填空题A Perpetual Motion Machine is a fascinating and long-discussed topic that moves well beyond the scope of physics. In short, a perpetual motion machine can be likened to a magic cow that continues to live and breathe and yet needs no sustenance. A perpetual motion engine installed in a ear would continue to run indefinitely but would need neither gas tank nor petrol. Of course, as a perpetual motion machine is in violation of natural laws, it will likely never move out of the realm of imagination and into reality. When the phrase "perpetual motion machine" is entered into Google"s search engine, 34,400 items are returned. Of these 34,400 items, the forty-first to the forty-fifth hold reasonable interest and will be further discussed herein. 41. Myths and legends Long before the advent of the steam engine, human beings have ruminated on the possibility of a perpetual motion machine. Throughout history, many have attempted to invent such a device, though none have thus far been successful. 42. Fame and glory Some people hold that any inventor attempting to create a perpetual motion machine must only be in it for credit and accolades, wishing to be the first in his field to discover the much-coveted secret. 43. Wealth and riches It is also suspected by some that those seeking to unlock the mystery of perpetual motion machine must be motivated by the monetary rewards. If such a device were to fall into popular use, the inventor would be a wealthy man indeed. 44. Antics and capers Even some of those who are aware of the impossibility of perpetual motion machine have invented something similar under the guise of perpetual motion machine in order to tease us. 45. Deception and trickery Some people, though fully aware that they are incapable of inventing a perpetual motion machine, persist in arguing that they can with the intention of scamming us. Though the perpetual motion machine is a dream long-sought after by the scientific community, it is improbable that it will ever be realized. We can, however, pour our resources into researching more practical energy conserving forms of power such as geothermal, hydroelectric, and solar power solutions. A. In ancient China there was an extremely adroit man by the name of Zhu Geliang. It is said that he constructed a wooden horse which could walk unaided and could be used in the transportation of military supplies. As no records of this occurrence have been found, this tale has passed into legend. B. Inventor F told me excitedly, "some complex details are currently under discus-sion to unearth the key to perpetual motion. If my experiment proves to be effectual, I will become a Nobel Prize winner. You know, the ceremony is held annually in Sweden and is broadcasted live to every corner of the globe." It is no great wonder that Inventor F espoused enthusiasm. A functional perpetual motion machine is a wonder that would be marveled at for generations to come. C. Inventor K declared, "the experiments with perpetual motion are on the verge of success. My products will soon be distributed throughout the world and used in a wide range of industrial applications. When that happens, my company will expand exponentially. I"ll make a fortune!" D. One of the closest things to a perpetual motion engine was the one installed on the Traveler 1 spacecraft, the first spaceship in human history to fly beyond the edges of our solar system. Though Traveler"s engine is able to run without maintenance for many years, it still requires energy—nuclear energy. So, strictly speaking, Traveler 1 does not run on a perpetual motion engine, but in fact needs energy as do all other machines. E. Mr. Goofy announced that he had effectively diagrammed the first perpetual motion machine. When a private corporate party purchased the patent, they found to their dismay that manufacturing it according to the design layout was technically infeasible. Furious, they sued Mr. Goofy for fraud, but even in the courtroom, Mr. Goofy would not be shamed. He simply retorted, "I"m just joking around." F. Tom, proudly proclaiming that he had invented a clock that ran on perpetual motion, and had it placed in the central square of his town. The clock, he said, would work perfectly despite a lack of springs in the internal mechanism. A scientist later ascertained the secret and revealed it to the townspeople: the clock had been cleverly devised to run on temperature differentials.

