填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSER SHEET 1. [A] In 1849 gold was discovered in California in the mountains near San Francisco. So started the famous Gold Rush of the 49ers across the vast, unexplored wilderness that lay west of the Mississippi. Whole families perished. One small group of 49ers, looking for a short cut across the Sierra Nevada Mountains, happened to enter the infamous Death Valley. It was lucky for them it was winter, for in summer Death Valley is about the hottest and most desolate place on earth. As it was, one of the group died of thirst, and it was the 49ers who gave the valley its grim name. [B] The completion of the railroad not only joined the cities of the east with California, it also brought prosperity to the isolated farmers of the plains, and to the ranchers who were now able to send their cattle to the slaughterhouses in freight cars. In fact, the new railroad became an essential life-line for a nation which now stretched 3000 miles from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. [C] As late as the 1880s a man in the Far west could be hanged for stealing a horse, yet get no more than five years in jail for robbing a bank. Ever since the pioneers went west into the unknown, they depended absolutely on their horses and their guns. If a man lost his horse or his gun in the deserts, mountains or forests of Nevada, Arizona and eastern California, he stood no chance. Hunger, thirst, a grizzly bear, a mountain lion, or hostile Indians would finish him off sooner or later. A frontiers man had to be tough, brave and resourceful in those days. [D] The colonization of the West was given a tremendous impetus by the building of the Transcontinental railroad, one of the great engineering feats of all time. Congress decided that the laying of the tracks should begin from the East and the West at the same time. So the building of this railroad lined with poles for the first east-west telegraph system, developed into a race. The Easterners, moving across the plains, progressed faster, for they did not have to tunnel through giant mountains or bridge gaping canyons. The two railroads linked up in Utah on July 10th, 1867. There was great excitement, and a special ceremony to mark the occasion. [E] Deserts, mountains and forests are still the frontier between teeming Californian cities and the sparsely populated wilderness of Nevada and eastern California. Even today, Nevada has hardly more than 500 thousand inhabitants, most of whom live in the cities of Las Vegas and Reno. [F] Later, in 1865, after the Civil War, disillusioned soldiers, unable to find work, followed in the footsteps of the 49ers. They did not find much gold, but they found rich pastures for cattle. It was they who founded the USA's great food industry, and they worked with the vigor and courage of the early pioneers and with a faith fortified by the Bible. [G] Some Americans feel that the frontier spirit no longer exists in the USA. But it expressed itself in a number of ways. Americans do not like being without work, and they will travel hundreds of miles in search of a job, showing a courage and an enterprise which is un-usual in most of the older European countries. Then there is the exploration of outer space. President John Kennedy in a speech to the nation, spoke of this "New Frontier." The frontier spirit certainly played a part in putting the first men on the noon, the most recent of all frontiers to be crossed.

填空题Even if we could make it impossible for people to commit crimes, should we? Or would doing so improperly deprive people of their freedom? This may sound like a fanciful concern, but it is an increasingly real one. The new federal transportation bill, for example, authorized funding for a program that seeks to prevent the crime of drunken driving not by raising public consciousness or issuing stiffer punishments — but by making the crime practically impossible to commit. {{U}} 1 {{/U}}______ The Dadss program is part of a trend toward what I call the "perfect prevention" of crime: depriving people of the choice to commit an offense in the first place. The federal government's Intelligent Transportation Systems program, which is creating technology to share data among vehicles and road infrastructure like traffic lights, could make it impossible for a driver to speed or run a red light. {{U}} 2 {{/U}}______ Such technologies force us to reconcile two important interests. On one hand is society's desire for safety and security. On the other hand is the individual's right to act freely. Conventional crime prevention balances these interests by allowing individuals the freedom to commit crime, but punishing them if they do. The perfect prevention of crime asks us to consider exactly how far individual freedom extends. Does freedom include a "right" to drive drunk, for instance? It is hard to imagine that it does. {{U}} 3 {{/U}}______ For most familiar crimes (murder, robbery, rape, arson), the law requires that the actor have some guilty state of mind, whether it is intent, recklessness or negligence. {{U}} 4 {{/U}}______ In such cases, using technology to prevent the crime entirely would not unduly burden individual freedom ; it would simply be effective enforcement of the statute. Because there is no mental state required to be guilty of the offense, the government could require, for instance, that drug manufacturers apply a special tamper-proof coating to all pills, thus making the sale of tainted drugs practically impossible, without intruding on the thoughts of any future seller. But because the government must not intrude on people's thoughts, perfect prevention is a bad fit for most offenses. {{U}} 5 {{/U}}______ Even if this could be known, perhaps with the help of some sort of neurological scan, collecting such knowledge would violate an individual's freedom of thought. Perfect prevention is a politically attractive approach to crime prevention, and for strict liability crimes it is permissible and may be good policy if implemented properly. But for most offenses, the threat to individual freedom is too great to justify this approach. This is not because people have a right to commit crimes; they do not. Rather, perfect prevention threatens our right to be free in our thoughts, even