Someday a stranger will read your e-mail without your permission or scan the Website you've visited. Or perhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card purchases or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits. In fact, it's likely some of these things have already happened to you. Who would watch you without your permission? It might be a spouse, a girl friend, a marketing company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen — the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked. Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it's important to reveal yourself to friends, family and lovers in stages, at appropriate times. But few boundaries remain. The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. In some cases, a simple Google search can reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret. The key question is; Does that matter? For many Americans, the answer apparently is "no." When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say they are concerned about losing it. A survey found an overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents saying they feel their privacy is "slipping away, and that bothers me." But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to preserve their privacy. Few people turn down a discount at tollbooths(收费站) to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can track automobile movements. And few turn down supermarket loyalty cards. Privacy economist Alessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon (优惠卷). But privacy does matter— at least sometimes. It's like health: When you have it, you don't notice it. Only when it's gone do you wish you'd done more to protect it.

Forget milky drinks, hot water bottles or curling up with a good book. The real secret to a good night's sleep may be where you sit at work. Not only can the stress of work leave employees【C1】______and turning, but sitting too far from a window can knock 46 minutes【C2】______a normal night's sleep. Researchers found that workers forced to【C3】______in windowless rooms had a poorer quality of life and more irregular sleep patterns than those【C4】______daylight. The findings, published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine,【C5】______the working environment may be【C6】______to setting the body's own internal clock. Researchers say【C7】______designed offices could boost the physical and mental health of workers. "We suggest that architectural design of office environments should place more【C8】______on sufficient daylight exposure for workers in order to【C9】______health and well-being," said Dr Ivy Cheung of the Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago. "Office workers with more light exposure at the work place also【C10】______have better sleep quality, more physical activity and a better quality of life." A sunny day is equivalent to about 10,000 lux or higher of light. However indoor office lighting【C11】______provides only about 300 to 500 lux. One【C12】______three British people suffers from poor sleep, with stress, computers and taking work home often【C13】______for the shortage of quality sleep. 【C14】______the cost of all those sleepless nights is more than just bad moods and a【C15】______of focus. Regular poor sleep【C16】______the risk of serious medical conditions like obesity, heart and diabetes—and can even shorten life expectancy. 【C17】______exposure to natural daylight is known to be important for governing the body's the built-in clock which【C18】______our sleeping and waking patterns. Independent sleep expert Dr Neil Stanley said the body needs exposure to daylight to keeps its sleeping patterns【C19】______Light is essentially the thing that tells our bodies to be【C20】______and dark tells them to go to sleep.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the【C1】______men become monsters behind the wheel. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and【C2】______driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation【C3】______a "Be Kind to Other Drivers" campaign,【C4】______it may get completely out of hand. Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to【C5】______the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way【C6】______relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement【C7】______an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so【C8】______in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too【C9】______today. Many drivers nowadays don"t even seem able to【C10】______politeness when they see it. 【C11】______, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to【C12】______a car to emerge from a side street at some【C13】______to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the【C14】______of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. A【C15】______driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help【C16】______motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper.【C17】______, modern motorists can"t even learn to drive, let alone【C18】______the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership【C19】______would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is【C20】______time for all of us to take this message to heart.

Humans are startlingly bad at detecting fraud. Even when we're on the lookout for signs of deception, studies show, our accuracy is hardly better than chance. Technology has opened the door to new and more pervasive forms of fraud: Americans lose an estimated $ 50 billion a year to con artists a-round the world, according to the Financial Fraud Research Center at Stanford University. But because computers aren't subject to the foibles of emotion and what we like to call "intuition," they can also help protect us. Here's how leading fraud researchers, neuroscientists, psychiatrists, and computer scientists think technology can be put to work to fight fraud however it occurs—in person, online, or over the phone. Spam filters are supposed to block e-mail scams from ever reaching us, but criminals have learned to circumvent them by personalizing their notes with information gleaned from the Internet and by grooming victims over time. In response, a company called ZapFraud is turning to natural-language analytics; Instead of flagging key words, it looks for narrative patterns symptomatic of fraud. For instance, a message could contain a statement of surprise, the mention of a sum of money, and a call to action. "Those are the hallmark expressions of one particular fraud e-mail," Markus Jakobsson, the company's founder, told me. "There's a tremendous number of[spam]e-mails, but a small number of story lines. " A similar approach could help combat fraud by flagging false statements on social media. Kalina Bontcheva, a computer scientist who researches natural-language processing at the University of Sheffield, in England, is leading a project that examines streams of social data to identify rumors and esti mate their veracity by analyzing the semantics, cross-referencing information with trusted sources, identifying the point of origin and pattern of dissemination, and the like. Bontcheva is part of a research collaboration which plans to flag misleading tweets and posts and classify them by severity: speculation, controversy, misinformation, or disinformation.

