填空题Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. A great many articles and books discussing environmental and resource problems begin with the proposition that there is an environmental and resource crisis. If this means that the situation of humanity is worse now than in the past, then the idea of a crisis-and all that follows from it-is dead wrong. In almost every respect important to humanity, the trends have been improving, not deteriorating. Our world now supports 5.6 billion people. In the nineteenth century, the earth could sustain only 1 billion. And 10,000 years ago, only 1 million people could keep themselves alive. People are now living more healthily than ever before. One would expect lovers of humanity-people who hate war and worry about famine in Africa-to jump with joy at this extraordinary triumph of the human mind and human organization over the raw forces of nature. 41．______ It is amazing but true that a resource shortage resulting from population or income growth usually leaves us better off than if the shortage had never arisen. 42．______ The prices of food, metals, and other raw materials have been declining by every measure since the beginning of the nineteenth century, and as far back as we know; that is, raw materials have been getting less scarce throughout history, defying the common sense notion that if one begins with an inventory of a resource and uses some up, there will be less left. This is despite, and indirectly because of, increasing population. 43．______ Also, we do not say that a better future happens automatically or without effort. 44．______ We are confident that the nature of the physical world permits continued improvement in humankind's economic lot in the long run, indefinitely. Of course, there are always newly arising local problems, shortages, and pollution, resulting from climate or increased population and income and new technologies. Sometimes temporary large-scale problems arise. 45．______That is the great lesson to be learned from human history. [A] If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenth-century England, coal would not have been developed. If coal and whale oil shortages hadn't loomed, oil wells would not have been dug. [B] But the world's physical conditions and the resilience ( power of recovering quickly) of a well-functioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems, and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen. [C] The recent extraordinary decrease in the death rate-to my mind, the greatest miracle in history-accounts for the bumper crop of humanity. In the last 200 years, life expectancy in the advanced countries jumped from the mid-30's to 70's. [D] Instead, they lament (feel sorrow for) that there are so many human beings, and wring their hands ( indicate despair) about the problems that more people inevitably bring, and the problem that resources will be further diminished. [E] It will happen because men and women -- sometimes as individuals, sometimes as enterprises working for profit, sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups, and sometimes as governmental agencies-will address problems with muscle and mind, and will probably overcome, as has been usual through history. [F] Statistic studies show that population growth doesn't lead to slower economic growth, though this defies common sense. Nor is high population density a drag on economic development. [G] We don't say that all is well everywhere, and we don't predict that all will be rosy in the future. Children are hungry and sick; people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity; war or some other pollution may do us in.

填空题A."Fordecades,thecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols--likeadigitalcomputer,"saidSpivey."Morerecently,however,agrowingnumberofstudies,suchasours,supportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodel,perceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinear,self-organized,emergentproperties--likeabiologicalorganism."B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestate,forexample,"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzeroorone,andinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguity,themodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheother,andifitrealizesitiswrong,itthenmakesacorrection.C.Inhisstudy,42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardaword,suchas"candle,"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalike,suchasacandleandajacket,thetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnames,suchascandleandcandy,theywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobject,andtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken.D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences(June27--July1),MichaelSpivey,apsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornell,trackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhileworkingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess.E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestages,thealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetween,simultaneouslyactiverepresentations."F."Whentherewasambiguity,theparticipantsbrieflydidn'tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmilliseconds,theywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn'tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrong,butinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea,"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowsbowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothways,andtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete;it'sadynamicalsystem."G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoes,ontheotherhand,youdonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputer,butcanhavevaluesinbetween--youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanother,andtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretation,asinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword,'Spiveysaid.Order:

