填空题On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling. He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user"s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin". 6 . In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m.. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem. In March 1998 a friend of Williams"s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams"s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a "cease admissions" letter. Noting the "medical/psychological" nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being. 7 . The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: "Enjoy the fun...and always bet with your head, not over it." Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams"s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was "helplessly addicted to gambling," intentionally worked to "lure" him to "engage in conduct against his will." Well. 8 . The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says "pathological gambling" involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall. 9 . Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities. 10 . Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers" dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web"s most profitable business. A. Although no such evidence was presented, the casino"s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected. B. It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative? C. By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit. D. Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government. E. David Williams"s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don"t bet on it. F. It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will. G. The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

填空题For years pediatricians didn’t worry much about treating hypertension in their patients. After all, kids grow so fast, it’s hard keeping up with their shoes size, let alone their blood pressure. Sure, hypertension in adults places them at greater risk of heart attack and stroke. But nobody likes the idea of starting youngsters on blood-pressure medicine they could wind up taking the rest of their lives. Who knows what previously unheard-of side effects could crop up after five or six decades of daily use? The rationale has been: kids grow out of so many things; maybe they’ll grow out of this too. 41．Now, though, comes word that high blood pressure can be destructive even in childhood. 42．Who is most at risk? Boys are more than girls, especially boys who are overweight. Their heart works so hard to force blood through extra layers of fat that its walls grow denser. Then, after decades of straining, it grows too big to pump blood very well. 43．How can you tell if yours are like the 670,000 American children ages 10 to 18 with high blood pressure? It’s not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child’s arm in a cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery. You should have a test done by a doctor, who will consult special tables that indicate the normal range of blood pressure for a particular child’s age, height and sex. 44．About half the cases of hypertension stem directly from kids being overweight. 45．How can you do? You can keep your children from joining their ranks by clearing the junk food from your pantry and hooking you kids — the earlier the better — on healthy, attractive snakes like fruits (try freezing some grapes/or carrot sticks with salsa. ) Not only will they lower your children’s blood pressure: These foods will also boost their immune system and unclog their plumbing.[A] And the problem is likely to grow. Over the past 30 years the proportion of children in the U. S. who are overweight has doubled, from 5% to 11% or 4.7 million kids.[B] According to a recent report in the journal Circulation, 19 of 30 children with high blood pressure developed a dangerous thickening of the heart muscle that, in adults at least, has been linked to heart failure. “No one knows if this pattern holds true for younger patients as well, ” says Dr. Stephen Daniels, a pediatric cardiologist who led the study at Children’s Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. “But it’s worrisome. ”[C] Feed your children nutritious foods three times a day to keep his immune system healthy. Make sure the meals include all the food groups to ensure they are getting plenty of vitamins.[D] Fortunately the abnormal thickening can be spotted by ultrasound. And in most case, getting that blood pressure under control — through weight loss and exercise or, as a last resort, drug treatment — allows the overworked muscle to shrink to normal size.[E] If the doctor finds an abnormal result he will repeat the test over a period of months to make sure the reading isn’t a fake. He’ll also check, whether other conditions, like kidney disease, could be the source of the trouble, because hypertension is hard to be detected. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute recommends annual blood-pressure checks for every child over age 3.[F] High blood pressure isn’t just an issue for adults; keeping kids blood pressure levels in a healthy range is also important. In a new study reported in Hypertension, researchers found that increased exercise duration among kids leads to lower blood pressure levels, however the same cannot be said for increased intensity.[G] Meanwhile, make sure your kids spend more time on the playground than with their PlayStation. Even if they don’t shed a pound, vigorous exercise will help keep their blood vessels nice and wide, lowering their blood pressure. And of course, they’ll be more likely to eat light and, exercise if you set a good example.