[A] Analyzing your own taste[B] Being cautious when experimenting[C] Finding a model to follow[D] Getting the final look absolutely right[E] Learning to be realistic[F] Making regular conscious choices[G] Choosing an outfit for yourselves When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they look. And, of course it's something that works both ways, for we too are being judged on our appearance. When we look good, we feel good, which in turn leads to a more confident and self-assured manner. People then pick up on this confidence and respond positively towards us. Undoubtedly, it's what's inside that's important, but sometimes we can send out the wrong signals simply by wearing inappropriate clothing or not spending enough time thinking about how others see us. 【R1】______ For example, people often make the mistake of trying to look like someone else they've seen in a magazine, but this is usually a disaster as we all have our own characteristics. Stand in front of a full-length mirror and be honest with yourself about what you see. There is no need to dwell on your faults—we all have good points and bad points—but think instead about the best way to emphasize the good ones. 【R2】______ When selecting your clothes each day, think about who you're likely to meet, where you're going to be spending most of your time and what tasks you are likely to perform. Clearly, some outfits will be more appropriate to different sorts of activity and this will dictate your choice to an extent. However, there's no need to abandon your individual taste completely. After all, if you dress to please somebody else's idea of what looks good, you may end up feeling uncomfortable and not quite yourself. 【R3】______ But to know your own mind, you have to get to know yourself. What do you truly feel good in? There are probably a few favourite items that you wear a lot—most people wear 20 percent of their wardrobe 80 percent of the time. Look at these clothes and ask yourself what they have in common. Are they neat and tidy, loose and flowing? Then look at the things hanging in your wardrobe that you don't wear and ask yourself why. Go through a few magazines and catalogues and mark the things that catch your eye. Is there a common theme? 【R4】______ Some colors bring your natural colouring to life and others can give us a washed-out appearance. Try out new colours by all means, but remember that dressing in bright colours when you really like subtle neutral tones, or vice versa, will make you feel self-conscious and uncomfortable. You know deep down where your own taste boundaries lie. And although it's good to challenge those sometimes with new combinations or shades, take care not to go too far all at once. 【R5】______ So, you've chosen an outfit that matches your style, your personality, your shape and your colouring. But does it fit? If something is too tight or too loose, you won't achieve the desired effect, and no matter what other qualities it has, it won't improve your appearance or your confidence. Sometimes, we buy things without thinking. Some people who dislike shopping grab the first thing they see, or prefer to use mail-order or the Internet. In all cases, if it doesn't fit perfectly, don't buy it, because the finer details are just as important as the overall style. Reappraising your image isn't selfish because everyone who comes into contact with you will benefit. You'll look better and you'll feel a better person all round. And if in doubt, you only need to read Professor Albert Mehrabian's book Silent Messages to remind yourself how important outward appearances are. His research showed that the impact we make on each other depend 55 percent on how we look and behave, 38 percent on how we speak and only 7 percent on what we actually say. So, whatever stage you are at in your life, whatever role you play, isn't it time you made the most of yourself?