填空题Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. (41) Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate. (42) Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing. (43) There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet. (44) Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast. (45) About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings. A. The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known. B. Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, from them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate. C. The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer is formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air. D. The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world. E. The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks. F. When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and then get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved. G. Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

填空题[A]MoretroublingthandetermininghowtopatentthegenomeisthelargerquestionofwhetheranyoneoughttobelayingclaimtohumanDNAatall.Thisispartlyaneconomicissue.Iftheentiregeneticschematicispre-emptivelyownedbytheresearchteamsstudyingitnow,whereistheincentiveforindependentscientists—oftensourcesofgreatinnovation—toworkonitlater?Licensingcosts,warnsJeffreyKahn,directoroftheUniversityofMinnesota'sCenterforBioethics,couldholdmedicalprogresshostage.Patentingproponentsinsistthatanequallypersuasiveargumentcouldbemadethatthelargegenome-mappinggroupsneedpatentprotectiontomaketheirworkworthwhiletothem.[B]It'snotfornothingthatscientistsareinsuchafootracetogetthehumangenomemapped.There'smorethanjustknowledgeatstake,afterall—there'smoney.Whowalksawaywithmostofthebootywon'tbedecidedinlabsoruniversities,however,butincourtsandpatentoffices.[C]Notonlycansuchfilingsbesloppygenetics,theycanalsobebadbusiness.ESTapplicationsmayleadtoso-calledsubmarinepatents,claimsthataremadetodayandthenvanish,onlytoreappearwhensomeunsuspectingscientistfindssomethingusefultodowithgeneshiddeninthepatent.Topreventthis,LehmanrequiresthatESTapplicationsincludenomorethan10geneticsequences.Each10afterthatrequiresaseparateapplication—andaseparatefilingfee."Companieswillnowhaveanincentivetofilemoreselectiveapplications,"saysLehman.[D]Thebiggestproblemwithpatentinggenesisthatwhilescientistshaveatleastageneralideaofwhatspecificstrandsofgeneticcodingdo,oftenit'sjustthat—general.Investigatorsdosometimessucceedinisolatingasingle,crispgenewithasingleknownfunction.Often,however,researcherstryingtomapgenesgetnofurtherthanmarkingofffragmentarystretchesofDNAthatmaybethousandsofbasesinlength.Theseso-calledexpressedsequencetagsmayhaverealgeneticinformationembeddedinthem,butdeterminingwherethosenuggetsareandwhattheirstructureistakesmoredigging.[E]Stickierthantheeconomicquestionistheethicalone.Mostofusreflexivelyshrinkfromtheideaofanyone'sowningtherightstoanypartofthehumanform.Besides,ifthefirstanatomisttospot,say,thepancreaswasnotgrantedtitletoit,whyshouldmodemgenome-mappingscientistsbeabletoclaimevenasinglegene?AsKahnpointsout,"Youcouldpatentasystemformininggoldfromore.Wedon'tletpeoplepatentthegold."Thatkindofargumentisgroundednotinlawbutintheveryideaofwhatitmeanstobehuman—anissuethateventhehighestfederalcourtisnotlikelytosettle.[F]GeneticistshavelatelybeenfilingpatentapplicationsfortheseESTsanyway,figuringthatit'sbesttoprotecttheirturfnowandgospelunkingaroundinitlater.Inasciencethatprizesprecisionaboveallelse,thiscanbeanoddwaytodobusiness."Iwouldguessthatinmanycasesthescientistsdidn'tevenexamineallthematerial,"saysBruceLehman,commissionerofthePatentandTrademarkOffice.[G]Thoughdecipheringtheentirehumangeneticblueprintisstillafewyearsaway,scientistshavebegunlayingclaimtothestretchesofDNAwhosecodestheyhavesucceededincracking.InrecentyearsresearchershavefloodedtheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOfficewithapplicationsforthousandsofgenesandgenefragments—andtheyhavestirredalotofcontroversyintheprocess.

填空题Clattering keyboards may seem the white noise of the modern age, but they betray more information than unwary typists realize. Simply by analyzing audio recordings of keyboard clatter, computer scientists can now reconstruct an accurate transcript of what was typed--including passwords. (41) . Such snooping is possible because each key produces a characteristic dick, shaped by its position on the keyboard, the vigor and hand position of the typist, and the type of keyboard used. But past attempts to decipher keyboard sounds were only modestly successful, requiring a training session in which the computer matched a known transcript to an audio recording of each key being struck. (42) . Furthermore, each new typist or keyboard required a fresh transcript and training session, limiting the method's appeal to would-be hackers. Now, in a blow to acoustic security, Doug Tygar and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, have published details of an approach that reaches 96% accuracy, even without a labeled training transcript. (43) . The software tentatively assigns each click a letter based on its frequency, then tests the message created by this assignment using statistical models of the English language. For example, certain letters or words are more likely to occur together-if an unknown keystroke follows a "t", it is much more likely to be an "h" than an "x". Similarly, the words "for example" make likelier bedfellows than "fur example". In a final refinement, the researchers employed a method many students would do well to deploy on term