填空题Have you ever wondered whether writing and maintaining your business blog is a waste of time? If you have, it probably is. Business blogs are valuable for some companies, but for many blogging takes up time and resources better spent elsewhere. If any of the following statements apply to you, stop posting to your blog (or re-purpose what you would have posted) and start doing something more productive: (41) You dread writing another post. Either way, whatever you publish will not represent your business well, so why do it? Any time you feel you can't put your best foot forward, don't take the step. (42) Your page views are stagnant. Unless of course you can accurately identify tangible benefits from that readership. (43) You can't quantify your return. Blogging is like any other investment in time and resources: If you don't see a return, don't do it. (44) Your goal is to provide valuable resources to customers. Potential customers who gladly read resource pages often run screaming from the same information when it appears on a blog. (45) Your readers are not your customers. Building an audience is useful only if the audience contains current and potential customers. Know who is reading your biog. If you can't be bothered to find out, that's yet another indication it's time to stop.[A] Many business owners say, "I don't have any numbers to back it up, but I know my blog is paying off." Really? How? If your blog isn't sending significant traffic to your website via search engines, isn't directly generating sales, doesn't create a community, or creates a community that doesn't actuallybenefit your business, your blog isn't paying off.[B] If you aren't excited by the thought of sitting down to write your next post, you have nothing to say and will once again borrow ideas from another blog, or already realize blogging is a waste of time but won't admit it.[C] Great goal. By all means do it. But don't put how-to information, or useful tips, or non-news information on your blog. Many people are blog-averse because most blogs are terrible, so your blog may automatically get painted with the same brush. If your material is relatively evergreen, create resource pages on your website instead.[D] When new posts average the same number of page views, and on a monthly basis so does your entire blog, you've stalled. Maybe loyal readers keep returning, or maybe you gain some and lose some, but either way not much is happening. A blog with a small stagnant readership is a blog that is a waste of time, at least for business purposes.[E] Never blog because you think it helps; you have to know. Knowing takes effort. If you're not willing to put the time you need into tracking and analyzing data, you're either lazy or afraid to find out you're wasting your time on your blog. Sometimes quitting is more admirable than staying the course.[F] This happens more often than you think. For example, a friend is an incredibly successful financial planner. He writes a blog that gets thousands of unique visitors a month. But he writes about topics of interest only to other financial planners. That would be fine if his blog generated media opportunities, or supported a book he plans to write, or helps him network and bring in more business—but it doesn't.

填空题[A] Advertisements add interests to life[B] Advertisements help to save money[C] Criticisms on advertisers[D] Usefulness of small advertisements[E] True aesthetic value of advertisement[F] Informing : the chief function of advertising 41. ______ Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they're always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. "It's iniquitous," they say," that this entirely unproductive industry ( if we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why don't they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it's the consumer who pay... " 42. ______ The poor old consumer! He'd have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn't create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. , from an advertisement. 43. ______ Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway laws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely-printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or newspaper full of the daffy ration of calamities. 44. ______ We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price! 45. ______ Another thing we mustn't forget is the " small ads" which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously Useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the "hatch, match and dispatch" columns; but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or "agony" column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It's the best advertisement for advertising there is!

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a text about the Yellowstone National Park in the U. S. , followed by a list of explanations. Choose the best explanation from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra explanation which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (41){{B}}Orientation{{/B}} Yellowstone is much more than hot ground and gushing steam. Located astride the Continental Divide, most of the park occupies a high plateau surrounded by mountains and drained by several rivers. Park boundaries enclose craggy peaks, alpine lakes, deep canyons, and vast forests. In 1872, Yellowstone became the world's first national park, the result of great foresight on the part of many people about our eventual need for the solace and beauty of wild places. (42) {{B}}When to Go{{/B}} More than half of the 3 million annum visitors come in July and August. In September and early October, the weather is good, the visitors few, and the wildlife abundant. In May and June, you can see newborn animals, but the weather may be cold, wet, and even snowy. Between about No-vember 1 and May 1 most park roads are closed to vehicles. (43) {{B}}Getting There{{/B}} (44) {{B}}How to Visit{{/B}} The 142-mile (228.5-kilometer) Grand Loop Road forms a figure eight, with connecting spurs to the five entrances. On any visit, start with the geyser basins and Mammoth Hot Springs to see wildlife and thermal features (caution: both can be hazardous if approached too closely). On the second day, travel to the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Hayden Valley, and Yellowstone Lake. (45) {{B}}Park Information{{/B}} Park opens year-round. [A] Road from North Entrance to Northeast Entrance open all year; most other park roads closed to cars November through April. Call headquarters for latest weather and road conditions. [B] Facilities for Disabled Visitor centers, Madison and Fishing Bridge Campgrounds, most rest rooms, amphitheaters, numerous ranger-led activities, walks, and exhibits are wheelchair accessible. Free brochure available. [C] On a longer stay, visit the Northern Range, or consider a boating or fishing trip on Yellowstone Lake; a backcountry excursion on foot or horse; or any of the numerous easy nature trails throughout the park. [D] In early years, what made Yellowstone stand out was the extravaganza of geysers and hot springs. The wild landscape and the bison, elk, and bears were nice but, after all, America was still a pioneer country filled with scenic beauty and animals. [E] By Plane West Yellowstone Airport (WYS) at the West Entrance of Yellowstone. (This airport is open June through September.) Cody Airport (COD) about 50 miles (81 kilometers) from the park. [F] During the winter season, mid-December to mid-March, Yellowstone becomes a fantasy of steam and ice; facilities are limited but sufficient. Only the road between the North and Northeast Entrances stays open to cars, but snowmobiling is permitted on unplowed roads. Heated snow coaches offer tours and give cross-country skiers access to the 50 miles (80.5 kilometers ) of groomed trails.

