear that despite the impressive gains, China has made economically over the past 20 years, many intractable problems remain, such as the restructuring of state-owned enterprises half of which are losing money. China's industrial landscape is littered with" empty-shell enterprises" and state officials routinely argue that some 30% of the workforce in SOEs is superfluous. China's banking system is in precarious position as well, given declining capital adequacy and the continued reliance of the state-banking system on policy-based lending as opposed to examination of market criteria. To a large extent these economic problems reflect the inherent difficulty of trying to recover from 30 years of horribly misguided economic policies. 45. ______.[A] Millions more now have electricity (and consequently, refrigeration) and telephone service as well.[B] The second and more important reason that China's entry to the WTO will help China's citizenry is that it will strengthen the hand of pro-reform elements in the government.[C] The best way out of this economic dilemma, however, is for China to continue to strengthen its reform effort, not to restrict.[D] In the late-1990s and early-2000s, the focus was also on industrial reform, which involved the painful closing of unprofitable state-owned factories and the development of social security systems.[E] First, as China's largest export market after Hong Kong, the United States plays a primary role in enriching Chinese companies, primarily non-state-owned entities.[F] Surprisingly, many international companies now spend a lot of money on training.[G] Chinese economists predict that WTO membership will create 12 million jobs in other sectors such as textiles, toys, and footwear.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41～45, choose the most suitable one from the list A～G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. The race to select the Beijing 2008 Olympic mascot is heating up and from all accounts the panda is out in front. According to news reports, the Sichuan panda team is pulling out all the stops to get the giant panda chosen—not surprisingly, as most of the pandas in China can be found in Sichuan.41)__________. So what does an Olympic mascot represent to the world? The Sichuan team says that the giant panda represents the peace and harmony of the Olympic spirit, but is that what a panda really portrays? What, after all, does a giant panda do all day? It pulls down bamboo shoots and eats, and when it's not eating, it sleeps, That's it! That is all a panda does.42)__________. Fortunately there are other candidates for the honor of representing the Beijing Olympics, including the Chinese tiger. Now there's a contrast with the panda! The tiger is sleek; the tiger is swift. When the tiger springs into action, one can see its muscles ripple with energy; When a tiger is hunting for food, first it stalks its prey, perhaps a herd of wild swine. Then it chooses a victim and cleverly plans its strategy for the chase. Carefully choosing its moment, the tiger takes off with power and speed, as much as 80 km per hour.43)__________.The tiger is sleek, strong, swift and uses clever strategy to achieve its goal. Is it not the ideal animal to represent the athletes who have planned and carried out Icing-term strategies to qualify for the Olympics? 44)__________. However, the tiger, like most predatory animals, is not truly vicious—this is a common misperception. Under normal circumstances it kills only for food. When hungry it goes after its prey with fierce determination. it not take fierce determination for an athlete to win a medal in the Olympics? Some years ago, Shell carried out a very successful ad campaign in Canada and the US. The ads showed a tiger getting into the gas tank of an auto; the accompanying slogan was "Put a tiger in your tank!"45)__________. Nowadays China is amazing everyone with the power and speed of its economic development, far outstripping the other nations of the world. In the latest Olympics, the Chinese athletes surprised the world not only with the number of medals they won but also with the categories in which they won them. I would therefore argue that Beijing's 2008 Olympic mascot should be an animal that embodies the great qualities, power and speed, of the Chinese athletes and their homeland--the Chinese tiger. A. One might say that the giant panda is fat and lazy! What if there is no bamboo? Does it find other food? No. When the panda's food disappears, the panda disappears. In fact, the giant panda is a very vulnerable animal and that is why today it is at risk of extinction. Do Chinese really want a fat, lazy animal for their Olympic mascot? B. Everyone understood the message: the tiger meant extra power and speed for your car. The original Olympics in Greece brought together athletes in a fierce trial of power and speed. C. Recently it was brought to my attention that the 1988 Seoul Olympics had a tiger mascot. Does this make the tiger ineligible for use in the 2008 Beijing Olympics? In an informal poll of my friends and colleagues, I discovered that no one remembered the mascot of the 1988 games. In fact, they did not remember the mascot of the Sydney Olympics or even of this year's Athens Olympics. D. They have created 29 possible panda designs for consideration by the Beijing Olympic organizing committee, which will be making the choice. E. To be sure, the giant panda seems loveable whereas the tiger might be thought by some to be rather fierce. F. Does that not make the tiger a better choice to represent an Olympic competition, where the world's top athletes come together to see who is the strongest, the fastest and the best? G. Yes, the tiger has been revered and admired in China for thousands of years. With its natural characteristics of speed and power, the Chinese tiger would, I am convinced, be a superb mascot for the 2008 Olympics!