papers., automated spellchecking. By repeatedly revising unlikely or incorrect letter assignments, Dr. Tygar's software extracts sense from sonic chaos. That said, the method does have one limitation: in order to apply the language model, at least five minutes of the recorded typing had to be in standard English (though in principle any systematic language or alphabet would work). But once those requirements are met, the program can decode anything from epic prose to randomized, ten-character passwords. (44) . He says it is quite simple to find the instructions needed to build a parabolic or laser microphone on the web. You could just point one from outside through an office window to make a recording. And as he points out, would-be eavesdroppers might not even need their own recording equipment, as laptop computers increasingly come equipped with built-in microphones that could be hijacked. (45) . His computers were less successful at parsing recordings made in noisy rooms. Ultimately, though, more sophisticated recording arrays could overcome even background noise, rendering any typed text vulnerable. Dr. Tygar therefore recommends that typed passwords be phased out, to be replaced with biometric checks or multiple types of authorization that combine a password with some form of silent verification (clicking on a pre-chosen picture in a selection of images, for example). Loose lips may still sink ships, but for the moment it seems that an indiscreet keystroke can do just as much damage.[A] This sort of acoustic analysis might sound like the exclusive province of spies and spooks, but according to Dr. Tygar, such attacks are not as esoteric as you might expect.[B] The sounds of typing can be decoded, which can be used to decode password, so if you are typing random, secure passwords.[C] The new approach employs methods developed for speech-recognition software to group together all the similar-sounding keystrokes in a recording, generating an alphabet of clicks.[D] To protect against these sonic incursions, Dr. Tygar suggests a simple remedy: turn up the radio.[E] The major advance here is that it no longer requires hours of training the model in order to create a usable mapping of key sounds to letters.[F] And in contrast to many types of computer espionage, the process is simple, requiring only a cheap microphone and a desktop computer.[G] Thus schooled, the software could still identify only 80% of the characters in a different transcript of the same typist on the same machine.

填空题A.Astheresearchershypothesized,participantswhowerefeelingblueweremorelikelytorespondtoandexpressapreferenceforfamiliarpatterns,whereasmorecheerfulparticipantsdisplayednopreferenceforfamiliaroverpreviouslyunseenpatterns.Thatis,happyparticipantsstillappreciatedthefamiliar--insomeinstances,evenmorepassionatelythanthoseinabadmood--buttheirmoodalsoboostedpositivereactionstonewthings.Astheauthorsputit,ifdesireforthefamiliarcanbeexpressedasa"warmglowoffamiliarity,"thenperhapsgoodmoodcastsasimilarrayofsunshineonthenew,creatinga"warmglowofnovelty."B.Othertheoristshavesuggestedthatthevalueoffamiliarityismorerelativeandcontextual.Thatis,afamiliarfaceismoreappearinginsituationsofdangerordisorientation--runningintoahometownneighborwhilewanderingaroundanunknowncitymightevokea"warmglow,"whilebumpingintothatsamepersoninlineatthedelicounterbackhomeislesslikelytoelicitsuchpositiveemotions.C.Whenyou'reinabadmood,thecomfortofyourhome,pajamasandcouchisoftenmostappealing.Yet,whenyou'refeelingabitsunnier,youmightbemorelikelytoventureoutandexploretheworldaroundyou.NewresearchpublishedinthejournalPsychologicalScienceshedslightonwhatisitaboutfeelingirritablethatmightmakeuslesslikelytotrynewthings,whileagoodmoodbringsoutoursenseofadventure.D.Previousresearchhasfoundthatexposuretothefamiliar--surroundings,objects,faces--isassociatedwithhappiness,withresearchersassumingthatthisrelationshipisasaresultofeitherconditioningthroughrepeatedexposureortheideathatwehaveatendencytowardkoinophilia,(thepreferenceforthefamiliar)becauseitcanhelpusdistinguishgoodpotentialmates,thenotionthat"familiarityisintrinsicallyrewardingbecauseitisconnectedwitheasy,efficientandconflict-freeprocessing".E.Totestthattheory,researchersconductedanexperimentinwhichparticipantsviewedaseriesofrandomdotpatterns.Inthefirstroundtheyviewedseveralpatterns;inthesecond,theyagainsawseveralpatterns--includingamixtureofthoseviewedduringthefirstroundandnew,previouslyunseendesigns.Inoneexperiment,priortoviewingthepatterns,studyparticipants--sixteenundergraduatesfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego--werefilledwitheithergoodorbadmoodbybeingaskedtorecallahappyorsadpersonalexperience.Then,astheyviewedthepatterns,theirresponsesweremeasuredusingbothfacialelectromyography,whichbasicallytracksfacialresponseintermsofsmilesandfrowns,andskinconductanceresponse(SCR),whichmeasures"sympatheticarousal."Participantsalsoreportedhowtheyfelt.F.Inkeepingwiththis,previousstudyhasrepeatedlyfoundthatnewbornsaremorelikelytoshowsignsofneophobia(thefearofnewthings)inunknownorperceivedunsafeenvironments,comparedwithsafe,comfortablesettings.Inkeepingwiththat,previousstudyhasalsofoundthatbadmoodisoftenaresponsetoperceiveddangerordiscomfort,whilegoodmoodindicatesthat"anenvironmentisniceandfriendly."Itstandstoreasonthen,thestudyauthorsargue,thatthecausalrelationshipshouldgobothways.Thatis,ontheonehand,moodcanbearesponsetoenvironment,butontheother,moodcanalsochangethewayweperceivetheworldaroundus.G.Whilemanystudiesshowthatpeoplebecomemorewillingtotrynovelethnicfoodsastheygetolder,peopleseemtobecomemorereluctanttoeattheotherkindsofnovelfoodsastheygetolder.Giventhesedifferences,itmightbeexpectedthatdifferentkindsofnovelfoodsmightbedifferentiallysusceptibletotheeffectsofdifferentsituationalvariables;however,therearenodataavailable.