填空题[A] Fist convention of Comite Maritime International[B] The convention having been revised three times[C] Why is unification of maritime law necessary?[D] The convention with the most signature states.[E] Incompatible time scale[F] The salvage convention According to Constitution: "The Comite Maritime International (CMI) is a non-governmental international organization, the object of which is to contribute by all appropriate means and activities to the unification of maritime law in all its aspects. To this end it shall promote the establishment of national associations of maritime law and shall co-operate with other international organizations. "The CMI has been doing just that since 1897. 41__________ In an address to the University of Turin in 1860, the Jurist Mancini said: "The sea with its winds, its storms and its dangers never changes and this demands a necessary uniformity of juridical regime." In other words, those involved in the world of maritime trade need to know that wherever they trade the applicable law will, by and large, be the same. Traditionally, uniformity is achieved by means of international conventions or other forms of agreement negotiated between governments and enforced domestically by those same governments. 42__________ It is tempting to measure the success of a convention on a strictly numerical basis. If that is the proper criterion of success, one could say that one of the most successful conventions ever produced was the very first CMI convention—the Collision Convention of 1910. The terms of this convention were agreed on September 23, 1910 and the convention entered into force less than three years later, on March 1, 1913. 43__________ Almost as successful, in numerical terms, is a convention of similar vintage, namely the Salvage Convention of 1910. Less than three years elapsed between agreement of the text at the Brussels Diplomatic Conference and entry into force on March 1, 1913. we are, quite properly, starting to see a number of denunciations of this convention, as countries adopt the new salvage Convention of 1989. It is worth recording that the Salvage Convention of 1989, designed to replace the 1910 Convention, did not enter into force until July 1996, more than seven years after agreement. The latest information available is that forty States have now ratified or acceded to the 1989 convention. 44__________ The text of the first Limitation Convention was agreed at the Brussels Diplomatic Conference in August 1924, but did not enter into force until 1931-seven years after the text had been agreed. This convention was not widely supported, and eventually attracted only fifteen ratifications or accessions. The CMI had a second go at limitation with its 1957 Convention, the text of which was agreed in October of that year. It entered into force in May 1968 and has been ratified or acceded to by fifty-one states, though of course a number have subsequently denounced this convention in order to embrace the third CMI Limitation Convention, that of 1976. At the latest count the 76 Convention has been ratified or acceded to by thirty seven states. The fourth instrument on limitation, namely the 1996 Protocol, has not yet come into force, despite the passage of six years since the Diplomatic Conference at which the text of the was agreed. 45__________ By almost any standard of measurement, the most successful maritime law convention of all time: the Civil Liability Convention of 1969. The text of that convention (to which the CMI contributed both in background research and drafting) was agreed at a Diplomatic Conference in 1969 and it entered into force six years later, in June 1975. The convention has, at various stages, been acceded to or ratified by 103 states (with two additional "provisional" ratifications). If we add to this the various states and dependencies that come in under the UK umbrella, we realize that we are looking at a hugely successful convention. Conventions and other unifying instruments are born in adversity. An area of law may come under review because one or two states have been confronted by a maritime legal problem that has affected them directly. Those sponsoring states may well spend some time reviewing the problem and producing the first draft of an instrument. Eventually, this draft may be offered to the International Maritime Organisation's (IMO) Legal Committee for inclusion in its work program. Over ensuing years (the Legal Committee meeting every sic months or so), issues presented by the draft will be debated, new issues will be raised, and the instrument will be endlessly re-drafted. At some stage, the view will be taken that the instrument is sufficiently mature to warrant a Diplomatic Conference at which the text will be finalized. If the instrument is approved at the Diplomatic Conference, it will sit for twelve months awaiting signature and then be open to ratification and accession. The instrument will contain an entry into force requirement, which will need to be satisfied.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a text about how to keep your job, followed by a list of important examples. Choose the best examples from the list A - F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra examples which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) As companies continue to cut costs, the days of frequent promotions are a distant memory. So are the days of endless opportunities to show off your skills. Layoff survivors, faced with fewer options are finding themselves in career purgatory--there's no way up and no way out. After talking to career coaches, managers, recruiters, and psychologists, Fortune put together eight tips to help workers break free from the inertia.{{B}}41. Avoid taking cover{{/B}} Don' t hide out behind your computer. "You should really work to increase or maintain the visibility that you have," says David Opton, founder and CEO of career management firm ExecuNet.{{B}} Build a circle of allies{{/B}} Fortify your current relationships and work on making new ones, both within and outside the office. "Allies will be helpful in terms of letting you know information, like if there's a job possibility that comes up," says Dee Soder, founder of the CEO Perspective Group. Who you know can make a big difference, especially in difficult times.{{B}}42. Load up on new tools{{/B}} This is the perfect time to acquire new expertise. (If the boss can't pay, do it on your own.){{B}}43. Look beyond your job description{{/B}} People don't get promotions just because they do their jobs well; they get promotions because they take initiative. Lauren Doliva, a partner at recruiting firm Heidrick identify your weaknesses and work on them; find better ways to harness your strengths. For nontangible skills--leadership, management, communication-coaches recommend hiring a coach. A client of Soder's was put into a new management role, but didn't feel like she had what it took to oversee a bigger team. She went out and hired a coach who helped her learn how to interact with top executives as well as how to run a bigger territory. She has since been promoted again. Taking responsibility for your own success is something everyone should do, regardless of external factors. Otherwise you're heading straight for burnout.