填空题A. For governments that overcome tobacco-company lobbying and political inertia, the benefits can be huge. After Turkey adopted its comprehensive package, the male smoking rate dropped from 52% to 41% in eight years. In Europe 30% of those who have ever smoked are now ex-smokers. Getting people to quit at that rate in China, where 1.4m a year die early from tobacco, would avoid 35m premature deaths. B. Bans on smoking in public places can have immediate benefits. In eight countries in Europe and the Americas, admissions to hospital for heart disease fell by an average of 17% in the year after the implementation of such a ban. Gruesome public-information campaigns can help. America"s "Tips From Former Smokers" campaign, which showed people crippled by smoking-related diseases, persuaded around 100,000 people to quit. At a cost of $ 480 per person, it was a good investment: according to a Danish study, the lifetime benefits to men of giving up smoking at 35 are around 25,000 ($ 27,400), most of that in increased productivity. Costa Rica and the Philippines send aspiring quitters text messages with handy tips on giving up: a trial suggested that doubled quit rates. And electronic cigarettes can help: 7% of British quitters use them. C. Solving some of the world"s great health problems, such as cancer and Alzheimer"s disease, remains beyond the wit of science. Not smoking. For over a decade, it has been clear what countries need to do to get people to quit. Yet although rates continue to fall in some countries—such as America and Britain-elsewhere they are rising. That"s true not just in the poor world, where people are getting prosperous enough to take up the habit, but also in bits of the rich world: on some measures rates are plateauing in Germany, France, Belgium and Portugal after decades of decline. It is time to push them down. D. But according to a WHO report published on July 7th, Turkey is the only country to have introduced all the necessary measures. Some countries, such as Indonesia, still have hardly any regulations. Others have too many loopholes. In France, for instance, the availability of covered patios undermines the ban on smoking in restaurants. E. Banning smoking would be wrong. It would be not only illiberal—people should be allowed to indulge in their pleasures, even lethal ones—but also ineffective. As the decades-long "war on drugs" shows, when people really want to get hold of a mind-altering substance, be it heroin or tobacco, they will. Bans on legal sales fuel illegal ones. But discouraging smoking is entirely legitimate: smokers pollute the air other people breathe, they damage their families when they die prematurely, and the addictive nature of the habit weakens the argument that smoking is a freely chosen pleasure. F. The idea of developing countries leapfrogging rich ones is familiar in technology, but it can apply to social policy, too. Over the past half-century, the rich world has learned slow and painful lessons about how to persuade people not to take up smoking, or to quit it if they already have. Low and middle-income countries can adopt those measures before their citizens get addicted. At virtually no cost, many millions of people can be saved from painful, premature deaths, and their families from misery. G. The most effective measure against smoking is taxation. Fiscal engineers need to be careful to set the rate neither so high that it encourages smugglers, nor so low that it fails to deter smokers. The WHO reckons that it should be at least three-quarters of the value of a pack. And, as they raise the tobacco tax, governments need simultaneously to tighten their borders. Britain cut the smugglers" share of the market from 21% to 9% by sharpening customs operations. Order: 1 →E→ 2 →B→ 3 → 4 → 5

填空题[A]Althoughitdoesnotlookappealing,inrealitythesepeoplehavegoodlives.Theirjobsdonotpayafortunebuttheylovethemandtheirlivesarestress-free.AndnoonewouldguessthattheymakesolittlebecausetheylivemuchBetterthanmanyoftheirfriendsWhomakealotmore.Soifyouwantmoremoneyyouhavetocountyourpennies;thereisnootherwaythantospendwisely.[B]Whenitcomestomoneymanagementyouneedtothinklongterm.Moneymanagementisnotonlyhowyoumanageyourmoneyrightnow;itishowyouwillmakesureyourincomeandwealthwillincreaseovertime.Inordertomakemoremoney,mostAmericanstaketheeasiestroute:getasecondjob.Thisiseasy;itwillgivemoremoneyimmediately,butitmaycomeataveryhighcost.[C]LookatthecaseofMelissaandherhusband.Theyownanicehome,beautifullydecoratedinaniceneighborhood,theyhaveregularcarsingoodcondition(thoughwithmorethan100Kmilesoneachcar),theydresswellandtraveltoexoticdestinationsonceayear.Howdotheydoit?Theylivewisely.Theydonotbuyanewearjustbecausepeoplesaythatafter100Kmilesaearisgoodfornothing.Theircarslookgoodandrunwellbemusetheytakecareofthem.Theyarenotplanningonbuyinganewcaranytimesoon.Thisisahugeexpensethattheydonotwanttotake;theyowntheircarsrightnowandtheydonotwantadditionaldebt.[D]Ifyouhavechildren,itmaycomeatthecostofprecioustimewiththemoryourfamily.Ifyouaresingleandhavenochildren,itmaycostyoupeaceandtimeforrelaxation.Butbeyondthat,itmaycostyoulongterm:notbeingabletopursuebiggerdreams.[E]Youcansavemoneyinmanywaysincludingbuyingless,orbuyingcheaper,orevenbuyingsmarter.Peoplewhoseemtohavemoneyforeverythingandstilldonotcarrycreditcarddebtshouldbeadmired.[F]Moneyandcareerwiseyouhavetobesmartandnottaketheshortestpath,butthebest,high-valuepath,Besidewhatyoudoforaliving,themoneyyousavehastobeinvestedwellsothatyouhavegoodreturns.Oneofthebestinvestmentsyoucanhaveisahome(unlessyouneedtorentsinceyouwillbeinaspecificlocationonlyforaveryshorttime).Topayrentistoliterallyputmoneydownthedrain.Thehomeyoubuyhastobesuchthatyoucanmakeprofitinafewyearssothatyoucanbuyabiggerhomeorasimilarhomeandsavetherest.[G]Inotherwords,ifyoudevoteyourtimetolearnanewskillorstartyourownbusiness,thiswillnotgiveyoumoneyimmediately,butinthelongtermitwillgivemoremoneyandpersonalsatisfactionthanastupidsecondjob.Order:

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. If good intentions and good ideas were all it took to save the deteriorating atmosphere, the planet's fragile layer of air would be as good as fixed. The two great dangers threatening the blanket of gases that nurtures and protects life on earth-global warming and the thinning ozone layer--have been identified. Better yet, scientists and policymakers have come up with effective though expensive countermeasures. (2) 41._________________. (3) CFCs-first fingered as dangerous in the 1970s by Sherwood Rowland and Mario M01ina, two of this year's Nobel-prizewinning chemists--have been widely used for refrigeration and other purposes. (4) If uncontrolled, the CFC assault on the ozone layer could increase the amount of hazardous solar ultraviolet light that reaches the earth's surface, which would, among other things, damage crops and bring disasters to environment. (5) Thanks to a sense of urgency triggered by the 1985 detection of what has turned out to be an annual "hole" in the especially vulnerable ozone over Antarctica, the Montreal accords have spurred industry to replace dangerous CFCs with safer substances. (6) 42._________________. (7) Nonetheless, observes British Antarctic Survey meteorologist Jonathan Shanklin: "It will be the middle of the next century before things are back to where they were in the 1970s." (8) Even that timetable could be thrown off by international smugglers who have been bringing illegal CFCs into industrial countries to use in repairing or recharging old appliances. (9) 43._________________. (10) Developing countries were given more time to comply with the Montreal Protocol and were promised that they would receive ＄ 250 million from richer nations to pay for the CFC phaseout. At the moment, though, only 60% of those funds has been forthcoming. This is a critical time. (11) It is also a critical time for warding off potentially catastrophic climate change Waste gases such as carbon dioxide, Methane and the same CFCs that wreck the ozone layer all tend to trap sunlight and warm the earth. The predicted results: and eventual melting of polar ice caps, rises in sealevels and shifts in climate patterns. (12) 44._________________. (13) The encouraging precedent is the Montreal Protocol for ozone protection, which showed how quickly nations can act when they finally recognize a disaster. A related lesson is that if CFCs do disappear, it will be partly because chemical manufactures discover they can make a profit by selling safer replacements. (14) 45._________________. (15) If that happens, then all nations, from the rich to the poor, may end up working to save the atmosphere for the same reason they've polluted it: pure economic self-interest.[A] Says Nelson Sabogal of the U. N. Environment Program: "If developed countries don't come up with the money, the ozone layer will not recuperate."[B] But that doesn't mean these problems are anywhere close to being solved. The stratospheric ozone layer, for example, is still getting thinner, despite the 1987 international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol, which calls for a phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting chemicals by the year 2006.[C] The same process may ultimately be what mitigates global warming. After long years of effort, manufacturers of solar-power cells are at last close to matching the low costs of more conventional power technologies. And a few big orders from utilities could drive the price down to competitive levels.[D] Yet the CFCs already in the air are still doing their dirty work. The Antarctic ozone hole is more severe this year than ever before, and ozone levels over temperate regions are dipping as well. If the CFC phaseout proceeds on schedule, the atmosphere should start repairing itself by the year 2000, say scientists.[E] Last year alone 20 000 tons of contraband CFCs entered the U. S.--mostly from India, where the compounds are less restricted.[F] Until recently, laggard governments could to scientific uncertainty about whether global warming has started, but that excuse is wearing thin. A draft report circulating on the Internet has proclaimed for the first time that warming has indeed begun.[G] The good news is that this gloomy scenario may galvanize the world's governments into taking serious action. For example, though it's now more costly to generate electricity from solar cells than from would otherwise have to be spent in the future combating the effects of global warming.