填空题If you think Japan's hard-drinking business culture is as dead as the Sony Betamax, think again. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}Not only are company-sponsored drinking marathons back, so too are subsidized dorms for single employees as well as corporate outings such as hot-spring retreats and annual visits to the company founder's ancestral grave. "We realized that workplace communication was becoming nonexistent," explains human-resources manager Shinji Matsuyama, whose company, Alps Electric, spent several million dollars last year to bring together about 3,000 workers for its first companywide undokai, or mini-Olympics, in 14 years. According to Matsuyama, the shared experience of playing dodge ball and skipping rope "helped unite people under a common goal." It's that sense of team spirit and togetherness that many Japanese corporations are trying to revive. A generation ago, college grads entered companies en masse, lived together, drank together, quite often married each other, and retired together. This close-knit corporate culture, which was virtually national labor policy, was widely credited for Japan's rapid economic rise. But it all ended when the country went into economic recession in the 1990s. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}"The Japanese equated globalism with not just the American way of business, but with rejecting their past," says Jun Ishida, CEO of Tokyo-based business consultancy Will PM. "No more drinking sessions, no more company events. Suddenly it was about the individual out for himself and only himself." But as the economy rebounded in the past several years, many executives began to wonder if they had gone too far. Trying to rebuild company loyalty and decrease turnover, major companies including Canon, Kintetsu and Fujitsu have in recent years altered or scrapped their performance-based pay and restored seniority as a determinant of salaries. Meanwhile, trading house Mitsui last year reopened five dorms for single employees-a program that costs the company nearly ＄1 million a year. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}Despite the cramped conditions and shared bathrooms, 24-year-old Miki Masegi moved from her parents' house in central Tokyo to live with 105 female co-workers. Though her commuting time doubled, she says the move was worth it. "It really helps to have people around that you can talk to about your problems," Masegi says. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}One worker revealed how 9/11 changed his career outlook; another talked about how she drew strength from a gay classmate who came out in college. Company president Shrgeru Ota says the presentations are designed to "create a new type of family company by sharing life history.., delight, anger, sorrow and pleasure." Despite such experiments, Japanese companies may find it hard to restore the glory days of Japan Inc. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}Indeed, during Noboru Koyama's Saturday-night drinking session, employee Eri Shimoda confides that his co-workers "feel like family." Yet most of those who attended the party also say that, warm and fuzzy sentiment aside, they plan to leave the cleaning company within a few years. "Work is just work," says one of them. No amount of free sake, it seems, can convince today's young salarymen that their loyalty can be purchased on the company tab. A. Introducing dog-eat-dog values into corporate cultures that continue to prize the organization over the individual generated worker dissatisfaction. B. Companies are trying to foster friendship and loyalty in other ways as well. Every new employee of Tokyo p.r. firm Bilcom, for example, must spend a weekend making a three-minute digital slide show sharing their most moving personal experiences. C. After more than a decade of frugality (not to mention restraint) during Japan's lengthy economic recession, many Japanese companies are thriving today-and they're reviving some of the business customs that were hallmarks of Japan Inc. during the booming 1980s. D. That's because today, one in three Japanese works part-time; younger employees in particular tend to value mobility over the security of lifetime employment. E. However, unlike the elder generation, workers today are very dissatisfied with companies' efforts to restore loyalty and friendship. F. Threatened by cheap labor and more efficient business models, Japanese companies began adopting American management concepts such as merit-based pay and competition among employees. G. Employees have responded enthusiastically.