填空题41. Two types of stress: There are basically two types of stress placed on human beings--physical and mental.42. Effects of stress--physical or emotional: Whether physical or emotional in origin, stress causes the body to react in the same way.43. Guilty--useful, though most harmful: Probably the most harmful of all the stresses is guilt.44. Instances--no need to feel guilty: However, many of us as children learned rules that we no longer need.No one is perfect: Guilt and the worry that often accompanies this major stress are difficult to eradicate, but people subject to excessive guilt feelings should realize, as simple as it sounds, that no one is perfect. People cannot always be cheerful and helpful to every one they meet. Another good lesson is that mistakes should be forgotten, not lingered over and brought out to examine periodically.45. Life with a little stress--significant: A life without stress, such as retirement with nothing to do, would be boring.Notes: respiration 呼吸。pupil 瞳孔。dilate 膨胀。perspiration 出汗，勤奋。date 约会。sour 使别扭。eradicate vt.消除，根除。at best 充其量。linger over 细细品味。meditation 深思，沉思，might as well 不妨。[A] Fat adults should no longer feel guilty about leaving a little food on the plate, a successful businessman need not feel guilty about spending a little too much money on a vacation, nor should he feel guilty that he can combine a business trip to the West Coast with some swimming and golf at an ocean resort. But many people do feel guilty over such apparently innocent actions. Excessive guilt can sour all of life and make life not worth living; it can also cause self-hatred as well as other fears and anxieties that cause all life's successes to be bittersweet, at best.[B] Stress from physical activity, if not carried too far, is actually beneficial. Exercise relaxes you and may help forget about mental and emotional stress. But mental stress is almost always bad for you. If mental stress is unrelieved l it can actually cause diseases such as ulcers, migraine headaches, heart problems, or mental illness.[C] Just as we need a little guilt--to keep us correct--and a little worry--to make us plan ahead--we need a little stress to stay interested in life. But when stress begins to bother you, you might as well change your routine. Take your mind off your worries with some physical activity; you may discover a solution you have overlooked before.[D] Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and iii health.[E] Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities, others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties.[F] In the first stage, your body prepares to meet the stress. The heartbeat and respiration rates increase, and the pupils of the eyes dilate; the blood sugar level increases, and the rate of perspiration speeds up, while digestion slows down as blood and muscular activity is diverted elsewhere. In the second stage, your body returns to normal and repairs any damage caused by the stressful situation. However, if stress continues, the body cannot repair itself, and the final stage, exhaustion, then begins. If this stage continues, if for example you are frustrated by your work and continue to be frustrated for a long time, physical or emotional damage will occur. These stages of stress reaction are always the same, whether the stress is caused by a cross-country run, a first date, buying a house, or narrowly missing an automobile accident.[G] This common emotion is useful to have when it helps us to realize that we have, in fact, committed some error, violated our own rules or social rules. If we did not feel guilty, we would never do anything except the things that brought us immediate pleasure--we'd never obey the law, work, exercise, or even study in school, unless we wanted to do so in the first place. As a person's conscience develops, guilt feelings become inevitable; guilt is the sorrow we experience when we know we have done something incorrect.