when those thoughts turn to crime. [A] But there is a category of crimes that are forbidden regardless of the actor's state of mind: so-called strict-liability offenses. One example is the sale of tainted drugs. Another is drunken driving. [B] The Dadss program, despite its effectiveness in preventing drunk driving, is criticized as a violation of human rights because it monitors drivers' behavior and controls individual's free will. [C] And the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 has already criminalized the development of technologies that can be used to avoid copyright restrictions, making it effectively impossible for most people to illegally share certain copyrighted materials, including video games. [D] If the actor doesn't have the guilty state of mind, and he commits crime involuntarily, in this case, the actor will be convicted as innocent. [E] Perfect prevention of a crime like murder would require the ability to know what a person was thinking in order to determine whether he possessed the relevant culpable mental state. [F] The program, the Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety (Dadss), is developing in vehicle technology that automatically checks a driver's blood-alcohol level and, if that level is above the legal limit, prevents the car from starting. [G] But what if the government were to add a drug to the water supply that suppressed antisocial urges and thereby reduced the murder rate? This would seem like an obvious violation of our freedom. We need a clear method of distinguishing such cases.

填空题Today no one has ever doubted about television's charm. Since 1920s Britain invented the first television, people have begun to live in a world crowded with soap operas, news magazines and TV advertisements. 41．______However, have we ever tried to find out the magic here? Why did the television win the competition with paper media and radio in such a short period? By what kind of contention did TV finally control most of the audiences? And why does TV become the means the industrial circles scramble for? It is argued that television may not be a form of art, but fifteen thousand years before the primitive people had left urus drawings on Altamira Cave in Spain, which proved that pictures are human ever-lasting pursuit much earlier than letters. 42．______The coming of the 19th century foretold a mass media times and also the break-through in arts because of the rapid development in technology. First by the invention of photography photos showed up before people in a way more substantiated and frequent than ever before; then radio enabled common people to enjoy arts by ears; and finally television integrated advantages of both photos and sounds into a new creation in continuously moving streams. 43．______ But television advertisements win people's favor not only because it is an art, but also because it knows people's heart. From the usual mental activity people accept a thing- perception, understanding, recollection, attitude and action, we can find out how a TV ad moves people. 44．______There is only a slowly turning fist on the screen with a voice- over: what has it grasped? And the fist opened, nothing inside. What it grasps is just your attention. When the targeted audience is willing to watch the ad, the first step is finished and then they should love it. How to gain their identification? The ad circles have summed up many effective experiences. They often make their ads entertaining and humorous, or exhibit their goods in a smart and artful way, or find out a crafty and clear proposition which sometimes may be: Dawn Detergent-wraps the grease which will not stain your hands (God! All detergent could do this although the audience may not realize. ). As for the links of memorizing, attitude and action, since TV is the most compulsive, penetrating and influential medium, TV ads are still the most efficient. 45．______From cpp to cpm, and from the well-known TV ratings to audience share, TV ads are a stage where every interest groups and individuals rack their brains to keep moving, and it is also one of the business areas with fiercest competition. TV ads, still the main form of today's advertising, will never be a circle short of creation and advance.[A] First, TV ad always spares no effort to grasp audience's attention, as shown in an ad made by the ad-department of a TV studio to promote itself.[B] Particularly, with its unparalleled power of product promotion, television has served as the advertiser's beloved son for all these years.[C] In the later centuries, although great progresses were also made in sculptures, architectures and music, drawing was always the synonym for art.[D] TV ads, still the main form of today' s advertising, will never be a circle short of creation and advance.[E] Television, originated from art, ultimately surpassed it.[F] Today TV ads have become one of the representatives of modern business operation.[G] Television, of the same blood with movie, has also borrowed much from this comparatively mature art form in creating advertisements.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the foll6wing article, some sentences have been removed. For Question 41—45, choose the most suitable one the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Is Harvard worth it? Conventional wisdom says yes. But with the price of a degree from America's most famous university and other elite private colleges now surpassing $125,000, many families — and a number of economists — aren't so sure. Here's a look at the evidence. For American's high school, seniors, April is the cruelest month. That's when colleges flood the postal system with news of who has won a place in next fall's freshman class. For more than a few families, a difficult decision will follow: Is it worth paying some $125,000 to give their child an education at an elite best private college? Or would her future be just as bright if she went to less expensive school? 41. ______ Certainly many neurotic boomer parents — and their stressed-out resume-building teenagers — assume that it is always better to choose Harvard over Big State U. because of Harvard' s presumably superior educational environment, better alumni connections, and more lucrative (profitable) on-campus recruiting opportunities. 