Before the global financial crisis, emerging economies like China aspired to "decouple" themselves from the rich world, hoping that local demand and regional trade would sustain them even if Western markets faltered. After the crisis, rich economies aspired to couple themselves with China, one of the few sources of growth in a moribund world. Car-makers in Germany, iron-ore miners in Australia and milk-powder makers in New Zealand all benefited enormously from exports to the Middle Kingdom. Every company needed a China story to tell. But as China slows and America gradually recovers, those stories are becoming less compelling. Some of them are turning into cautionary tales. Exposure to China does not always endear a firm to investors, as GlaxoSmithKline, a British pharmaceutical giant embroiled in a corruption scandal in the country, is now discovering. As a rough gauge of multinational exposure to China The Economist in 2010 introdued the "Sinode-pendency index" (中国依赖指数), a stock market index that weights American multinationals according to their China revenues. The latest version of the index includes many of the member companies of the S&P 500 index (美国标准普尔500指数) that provide a usable geographical breakdown of their revenues. The biggest members of the "Sinodependency index" are Apple, with an 11% weight in 2013, followed by Qualcomm (8. 3%) and Intel (7%). The top three firms in the index are more dependent on China now than they were. China accounted for 11. 2% of their revenues on average in 2015,compared with 9. 8% in 2009. Although the dependence has risen, the rewards of members of the " Sinodependency index" have not. After handily outperforming the S&P 500 benchmark from 2009 to 2011, the Sinodependency index has since struggled to keep pace. So far this year it has risen by 9. 6%. That is far better than China's own stock markets, which have fallen by over 9%. But both have been overshadowed by the much stronger performance of the conventional S&P 500 index, which is up by 18%. Perhaps the 367 S&P 500 companies that are not in our index should loudly proclaim their Sino-in-dependence.

Betting against an industry with addicts for customers carries obvious risks.【C1】______these are uncertain times for Big Tobacco. Electronic cigarettes, once dismissed as a novelty, now pose a serious【C2】______. E-cigarettes work by turning nicotine-filled liquid into vapour, which is then breathed in. A user is【C3】______said to be "vaping", not smoking. More important, he or she is not【C4】______all the toxic substances found in【C5】______smokes. In 2012 sales of e-cigarettes in America were between $300m and $500m, say analysts. That is【C6】______compared with the $80 billion-plus market for conventional cigarettes in the country. But e-cigarette sales doubled last year, and are expected to double again next year. Analysts believe sales of e-cigarettes could【C7】______sales of the normal sort within a decade. That may【C8】______how governments react. E-cigarettes are probably not good for you. One study showed that vaping【C9】______user"s lung capacity.【C10】______a switch from smoking【C11】______vaping could improve public health, some say. E-cigarettes may help smokers quit more【C12】______than nicotine patches or gum. This notion has not been thoroughly tested, however, so governments are【C13】______. America has warned e-cigarette manufacturers not to make health claims. New tobacco guidelines in Europe would either tightly limit the nicotine content of e-cigarettes or【C14】______them to undergo clinical trials. None of this has stopped companies from【C15】______to consumers. In America and Britain advertisements for e-cigarettes have appeared on television—forbidden【C16】______for standard cigarettes. Craig Weiss, the head of NJOY, America"s top-selling brand of e-cigarettes, swears to make traditional ones【C17】______. His ads crow: "Cigarettes, you"ve met your match." America"s tobacco giants do not think he is blowing smoke. Last year Lorillard (the maker of brands such as Newport and Kent) bought Blu, an e-cigarette maker. NJOY is rumoured to be facing a【C18】______, perhaps by Altria (the maker of Marlboro). Foreign cigarette makers also have【C19】______in the industry, while other firms are working on their own vaporous offerings. E-cigarette executives dream of beating traditional cigarettes. But as they struggle with taxes, patents and red tape, they may come to【C20】______Big Tobacco"s deep pockets.

Write a letter to the president of your university to 1) suggest how to improve students' physical condition, and 2) include the details you think necessary. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

Suppose your friend David just broke up with his girlfriend and was feeling sad. Write him an email to 1) comfort him, and 2) ask him not to lose confidence in himself. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

A recent study, which was published in last week's Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. Indeed, a 16-year-old driver with three or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal accident as a teenager driving alone. By contrast, the risk of death for the drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with each additional passenger. The authors also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased dramatically after 10p. m. , and especially after midnight. With passengers in the car, the driver was even more likely to die in a late-night accident. Robert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with "really stupid behavior" than with just a lack of driving experience. "The basic issue" he says, "is that adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is. Both he and the author of the study believe that the way to mitigate (使……) the problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems, in which getting a license is a multistage process. A graduated license requires that a teenager should first prove himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult, followed by a period of driving with night or passenger restrictions, before graduating to full driving privileges. Graduated licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes, according to recent studies. About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place, but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers. California is the strictest, with a novice(新手) driver prohibited from carrying any passenger under 20 (without the presence of an adult over 25) for the first six months.