填空题41) ____________. The synthetic (合成的) polymer (聚合的) device is the first flexible hydrophilie (吸水的) artificial cornea to be produced and inserted into a human. It is the product of 8 years work by researchers at the Lions Eye Institute of the University of WA'S Department of Ophthalmic Biomaterials. 42) ____________. "First, the plastic material used to construct the artificial cornea absorbs water and becomes elastic and soft like human tissue." Prof. Chirial told Australian Science. "A second novel characteristic is that the periphery (外围) is a sponge with pores allowing host tissue to grow into it. Third, the device uses interpenetrating (渗透) polymer networks to link the central transparent area with the non-transparent periphery." 43) ____________. The first recipient (接纳者)of the device, a 79-year-old WA man who was blind in one eye, can now read large print. A further eight patients are awaiting the technically challenging two-step procedure, with the first due to be operated on this month. 44) ____________. Many patients admitted to the trial have experienced rejection of previous human corneal grafts due to an immune reaction or medical syndrome. In others who have had a chemical burn to an eye, the artificial graft offers their only hope of restored vision. A senior opthalmologist with the team, Dr. Geoffrey Crawford, said the artificial cornea was a promising development for people in underdeveloped countries where an absence of eye banks meant that less than 1% of those needing a human corneal graft ever get one. 45) ____________.[A] It is novel in three ways according to its designer, Romanian-trained polymer chemist Professor Trainan Chirial, who set up the department in 1986.[B] The device is designed to replace a diseased or damaged cornea or a failed human graft and can give back sight to some patients.[C] The artificial cornea was made from a transparent matrix of collagen and a synthetic polymer.[D] Before the device can be marketed, an international trial of at least 50 patients in five centers worldwide needs to be completed successfully.[E] However, he conceded that the cost of the device would need to fall dramatically for it to be used in any widespread way.[F] He explained that material in the center and periphery have an identical chemical composition but are produced by different chemical processes, hence their different light-transmitting qualities.[G] Western Australian researchers have patented an artificial cornea with the potential to benefit blind or partially sighted individuals worldwide.

填空题 Science develops through objective analysis, instead of through personal belief. Knowledge gained in science accumulates as time goes by, building on work performed earlier. Some of this knowledge-such as our understanding of numbers-stretches back' to the time of ancient civilizations, when scientific thought first began. Other scientific knowledge such as our understanding of genes that cause cancer or of quarks (the smallest known building block of matter) -dates back less than 50 years. However, in all fields of science, old or new, researchers use the same systematic approach, known as the scientific method, to add to what is known. 41__________. For example, in 1676, the English physicist Robert Hooke discovered that elastic objects, such as metal springs, stretch in proportion to the force that acts on them. Despite all the advances that have been made in physics since 1676, this simple law Still holds true. 42__________. Sometimes scientific predictions go much further by describing objects or events that are not yet known. An outstanding instance occurred in 1869, when the Russian chemist Dmitry Mendeleyev drew up a periodic table of the elements arranged to illustrate patterns of recurring chemical and physical properties. 43__________. At the time, most geologists discounted Wegener's ideas, because the Earth's crust seemed to be fixed. But following the discovery of plate tectonics in the 1960s, in which scientists found that the Earth's crust is actually made of moving plates, continental drift became an important part of geology. Through advances like these, scientific knowledge is constantly added to and refined. As a result, science gives us an ever more detailed insight into the way the world around us works. 44__________. However, with the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, this rapidly changed. Today, science has a profound effect on the way we live, largely through technology--the use. of scientific knowledge for practical 45__________. The refrigerator, for example, owes its existence to a discovery that liquids take in energy when they evaporate, a phenomenon known as latent heat. A. Scientists utilize existing knowledge in new scientific investigations to predict how things will behave. For example, a scientist who knows the exact dimensions of a lens can predict how the lens will focus a beam of light. In the same way, by knowing the exact makeup and properties of two chemicals, a researcher can predict what will happen when they combine. B. For a large part of recorded history, science had little bearing on people's everyday lives. Scientific knowledge was gathered for it sown sake, and it had few practical applications. C. During scientific investigations, scientists put together and compare new discoveries and existing knowledge. In most cases, new discoveries extend what is currently accepted, providing further evidence that existing ideas are correct. D. Tile principle of latent heat was first exploited in a practical way in 1876, and the refrigerator has played a major role in maintaining public health ever since. Tile first automobile, dating from the 1880s, made use of many advances in physics and engineering, including reliable ways of generating high-voltage sparks, while the first computers emerged in the 1940s from simultaneous advances in electronics and mathematics. E. Some forms of technology have become so well established that it is easy to forget the great scientific achievements that they represent. F. In science, important advances can also be made when current ideas are shown to be wrong. A classic case of this occurred early in the 20th century, when the German geologist Alfred Wegener suggested that the continents were at one time connected, a theory known as continental drift. G. Other fields of science also play an important role in the things we use or consume every day. Research in food technology has created new ways of preserving and flavoring what we eat.