填空题"Avoid the rush-hour" must be the slogan of large cities the world over. If it is, it's a slogan no one takes the least notice of. Twice a day, with predictable regularity, the pot boils over. Wherever you look, it's people, people, people. The trains which leave or arrive every few minutes are packed: an endless procession of human sardine tins. The streets are so crowed; there is hardly room to move on the pavements. The queues for buses reach staggering proportions. It takes ages for a bus to get to you because the traffic on the roads has virtually come to a standstill. Even when a bus does at last arrive, it's so full, it can't take any more passengers. This whole crazy system of commuting stretches man's resources to the utmost. The smallest unforeseen event can bring about conditions of utter chaos. A power-cut, for instance, an exceptionally heavy snowfall or a minor derailment must always make city-dwellers realize how precarious the balance is. (41)__________ (42)__________They impose their own living conditions on the people who inhabit them. City dwellers are obliged by their environment to adopt a wholly unnatural way of life. They lose touch with the land and rhythm of nature. It is possible to live such ah air-conditioned existence in a large city that you are barely conscious of the seasons. A few flowers in a public park (if you have the time to visit it) may remind you that it is spring or summer. A few leaves clinging to the pavement may remind you that it is autumn. Beyond that, what is going on in nature seems totally irrelevant. All the simple, good things of life like sunshine and fresh air are at a premium. Tall buildings blot out the sun. Traffic fumes pollute the atmosphere. Even the distinction between day and night is lost. The flow of traffic goes on unceasingly and the noise never stops. (43)__________The demand for accommodation is so great that it is often impossible for ordinary people to buy a house of their own. Exorbitant rents must be paid for tiny flats which even country hens would disdain to live in. (44)__________ (45)__________The crime rate in most cities is very high. Houses are burgles with alarming frequency. Cities breed crime and violence and are full of places you would be afraid to visit at night. If you think about it, they're not really fit to live in at all. Can anyone really doubt that the country is what man was born for and where he truly belongs.[A] However, people never doubt that they actually belong to the country.[B] The extraordinary thing is not that people put up with these conditions, but that they actually choose them in preference to anything else.[C] Accommodation apart, the cost of living is very high. Just about everything you buy is likely to be more expensive than it would be in the country.[D] In addition to all this, city-dwellers live under constant threat.[E] The prime difference lies in people's attitude towards life.[F] Large modern cities are too big to control.[G] The funny thing about it all is that you pay dearly for the "privilege" of living in a city.

填空题Attire, body language and manners count during interviews. After all, interviewers are regular people like the rest of us, easily impressed by good behavior and just as easily offended by inappropriate behavior. Yet, surveys show that job candidates' interview manners and other professionalisms are on the decline. On the next pages are tips for acting professionally before, during and after interviews, to avoid offending interviewers and increase your chances of landing a job. (For more interview tips and other job-searching help, click on the links in the sidebar, under Related Resources. ) These interview tips are based on good manners in the United States. Good manners are appreciated everywhere, but what constitutes then, may differ among other countries.41. Do your homework: Research the company and study the job description before you interview, as your inter viewer will likely ask what you know about the company and why you want the job. ( )42. Get your personal papers ready: Collect and neatly arrange your important papers and work samples in a nice briefcase or portfolio. ( )Dress appropriately: Practice good hygiene, comb or brush your hair, and dress appropriately. Even if you know that the company dress is business-casual, dress up anyway. It shows professionalism and respect, and most importantly, that you know how to dress for interviews.43. Be punctual: Unless otherwise instructed (e. g. , to fill out a job application), arrive five to ten minutes early for the interview; ( )Sit with good pasture: If you don't know what to do with your hands, keep them folded in your lap. This is another indication of good manners. Avoid crossing your arms over your chesty as it subliminally