42. ______ It's also true that if you want a career in big leading firms in the US, a gilt-edged diploma is a distinct advantage. Then again, there's plenty of anecdotal evidence that an elite education is hardly necessary. The majority of top CEOs (chief executive officer) surveyed by FORTUNE in 1990 did not attend an elite college. 43. ______ The academic evidence is murky to start with the basics: College pays. On average, a person with an undergraduate degree now earns almost twice as much as someone with only a high school diploma, up from 1.5 times in 1975. The economic literature on the payoff of graduating from an elite college, however, as opposed to any college, is far less conclusive. Several studies during the past decade found a connection between higher future earnings and attendance at a college with high SAT scores. Most of the research concluded that for each 100-point increase in the average SAT score, a graduate could expect a 3% to 7% increased in lifetime's earnings. 44. ______ You would expect graduates of selective schools — which attract successful students — to have successful careers. (It would be stunning if they didn't.) What such studies do not measure is how an individual's earnings are affected by the choice of college. Researchers found that those who went to the more prestigious schools reported higher earnings. 45. ______ Admissions offices at elite schools include many other criteria in their decisions — grades, extracurricular activities, recommendations, essays, interviews. These factors may reveal abilities, like good communication skills, that are far more valuable in the workplace than a perfect 1600. Because economists have no data on these traits, they term them" unobserved." But they are hardly unimportant. Until recently, no one had tried to control for unobserved characteristics in measuring the effect of an elite education on earnings. [A] What is less clear to many parents and their college-bound youngsters is whether it makes economic sense to attend an elite school with a total four-year price tag big enough to buy a nice suburban house in many parts of the country. [B] So what kind of return is there likely to be on that $125,000 investment? And how does it compare with the return on a less expensive but also less prestigious education? [C] These questions have no easy answers. Of course, that's not the impression you get from the $500-million-a-year college-admissions industry, with its magazine rankings, test prep courses, and guidebooks. [D] But the studies compared schools, not people. [E] School selectivity, measured by the average SAT score of the students at a school, doesn't pay off in a higher income over time. [F] It's true that big law firms, major teaching hospitals, and investment banks — even the offices of FORTUNE — are stuffed with Ivy Leaguers. [G] But SAT scores are not everything.

填空题[A] A millionaire may describe his "just-right" wife as charming, beautiful, sexy, intelligent, and well developed. On the other hand, a poor man may define his "just-right" wife as pleasing, attractive, desirable, knowledgeable, and shapely. Both men describe their just-right wife with the game physical qualities, but use different words. The millionaire's definition of the just- right wife is more elegant, whereas the poor man's definition is a more common, everyday description.[B] Men from all nationalities also have their definition of the just-right wife. For example; the Italian man describes his wife as a woman who stands six feet one-inch tall with blonde hair and blue eyes, and who is well developed in the upper portion of her body. On the other band, the French man may describe his ideal wife as a woman who stands only five feet three inches with brown hair and green eyes, and who is moderately built.[C] On the other hand, the fat man defines his just-right wife as a woman who gets up at eight o'clock in the morning, takes the children to McDonald’s for breakfast, and drops them off at school. Then she comes back home and lies on the couch watching soap operas all day, children 'have to walk home from school in the afternoon. When they arrive at home, she instructs them to clean the house, do the laundry, and fix some hotdogs for dinner. Both men define their just-right wife with qualities that they admire by themselves.[D] Although some men define the just, fight wife by her physical qualities, other men describe their just-fight wife as a woman who loves to fish, to camp, to hunt, and to water ski, whereas the inside sportsman may define his just-fight wife as a woman who enjoys watching football, basketball, baseball, and wrestling. Both of these men define their just-right wife by her sports qualities but in two different atmospheres.[E] Still, there are other men who have their own definitions of the just-right wife. For instance, consider the fit man and the fat man. The fit man may describe his just-right wife as a woman who gets up every workday morning at six o'clock and runs two or three miles. After running, she prepares breakfast, washes the dishes, takes the children to school, and then goes to work. After work, she arrives at home, washes a couple loads of laundry, goes to exercise class, picks up the children from school on her way home, and then cooks dinner. After dinner, she deans the kitchen, bathes the children, and puts them to bed.[F] In addition to these men’s definitions of the just-right wife, the bachelor also has a definition. He says that the just-fight wife is someone else’s wife. He picks her up in a bar, takes her to his house, and takes her name in the morning. The bachelor has no real definition of the just- fight wife. That is why he is still a bachelor.[G] For years men and women have been getting married. They say their wedding vows which bring them together as one. They promise to love and cherish each other until death do them part. When a man and a woman get married, it is one of the biggest decisions they will make in life. A man may select a woman because he, in his own eyes, sees her as the just-right wife for him. Every man has his own definition of what the "just-right" wife is. For instance, the millionaire man and the poor man both may define their just-right wife according to her physical qualities.