One of our expectations about education is that it will pay off in terms of upward mobility. Historically , the correlation between education and income has been strong. But in the early 1970s a contradiction developed between education and the economy. Our value of education and our average educational attainment outstripped the capacity of the economy to absorb the graduates. Since the 1970s, high-school graduates have experienced a striking decrease in earnings, making them the first generation since World War II to face a lower standard of living than their parents had. Experts have argued that this contradiction is at the heart of the problem of public education today. Business leaders claim that the schools are failing to properly educate students, that they are turning out young people who are inadequately prepared to function in the workplace. The real problem is a dearth of economic opportunities for students who are not continuing on to college. College graduates also are having difficulty finding jobs. Even when they do, the jobs may not be commensurate to their training and expectations. Part of the problem is that too many young Americans aspire to have professional jobs, making disappointment and frustration inevitable for some. Many students assumed that what was true of an individual—that the higher the education, the better the job opportunities—would also be true for an entire society. But when the numbers of better-educated young people became too great, the economy could no longer absorb them. Another part of the problem is the assumption that greater educational attainment guarantees career advancement. In fact, employers do not routinely reward educational attainment; rather, they reward it only when they believe it will contribute to the employee's productivity. We should not overlook the fact that there is still a strong correlation between education, occupation , and income. College graduates have a strong advantage over those with less education. But the payoff is neither as large nor as certain as it once was. Unfortunately, Americans have focused so strongly on the economic payoff that many consider their college education useless if it does not yield a desirable, well-paying job. Only in this sense can we speak of an "oversupply" of college graduates. We could argue that all or at least the majority of Americans would profit by some degree because higher education can enable the individual to think more deeply, explore more widely, and enjoy a greater range of experiences.

What do Russia's Belgorod province and some schools in Florida and Connecticut have in common? They are unlikely recruits to the war on Valentine's Day. In 2011 the governor of Belgorod banned celebration of the holiday in educational and cultural institutions on the【C1】______that it was harmful to Russian spirituality and【C2】______. Last year two schools in Orange County, Florida,【C3】______Valentine's gift-giving, citing such reasons【C4】______the need to "maintain instructional focus" and "【C5】______distraction". And this year a school in Connecticut wrote to parents to say it would be【C6】______sweets and parties on February 14th with healthy snacks and【C7】______activities. This puts them all on the【C8】______side as many Muslim countries that have banned the celebration of Valentine's Day. Saudi Arabia has gone so【C9】______as to ban all things red from flowers and gift shops on the day—with little effect【C10】______to create a black market for red roses. A Kyrgyzstan's leader recently urged his fellow legislators to【C11】______a ban, too, dubbing Valentine's Day a "holiday from the devil". Originally a Christian【C12】______associated with several victims called Valentine, February 14th was also the day when birds chose their mates in folk stories. In 1400 Charles VI of France picked the date to propose a "High Court of Love",【C13】______matters of the heart. The passing of love notes became fashionable in England in the 1700s, and in 1797 "The Young Man's Valentine Writer" was published, formalizing a long【C14】______of telling men how to propose. In 1913 Hallmark produced their first【C15】______Valentine's card. In the 1980s the diamond industry followed flower's and chocolate's businessmen, who had already【C16】______Valentine's Day as a moment to give (or expect) a【C17】______gift. What bothers some of Valentine's Day's enemies is its Christian, or Western, origins. For others the problem is the stimulation to commerciality, evil or even unhealthy eating.【C18】______their battle is doomed to failure. Valentine's Day has a conveniently unspecific origin myth. It【C19】______cheer to the post-Christmas depression. It provides an opportunity to give and get, and, for businesses, to【C20】______.