{{B}}45. Adjust your attitude{{/B}} Don't panic. Even though the economy is in a recession, your career is not coming to an end. How you look at the situation will have a big impact on whether you stay stuck or move ahead. "One can choose to say there is no opportunity or one can choose to look for it," says Doliva. In fact, many coaches believe that being stuck is just a state of mind.[A] Let people know when you accomplish something or when you put in the extra effort to get a project done early. Without being cheesy, make sure that you're giving off the right vibes by keeping a positive attitude, avoiding emotional outbursts, and appearing calm and organized. And don' t forget to look the part. Many didn't get promotions because of their professional presence— grooming, clothes, and body language.[B] When someone brought up the VP of operations, who was the obvious candidate for the job, the CEO rejected him outright. "He said no because the VP only does what's expected," says Doliva. "The CEO didn't see him as someone who would take the risks and the time to do the job better." Now is not the time for complacency, even if you're not gunning for a spot in the executive suite. Coaches suggest that employees come in early, stay late, and take on extra projects. Little things can make a big difference.[C] Brush up on computer skills, audit a class, or get a certificate or degree in your field and when jobs do open up, you'll be ready.[D] "What you don't want to do is start getting depressed", adds Melissa Karz, founder of Kadima Coaching. "Be what you want to attract." It might be helpful to hunt for motivation in other places. "Now is the time to start taking a look at how fulfilling your life is-outside of work," says Lois Frankel, president of Corporate Coaching International. Find exciting activities to replenish yourself with and then bring that positive spirit into the office.[E] Amid all of the layoffs, you've managed to keep your job but the chances of moving up are slim to none. Nobody above you is going to leave now, and there's no money for special projects to prove yourself. You're stuck. Here's how to avoid fading into the woodwork[F] Speak up in meetings, join task forces, and volunteer for difficult projects that coworkers aren't willing to tackle.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a text about the situation of the blacks in America, followed by a list of examples and explanations. Choose the best example or explanation from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Although no longer slavers after the Civil War, American blacks took no significant part in the life of white America except as servants or laborers. Many thousands of them emigrated from the war-ravaged South to the North from 1865 to 1915 in the hope of finding work in the big industrial cities. Whole communities of blacks crowded together into ghettos in New York City, Chicago and Detroit, where once the poor white immigrants had lived. These ghettos, neglected by the city authorities, became slums. The schools to which black children went were hopelessly inadequate. Unemployment in black ghettos remained consistently higher than in white communities.41. Serious problems with black ghettos.______ Stable family life was difficult to maintain.42. The extreme poverty of the blacks.______ In the late 1970s, nearly a third of all blacks still belonged to the so-called "underclass", they are so "under-privileged" and poor that they cannot seize the opportunity for advancement.43. Efforts to put an end to racial discrimination.______ Race relations in the USA continue to be a thorny problem,44. Improvements in Ives of the blacks.______ Despite some setbacks, race relations are improving.45. Prevailing violence in solving racial problems.______ It is said that television had an enormous influence on frustrated and hitter blacks, for it showed them bow much better whites on the whole lived than blacks. At the end of the 1960s, there were serious riots in many cities. The violence quickly died down. Blacks began to use their votes to exert political pressure. Cities like Atlanta (Georgia), Gary (Indiana), and Los Angeles (California) elected black mayors. Integration of schools, despite resistance from white groups, goes on, and the proportion of blacks in American colleges has increased dramatically in the last 20 years. There are reasons to maintain a cautious optimism that progress in race relations will continue. [A] It has been estimated that there are more than 20 million Americans in this category, 10% of the population, including many millions of whites. [B] Blacks are gaining in self-confidence. In more and more areas they are winning control of their communities, and their standard of living is going up faster than that of the poor whites. It is still a hard struggle. There is still prejudice and even some hatred, but in most walks of American life there are now more blacks than ever before. [C] The era of blatant discrimination ended in the 1960s through the courageous actions of thousands of blacks participating in peaceful marches and sitins, to force Southern states to implement the Federal desegregation laws in schools and public accommodations. Down came the "whites only" notices in bused, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, restrooms and on park benches that once could be found everywhere throughout the South. Gone were the restrictions that prevented blacks voting, Gone, too, were the hideous lynchings, which since the Civil War had caused the death of thousands of innocent blacks—hanged without trial by white mobs. However, even today, poor, uneducated lacks do not always receive the same degree of justice that the more affluent and better educated can expect. [D] Many blacks chose to keep silent about their unfairness instead of resorting to violence. But their silence was also problem provoking: on the one hand, silence would build up a lot of complaints and hatred in their minds, thus resulting in a negative approach to life and everything; on the other hand, silence would give the whites an impression that the blacks take the reality for granted and put. more racial discrimination on them. [E] Unemployed fathers would on occasion walk out of their homes and never return. Children neglected by their parents turned in some instances to drugs and crimes. There are more than 700 murders a year in cities like New York, Detroit, Los Angeles and Houston, and most of these deaths are of blacks killed by blacks. The black ghettos are dangerous both for blacks and non-blacks. [F] Radical blacks like the Black panthers demanded a free black state within the Union, and advocated violence to achieve that end and to protect themselves against what they felt was police brutality toward blacks. For a while, violence overshadowed the influence of the greatly respected pacifist black, Martin Luther King, Jr. , who had provided the inspiration and leadership for those devoted to a peaceful change and whose murder in 1968 stunned America.