填空题 John Winston Lennon was born into a world at war with itself — a perfect symbol of the internal contradictions that defined his life and music. German aircraft were dropping bombs on his city at the very moment of his arrival. 41 ____________. Lennon also had a powerful attachment to his mother Julia that lingered long after she died in 1958; the classic 1968 album The Beatles, (known as the "White Album" for its white album liner) included his song "Julia" —an exquisite expression of raw sorrow. When he and McCartney first met on July 6th, 1957—at a church picnic where Lennon's band was a star attraction—Lennon was budding into a fusion of bold attitude, keen wit and honest charm. The Beatles gave him the room to bloom. 42 ____________. In a few ways, the current boy-band phenomenon is simply the Beatles with a modern twist: huge record sales, adoring young women queued up on the sidewalks outside their concerts, and the circus-like atmosphere surrounding their every move. With his sharp, handsome features and an attractive warmth contrasted by his acid turn of phrase, Lennon evoked as much hysterical female desire as any member of the Back Street Boys, if not all of them put together. 43 ____________. Lennon and Ono skillfully used the disbelief and scorn that often greeted their provocative exploits to promote their peace campaigns: demonstrating in their bed clothes for an end to the Vietnam War in the spring of 1969 and paying for huge "WAR IS OVER!" signs in twelve cities around the world the following Christmas. 44 ____________. A peculiar irony of Lennon's story is the way we tend to worship the Man and the Beatle at the expense of the solo artist. To be frank, Lennon was not always terrific on his own. 45 ____________. A. Today, the popularity of the Beatles seems like a distant miracle, an ancient explosion of energetic teenage joy. Surviving films and historical accounts only hint at the magic of the two years, 1963 and 1964, in which the Beatles brought Britain, and then America happily to their knees. B. The Beatles wore suits and chatted cheerfully with reporters in that first couple of years. They also moved quickly to seize control—of their music, their careers and their individual destinies. C. His image as the intellectual Beatle—the shy, brilliant seeker of truth with a stubborn streak and a smart mouth—was rooted in his days as a would-be art student and teenage rebel with a remarkable intellect. He found substitute father figures in American rock musicians. D. On the final day of his life, Lennon gave an interview to promote what would be his final album. When asked about his 1971 single recording "Power to the People," Lennon said he now believed that people do have the power. "I don't mean the power of the gun," he explained. "They have the power to make and create the society they want." E. The couple planted trees for peace at Coventry Cathedral in England and, in early 1970, cut their hair for peace. In openly courting public scorn, Lennon and Ono engineered a vital public debate about peace and love as realistic goals, not just naive nonsense. F. The key line in those "WAR IS OVER!" signs was in the small type near the bottom: IF YOU WANT IT. When John Lennon died, he left us with a unique body of work and the most valuable lesson rock & roll has to offer: anything is possible—if you want it. G. He never did better than the intensity and howl of his John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band album, but there is much in Lennon's post-Beatle music to be appreciated. Recorded during his so-called lost weekend—a period of separation from Ono—the 1974 album Walls and Bridges is a striking testimony to the wretched desperation he felt.