When it comes to Barbie' s body, it will no longer be one size fits all. On Thursday, Mattel unveiled curvy, petite and tall versions of its iconic fashion doll whose unrealistically thin shape has attracted criticism for decades. The three body types will also be sold in an assortment of skin tones, eye colors and hairstyles. The move is about more than just making Barbie look different. While Barbie was once Mattel's powerhouse brand, sales have plummeted in recent years as the doll has struggled to remain relevant to little girls who do not look like her and who play with toys other than dolls. "This is about drawing a wider demographic that had turned away from Barbie back to Barbie," said Jim Silver, the editor of a toy review website. But some industry experts and academics have long doubted that cosmetic changes—whether racial or body shapes—can revive the popularity of the 57-year-old Barbie, whose sales have been declining by double-digits in recent years. Executives have been optimistic, pointing to signs that Barbie' s in-store sales began picking up last year. The slumping sales may also be partly attributed to the shift away from traditional toys toward electronics and games in recent years, as many parents and children have clamored for less gender-specific toys. Even Lego, the world' s top toymaker, has had to alter its strategy and some of its building block lines to accommodate the growth in the market for learning toys that appeal to boys and girls. Faced with weakening sales in its core brands like Barbie, and criticism that it was too slow to pick up on trends, Mattel has undertaken a number of efforts to improve innovation. Barbie' s new shapes also coincide with a progressive cultural shift already underway in stores and the toy aisles. Parents and many health experts have complained that too many dolls, models and even clothing companies conform to an extremely thin, even anorexic, body type and have pressured corporations to offer a broader variety of images and apparel sizes to give girls and boys more confidence in their own body shapes. And some parents, concerned about negative gender stereotypes(a racecar for a son, a princess doll for a daughter), have pushed retailers into more gender-neutral territory. The Disney Store, for example, decided to label all of its children's Halloween costumes as "for kids," as opposed to for boys or girls. Amazon, which by some measures accounts for more than half of all online sales, has banished gender distinctions for its toys.

Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingdiagram.Describethediagramandanalyzethepossiblecauses.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsontheANSWERSHEET2.1998~2004年全国工程硕士招生录取人数

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthedrawing.Inyourwriting,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents listed "to give children a good start academically" as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast, over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents. In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into elementary school education. Like in America, there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools. Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the children's chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities. Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.

Ever since Muzak started serenading patrons of hotels and restaurants in the 1930s, piped-in music has been part of the consumer experience. Without the throb of a synthesiser or a guitar's twang, shoppers would sense something missing as they tried on jeans or filled up trolleys. Specialists like Mood Media, which bought Muzak in 2011, devise audio programmes to influence the feel of shops and cater to customers' tastes. The idea is to entertain, and thereby prolong the time shoppers spend in stores, says Claude Nahon, the firm's international chief. Music by famous artists works better than the generic stuff that people associate with Muzak. The embarrassing brand name was dropped in 2013. Online shopping is an under-explored area of merchandising musicology. A new study commissioned by eBay, a shopping website, aims to correct that. Some 1,900 participants were asked to simulate online shopping while listening to different sounds. Some results were unsurprising. The noise of roadworks and crying babies soured shoppers' views of the products on offer. Chirruping birds encouraged sales of barbecues but not blenders or board games. Sounds associated with quality and luxury seemed to be hazardous for shoppers' wallets. The study found classical music and restaurant buzz caused them to overestimate the quality of goods on offer and to pay more than they should. That backs up earlier research which found that shoppers exposed to classical music in a wine store bought more expensive bottles than those hearing pop. EBay wants consumers to avoid such unhealthy influences when shopping online. It has blended birdsong, dreamy music and the sound of a rolling train—thought to be pleasant but not overly seductive—to help them buy more sensibly. Retailers could presumably counter by turning up the Chopin. "Classical music does seem to be the way to go" if your only interest is the narrow one of squeezing as much money as possible from your clientele, says the study's author, Patrick Fagan, a lecturer at Goldsmiths, part of the University of London. Few traditional shops are likely to use that tactic. H&M, a clothes retailer, airs "trendy, up-tempo" music from new artists, while Nespresso's coffee boutiques go for "lounge-y" sounds, says Mr. Nahon. Grocery stores, with a broad following, play top 40 hits. The tempo tends to be slower in the mornings, when shoppers are sparser and older, and becomes more quick and lively as the day goes on.