填空题[A] Is that what the American viewing public is getting."? Perhaps 10% of prime-time network programming is a happy combination of entertainment and enrichment. There used to be television-movies rich in human values,, but they have now become an endangered species. I find television too much concerned with what people have and too little concerned with who they are, very concerned with taking care of No. 1 and not at all concerned with sharing themselves with other people. All too often it tells us the half truth we wan! to hear rather than the whole truth we need to hear. [B] Why is television not more fully realizing its humanizing potential? Is the creative community at fault? Partially. But not primarily. I have lived and worked in that community for 32 years, as both priest and producer. As a group, these people have values. In fact, in Hollywood in recent months, audience enrichment has become their thing. A coalition of media companies has endowed the Humanists Prize so that it can recognize and celebrate those who accomplish it. [C] Every good story will not only captivate its viewers but also give them some insight into what it means to be a human being. By so doing, it can help them grow into the deeply centered, sovereignty free, joyously loving human being God made them to be. Meaning, freedom and love are the supreme human values. And this is the kind of human enrichment the American viewing public has a right to expect from those who make its entertainment. [D] The problem with American TV is not the lack of storytellers of conscience but the commercial system within which they have to operate. Television in the U.S. is a business. [n the past, the business side has been balanced by a commitment to public", service. But in recent years the fragmentation of the mass audience, huge interest payments and skyrocketing production costs have combined with the FCC"s abdication of its responsibility to protect the common good to produce an ahnost total preoccupation with the bottom line. The networks are struggling to survive. And that, the statistics seem to indicate, is mindless, heartless, escapist fare. If we are dissatisfied with the moral content of what we are invited to watch, I think we should begin by examining our own consciences. When we tune in, are we ready to plunge into reality, so as to extract its meaning, or are we hoping to escape into a sedated world of illusion? And if church leaders want to elevate the quality of the country"s entertainment, they should forget about boycotts, production codes and censorship. They should work at educating their people in media literacy and at mobilizing them to support quality shows in huge numbers. [E] It is not a question of entertainment or enrichment. These are complementary concerns and presuppose each other. The story that entertains without enriching is superficial and escapist. The story that enriches without entertaining is simply dull. The story that does both is a delight. [F] That is the only sure way to improve the moral content of America"s entertainment. [G] Despite questions of the motivation behind them, the attacks by the President and the Vice President on the moral content of television entertainment have found an echo in the chambers of the American soul. Many who reject the messengers still accept the message. They do not like the moral tone of American TV. In our society only the human family surpasses television in its capacity to communicate values, provide role models, form consciences and motivate human behavior. Few educators, church leaders or politicians possess the moral influence of those who create the nation"s entertainment. Order: [G]______→41.______→42.______→43. ______→44. ______→45.______→[F]

填空题[A] Running after Them Doesn't Help Anybody [B] Remember Newton's Third Law [C] Show Some Respect for the Things They Care About [D] 18 Years Old:The Beginning of Adulthood [E] Know Strength and Weakness of Your Child [F] Don't Look Under the Mattress [G] Be Consistent When your child becomes a teenager, you're well over halfway through the job of raising them, and you have only a few years left to instill all those values and principles you want them to go into adult life with. And suddenly, they look as if they're throwing away all the work you've put in up to now. But actually, if you just keep your head, and follow these essential teenage Rules, you'll find you come out the other end with a terrific adult you can really be proud of. 41.______ Unless your child is putting themselves in serious danger, you really do have to put up with it. The more you try to tell them, the more you push them in the opposite direction. They're looking for something to kick at, to rebel against, because they're programmed to. The more force you use, the more they'll use. Remember Newton's third law of motion? For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. So what can you do when you see them going wrong? You can tell them what you think, but don't tell them what to do. 42.______ Teenagers are up to things you don't want to know about. For example, your daughter has gone further than you'd like with her boyfriend. And they've almost certainly been offered drugs, but they won't have any evidence of it hanging around in their room, so there's no point looking under the mattress or reading their secret diary. And what are you going to do about it — confront them? I think not. You'll severely damage your relationship, and they'll just keep them under the floorboards instead. Maybe you should think back to the things you did as a teenager that you didn't want your parents to know about. See? Your kids are just being perfectly normal teenagers. 43. ______ It's one of the many paradoxes of teenagers. On the one hand, they want to rebel, to shock you, to do things that get to you, and on the other hand, they want your approval and your goodwill. So when you criticize your teenager's choices, you criticize them. It's an age of fragile egos and easily knocked self-esteem, and it's easy to make your teenager feel that you disapprove, or even that you don't like them. Whether it's their music or their politics or the way they dress or their decision to become vegetarian, they need to know that it's okay with you. 44.______ You started off with 18 years and counting. How many have you got left? Because when you get to zero, they'll be on their own. I know parents who are still looking after their kids when they're 18. And the kids, not being crazy, let them do it. It takes two to play that game. You know your child's strengths and weaknesses as well as anyone. So think through what they still need to learn, and make sure they do. If they're hopeless with money, teach them to budget. Get them to do the family shopping for a week on your usual budget, or get firm about not paying to fill up their car beyond the agreed amount. 45. ______ Your kids need to know what is and isn't acceptable. And they judge that by what was and wasn't okay yesterday and the day before. If they're not getting a consistent message, they're clueless as to how they have to behave, and those all important boundaries aren't being properly maintained. That means the kids feel confused, insecure, and perhaps even unloved. If you've decided that you don't allow the kids to stay late outside, you have to stick to it. Just because your little one was a bit sad about something today, and you're feeling a bit down yourself anyway... no, no, no ! Stop right there ! Let them come back at once and it will be ten times harder to say no to them next time, and they won't understand why. Say no now and you're only being cruel to be kind.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 - 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-- G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fir in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet I. Anyone paying attention to the debate over Social Security has heard a litany of dates. There's 2018, when the program is expected to start taking in less in taxes than it pays out in benefits. And there's 2042 (or 2052 by some estimates), when its trust fund is supposed to run out of money. (41)___________________ For years, the government has collected more in Social Security taxes than it needed to pay current benefits, Those excess collections are credited to the Social Security Trust Fund, ostensibly to pay future retirees. But there is no actual money in the fund. Instead, the government spends the money for other purposes and issues the fund IOUs. In 2009, the shell game begins to end. The amount by which Social Security taxes exceed benefits starts to shrink. (42)___________________ The problem could have been avoided, and it still could be reduced. If the rest of the budget was in good shape--and particularly if the government bad staved on the path it was on five years ago of buying down the national debt--lawmakers could simply re-borrow the money to pay benefits. They could have a leisurely debate over what, if anything, else to do. (43)___________________ This raises a question: If the biggest immediate problem of Social Security is that it will soon make the deficit worse, wouldn't it be better to address the underlying deficit? In other words--as the Bush administration embarks on a 60 day, 60 stop tour to promote Social Security overhaul--are we really debating the right problem? (44)___________________ The money that has been borrowed, or is projeced to be borrowed, in Fresident Bush's two terms alone would come close to solving Social Security's solvency problems for at least the next 75 years. The Office of Management and Budget projects cumulative borrowing of $2. 6 trillion. The Social Security Administration estimates that $3.7 trillion would shore up the program until at least 2080. (45)___________________. Exploding Medicare and Medicaid costs, the loss of revenue because of the recent tax cuts and likely changes in the alternative minimum tax (AMT) present a bleak outlook over the next 10 years. Making the Bush tax cuts permanent and fixing the AMT could lead to deficits of about $650 billion to $750 billion by the middle of the next decade. A. By 2018--sooner, if private accounts are created--the flow reverses. Instead of spending a surplus, the government will need to begin paying off its IOUs. Absent large tax hikes or spending cuts, already astronomical deficits will skyrocket. B. The bottom line is that Washington, through profligate borrowing and policies that lock in red ink for years to come, is passing the burden to future generations. ,And the problem is getting worse. C. But the most important date will arrive sooner in 2009. That's when the cost of paying benefits to the first wave of retiring baby boomers will begin exposing the accounting gimmickry that is the true driver of the Social Security "crisis." To the extent a crisis exists, it is not really about Social Security. It is about decades of irresponsible budgeting that threatens future retirees. D. As bad as the current record deficits look ($427 billion this year alone), they likely will get worse in the next decade as the result of fiscal time bombs hard-wired into government spending and tax plans. E. Left unchecked, chronic deficits will more than offset any good that comes out of Social Security reform. Deficits make the government more beholden to its creditors, many of them foreign. As the national debt surges, so does the portion of the budget dedicated to paying interest on that debt. F. But that is not an option given the dire budgetary situation. Social Security will soon become a drain on a government already under tremendous fiscal stress. It's the difference between having a zero balance on your credit card and being at your credit limit. If you're maxed out, you lose the flexibility to take on new debt to deal with an expense. G. This is not to say Social Security reform--with or without the private accounts proposed by Bush --is not worthwhile. But it is only one of many necessary steps to put the nation on a sound fiscal footing and ensure that future generations will have a reasonably comfortable retirement.

填空题Drawing on biomechanics and other sports science, Olympic hopefuls target just the right muscles and moves. Olympians of yesteryear shared the same goal, but they would hardly recognize today's training techniques. To achieve to Olympian ideal of "faster, higher, stronger," coaches now realize, athletes don't have to train more but they do have to train smarter. That's why, these days, cross-country (Nordic) skiers kneel on skateboards and tug on pulleys to haul themselves up a ramp. By analyzing every motion that goes into a ski jump or a luge run, the science of biomechanics breaks down events into their component parts and determines which movements of which muscles are the key to a superlative performance. Knowing that is crucial for a simple hut, to many coaches and trainers, unexpected reason: it turns out that although training for general conditioning improves fitness, the best way to boost performance is by working the muscles and practicing the moves that will be used in competition. It's called sport-specific training. 41. Ways to work the right muscles and train the right patterns of movement. Sport-specific training doesn't have to mean running the actual course or performing the exact event. There are other ways to work the right muscles and train the right pattern of movement. Doing situps on a Swiss ball, for instance, develops torso control as well as strength. The Finnish ice-hockey team recently added acrobatics to its training regime because it helps players to balance on the ice, says head coach Raimo Summanen. Performance-enhancing strategies. The advances in physiology that have revolutionized training are giving sports scientists a better under-standing of how to improve strength, power, speed and both aerobic and anaerobic fitness: 42. Training the start-up. Speed is partly genetic. A star sprinter is probably born with a preponderance of fast twitch muscle fibers, which fire repeatedly with only microsecond rests in between. Speed training therefore aims to recruit more fast-twitch fibers and increase the speed of nerve signals that command muscles to move. 43. Strength reflects the percentage of muscle fibers the body can recruit for a given movement. "Someone with pure strength can recruit 90 percent of these fibers, while someone else recruits only 50 percent," says the USOC's Davis. 44. Developing anaerobic fitness. Anaerobic fitness keeps the muscles moving even when the heart can't provide enough oxygen. To postpone the point when acid begins to accumulate, or at least train the body to tolerate it, Jim Walker has the speed skaters he works with push themselves beyond what they need to do in competition. Power is strength with speed. "One of the biggest changes in strength training is that we're getting away from pure strength and emphasizing power, or explosive strength," says USOC strength-and- conditioning coordinator Kevin Ebel. 45. Difficulties under way. It's still difficult to persuade coaches to let sports scientists mess with their athletes. To overcome such resistance, the USOC's Peter Davis has set up "performance-enhancing teams" where coaches and scientists put their heads together and apply the best science to training. Come February, the world will see how science fared in its attempt to mold athletic excellence.[A] Zach Lund races skeleton (a head-first, belly-down sled race), in which the start is crucial. He has to sprint in a bent-over position (pushing his sled along the track), then hop in without slowing the sled. "You have to go from a hard sprint to being really calm in order to go down the track well," says Lund. To improve his speed he does leg presses while lying on his back, or leg curls on his stomach (bringing his foot to his backside).[B] Despite the finding that drafting reduces the demand on the heart of a speed skater and generally improves performance, for instance, most skaters still prefer to go out fast and first.[C] Sprinters who skate 500 meters in the Olympics, for instance, power through multiple 300 meters, and do it faster than they skate the 500. By raising the anaerobic threshold, the training gives skaters a better shot at exploding with a sprint at the finish.[D] Luge, for instance, requires precise control of infinitesimal muscle movements: "Overcorrect on a turn," says driver Mark Grimmette, "and you're dead.' To achieve that precise control, he and his doubles partner, Brian Martin, devote a good chunk of their training time to exercises on those squishy rubber spheres called Swiss balls.[E] Aerobic fitness is hockey star Cammi Granato's goal one autumn morning as she pedals a stationary bike with sweaty fury at the USOC training center in Lake Placid, New York. When Granato finally staggers off the bike and crumples onto the padded platform, she's' had a tougher workout than in any hockey period--which is exactly the point.[F] The thigh's quadriceps, for instance, consist of millions of fibers organized into what are called motor units. When a speed skater pushes off the ice, he recruits a certain percentage of them to fire; the others are relaxing and so do not contribute to the movement.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.{{/B}} Most people would not object to living a few years longer than normal, as long as it meant they could live those years in good health. Sadly, the only proven way to extend the lifespan of an animal in this way is to reduce its calorie intake. Studies going back to the 1930s have shown that a considerable reduction in consumption (about 50%) can extend the lifespan of everything from dogs to nematode worms by between 30% and 70%. Although humans are neither dogs nor worms, a few people are willing to give the calorie-restricted diet a try in the hope that it might work for them, too. But not many—as the old joke has it, give up the things you enjoy and you may not live longer, but it will sure seem as if you did. Now, though, work done by Marc Hellerstein and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, suggests that it may be possible to have, as it were, your cake and eat it too. Or, at least, to eat 95% of it. Their study, to be published in the American Journal of Physiology—Endocrinology and Metabolism, suggests that significant gains in longevity might be made by a mere 5% reduction in calorie intake. The study was done on mice rather than people. But the ubiquity of previous calorie-restriction results suggests the same outcome might well occur in other species, possibly including humans. However, you would have to fast on alternate days. (41)__________ Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells. For a cancer to develop efficiently, it needs multiple mutations to accumulate in the DNA of the cell that becomes the tumor's ancestor. (42)__________ A slower rate of cell division thus results in a slower accumulation of cancer-causing mutations. (43)__________ Heavy water is heavy because the hydrogen in it weighs twice as much as ordinary hydrogen(it has a proton and a neutron in its nucleus, instead of just a proton). Chemically, however, it behaves like its lighter relative. This means, among other things, that it gets incorporated into DNA as that molecule doubles in quantity during cell division. (44)__________ Dr Hellerstein first established how much mice eat if allowed to feed as much as they want. Then he set up a group of mice that were allowed to eat only 95% of that amount. In both cases, he used the heavy-water method to monitor cell division. The upshot was that the rate of division in the calorie-restricted mice was 37% lower than that in those mice that could eat as much as they wanted—which could have a significant effect on the accumulation of cancer-causing mutations. (45)__________ [A] To stop this happening, cells have DNA-repair mechanisms. But if a cell divides before the damage is repaired, the chance of a successful repair is significantly reduced. [B] Bingeing and starving is how many animals tend to feed in the wild. The uncertain food supply means they regularly go through cycles of too much and too little food (it also means that they are often restricted to eating less than they could manage if food were omnipresent). [C] But calorie-reduction is not all the mice had to endure. They were, in addition, fed only on alternate days: bingeing one day and starving the next. So, whether modern man and woman, constantly surrounded by food and advertisements for food, would really be able to forgo eating every other day is debatable. [D] Why caloric restriction extends the lifespan of any animal is unclear, but much of the smart money backs the idea that it slows down cell division by denying cells the resources they need to grow and proliferate. One consequence of that slow-down would be to hamper the development of cancerous tumors. [E] So, by putting heavy water in the diets of their mice, the researchers were able to measure how much DNA in the tissues of those animals had been made since the start of the experiment (and by inference how much cell division had taken place), by the simple expedient of extracting the DNA and weighing it. [F] The second reason, according to Elaine Hsieh, one of Dr Hellerstein's colleagues, is that cutting just a few calories overall, but feeding intermittently, may be a more feasible eating pattern for some people to maintain than making small reductions each and every day. [G] At least, that is the theory. Until now, though, no one has tested whether reduced calorie intake actually does result in slower cell division. Dr Hellerstein and his team were able to do so using heavy water as a chemical "marker" of the process.

填空题[A] Advertisements add interests to life[B] Advertisements help to save money[C] Criticisms on advertisers[D] Usefulness of small advertisements[E] True aesthetic value of advertisement[F] Informing: the chief function of advertising 41______ Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they're always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. "It's iniquitous," they say," that this entirely unproductive industry ( ff we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why don't they stop advertising and reduce the price Of their goods? After ail, it's the consumer who pay..." 42______ The poor old consumer! He'd have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn't create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. , from an advertisement. 43______ Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too ! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway laws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely-printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities. 44______ We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price ! 45______ Another thing we mustn't forget is the "small ads." which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the "hatch, match and dispatch" columns; but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or "agony" column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It's the best advertisement for advertising there is !

填空题If good intentions and good ideas were all it took to save the deteriorating atmosphere, the planet's fragile layer of air would be as good as fixed. The two great dangers threatening the blanket of gases that nurtures and protects life on earth-global warming and the thinning ozone layer--have been identified. Better yet, scientists and policymakers have come up with effective though expensive countermeasures. (2)41. __________. (3) CFCs-first fingered as dangerous in the 1970s by Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina, two of this year's Nobel-prizewinning chemists--have been widely used for refrigeration and other purposes. (4) If uncontrolled, the CFC assault on the ozone layer could increase the amount of hazardous solar ultraviolet light that reaches the earth's surface, which would, among other things, damage crops and bring disasters to environment. (5) Thanks to a sense of urgency triggered by the 1985 detection of what has turned out to be an annual "hole" in the especially vulnerable ozone over Antarctica, the Montreal accords have spurred industry to replace dangerous CFCs with safer substances. (6)42. __________. (7) Nonetheless, observes British Antarctic Survey meteorologist Jonathan Shanklin: "It will be the middle of the next century before things are back to where they were in the 1970s." (8) Even that timetable could be thrown off by international smugglers who have been bringing illegal CFCs into industrial countries to use in repairing or recharging old appliances. (9)43. __________. (10) Developing countries were given more time to comply with the Montreal Protocol and were promised that they would receive $ 250 million from richer nations to pay for the CFC phaseout. At the moment, though, only 60 % of those funds has been forthcoming. This is a critical time. (11) It is also a critical time for warding off potentially catastrophic climate change. Waste gases such as carbon dioxide, Methane and the same CFCs that wreck the ozone layer all tend to trap sunlight and warm the earth. The predicted results: and eventual melting of polar ice caps, rises in sealevels and shifts in climate patterns. (12)44. __________. (13) The encouraging precedent is the Montreal Protocol for ozone protection, which showed how quickly nations can act when they finally recognize a disaster. A related lesson is that if CFCs do disappear, it will be partly because chemical manufactures discover they can make a profit by selling safer replacements. (14)45. __________. (15) If that happens, then all nations, from the rich to the poor, may end up working to save the atmosphere for the same reason they've polluted it: pure economic self-interest.[A] Says Nelson Sabogal of the U. N. Environment Program: "If developed countries don't come up with the money, the ozone layer will not recuperate."[B] But that doesn't mean these problems are anywhere close to being solved. The stratospheric ozone layer, for example, is still getting thinner, despite the 1987. international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol, which calls for a phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting chemicals by the year 2006.[C] The same process may ultimately be what mitigates global warming. After long years of effort, manufacturers of solar-power cells are at last close to matching the low costs of more conventional power technologies. And a few big orders from utilities could drive the price down to competitive levels.[D] Yet the CFCs already in the air are still doing their dirty work. The Antarctic ozone hole is more severe this year than ever before, and ozone levels over temperate regions are dipping as well. If the CFC phaseout proceeds on schedule, the atmosphere should start repairing itself by the year 2000, say scientists.[E] Last year alone 20 000 tons of contraband CFCs entered the U. S.--mostly from India, where the compounds are less restricted.[F] Until recently, laggard governments could to scientific uncertainty about whether global warming has started, but that excuse is wearing thin. A draft report circulating on the Internet has proclaimed for the first time that warming has indeed begun.[G] The good news is that this gloomy scenario may galvanize the world's governments into taking serious action. For example, though it's now more costly to generate electricity from solar cells than from would otherwise have to be spent in the future combating the effects of global warming.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41～45, choose the most suitable one from the list A～G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. At Yale University, some ten students live off campus in a cooperative home they call the Green House.41)__________. Late at night, they drive to the store and quietly jump into its car-sized dumpster, picking out unopened packages of still fresh food. They find milk, eggs, bread and cookies, chocolate, soup, vegetables, even frozen pizzas and soymilk. Not only are most Green House residents vegetarian, but they are also moderate freegans, meaning that they eat mainly what they can get for free. These students, of course, are trying to leave as small an "ecological footprint" as possible. 42)__________. Across America other devout environmentalists tire "off the grid", building shacks in the wilderness without running water or electricity. Frustrated with environmental destruction and waste, they have renounced the system that fosters and perpetuates it. Such ascetic anti-consumerism may be the most dramatic side of environmentalism, and it leads to cultural ferment that can set into motion political and economic change. Its practitioners focus on personal sacrifice, hoping that their ideals and asceticism will spread like a religion. 43)__________. Our political and economic systems are deeply immature. Environmentalists need m spend just as much energy organizing political and economic environmentalism. Also, old-fashioned environmentalism often assumes that business is opposed to environmental protection. In fact, thousands of US companies are discovering, often with the help of energy consultants, how much money they have to stand from becoming environmentally efficient: saving energy and recycling within industry. The recent book Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution by Paul Hawkenetal now translated into Chinese, should get some of the credit for bringing about this transformation in attitudes. Paradoxically, the US is both the birthplace of global environmentalism and the world's biggest environmental spender. Romanticism, the European and American literary and artistic movement that found God in the wilderness, had a strong long term impact on American thinking, starting in the middle third of the 19th century. In particular, renewed attention to the essays of Henry David Thoreau (1817-62) helped launch modern environmentalism a century after his death.44)__________Why the discrepancy? Most environmental damage cannot be boiled down to the choices made by individuals. Rather, individuals are locked into a system in which heavy industry commits the majority of ecological crimes, buttressed by an economic system that squanders natural resources. The government gives away mining rights and opens public forests to loggers practically for free——and big business spends millions of dollars to make sure politicians keep on doing so.45)__________.For many environmental problems, the solution is organized political pressure and entrepreneurial innovation. A. At times, the moral conviction and worldview of the Green House appear as all encompassing as a religious faith. Green House inmates live in the most environmentally "pious" way one could conceive of in the city. B. But effective environmentalism requires more than words, more than cultural change. It requires legal and economic reform. It demands historically unprecedented policies incorporating the value of cherished natural resources in market calculations. It calls for new organizations and entrepreneurial commitment. Anyone have any ideas? C. But one drawback of focusing environmentalist energy on abstaining from personal consumption is that such an approach can distract people from the larger muses of environmental destruction, which cannot be affected by individual choices to consume or not to consume. D. Other government subsidies support several filthy industries. While the government pays for new freeways, thus subsidizing automobiles, it ignores trains and bus networks. Polluters don' t pay the real cost of externalities such as toxic waste and air and water pollution. E. They recycle cans, bottles and paper meticulously, sorting them into the bins collected by municipal trucks in American cities. They reuse "grey water", meaning that they plug the drain when they shower and then use buckets to flush the toilet with the old soapy water. To prevent food from going to waste, they even get most of their groceries out of the trash of an upscale grocery store. F. We should recall, however, that environmentalists have often been fobbed off with token gestures, idle talk and unimplemented treaties. Even President Bush, who has the worst environmental record of any American president so far, has mastered the art of (largely empty) environmentalist rhetoric. G. Yet today America, with only 596 of the world's population, produces 2496 of global carbon dioxide emissions. The US, like many other rich countries, has cleaned up its air and water, but it is still the biggest contributor to the greatest environmental threat ever global climate change.