demonstrates a closed mind to some.44. Read the mood: ( )45. Maintain eye contact: Maintain eye contact with the interviewer. ( ) It's okay to ask questions to better answer the questions the interviewer asks you. But withhold the bulk of your questions until the interviewer asks if you have any, which is typically toward the end of the interview. Avoid asking the frivolous just because interviewers expect you to have questions. Instead, ask about important matters, such as job duties, management style and the financial health of the company. It's not a good idea to ask questions about vacation, sick days, lunch breaks and so on, right off the bat. Ask about the lesser matters of importance during follow-up interviews. Typically, you'll negotiate salary, benefits, perks and such in a follow-up interview. Regardless, don't bring it up until asked, yet be ready to discuss it at anytime.A. This makes you look organized and professional. Remember to pack relevant documents such as extra resumes and reference lists, immigrant work-authorization papers, letters of recommendation, and information required on job applications. Bring at least one pen and pencil, and a notepad too.B. If the interviewer is formal, then you probably should be, too. If the interviewer is casual, then follow along while remaining courteous and professional. In either case, try to appear to be relaxed, but not too relaxed. It's not a good idea to put your feet up on the interviewer's desk!C. Avoid staring or you might make the interviewer uncomfortable, but don't look away too often either. To some, failure to maintain a comfortable level of eye contact indicates that you are lying, reaching for answers or lacking confidence.D. It also helps you to formulate questions about the company and job. Interviewers typically expect you to ask such questions.E. If it's possible without making a commotion, scoot your chair a little closer to the interviewer's desk or take the chair closet to the desk, like you're ready to dive right in. This shows interest and confidence. But don't invade the interviewer's personal space, a perimeter of about two feet by U. 8. standards.F. This shows that you are eager and punctual. If you're not at least five minutes early for an interview, you're five minutes late! But don't arrive more than ten minutes early, aa it might be inconvenient for your interviewers. Definitely don't be late!

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]IsthatwhattheAmericanviewingpublicisgetting?Perhaps10%ofprime-timenetworkprogrammingisahappycombinationofentertainmentandenrichment.Thereusedtobetelevisionmoviesrichinhumanvalues,buttheyhavenowbecomeanendangeredspecies.Ifindtelevisiontoomuchconcernedwithwhatpeoplehaveandtoolittleconcernedwithwhotheyare,veryconcernedwithtakingcareofNo.1andnotatallconcernedwithsharingthemselveswithotherpeople.Alltoooftenittellsusthehalftruthwewanttohearratherthanthewholetruthweneedtohear.[B]Whyistelevisionnotmorefullyrealizingitshumanizingpotential?Isthecreativecommunityatfault?Partially.Butnotprimarily.Ihavelivedandworkedinthatcommunityfor32years,asbothpriestandproducer.Asagroup,thesepeoplehavevalues.Infact,inHollywoodinrecentmonths,audienceenrichmenthasbecometheinthing.AcoalitionofmediacompanieshasendowedtheHumanitasPrizesothatitcanrecognizeandcelebratethosewhoaccomplishit.[C]Everygoodstorywillnotonlycaptivateitsviewersbutalsogivethemsomeinsightintowhatitmeanstobeahumanbeing.Bysodoing,itcanhelpthemgrowintothedeeplycentered,sovereignfree,joyouslylovinghumanbeingGodmadethemtobe.Meaning,freedomandlove--thesupremehumanvalues.AndthisisthekindofhumanenrichmenttheAmericanviewingpublichasarighttoexpectfromthosewhomakeitsentertainment.[D]TheproblemwithAmericanTVisnotthelackofstorytellersofconsciencebutthecommercialsystemwithinwhichtheyhavetooperate.TelevisionintheU.S.isabusiness.Inthepast,thebusinesssidehasbeenbalancedbyacommitmenttopublicservice.Butinrecentyearsthefragmentationofthemassaudience,hugeinterestpaymentsandskyrocketingproductioncostshavecombinedwiththeFCC'sabdicationofitsresponsibilitytoprotectthecommongoodtoproduceanalmosttotalpreoccupationwiththebottomline.Thenetworksarestrugglingtosurvive.Andthat,thestatisticsseemtoindicate,ismindless,heartless,escapistfare.Ifwearedissatisfiedwiththemoralcontentofwhatweareinvitedtowatch,Ithinkweshouldbeginbyexaminingourownconsciences.Whenwetunein,arewereadytoplungeintoreality;soastoextractitsmeaning,orarewehopingtoescapeintoasedatedworldofillusion?Andifchurchleaderswanttoelevatethequalityofthecountry'sentertainment,theyshouldforgetaboutboycotts,productioncodesandcensor-ship.Theyshouldworkateducatingtheirpeopleinmedialiteracyandatmobilizingthemtosupportqualityshowsinhugenumbers.[E]Itisnotaquestionofentertainmentorenrichment.Thesearecomplementaryconcernsandpresupposeeachother.Thestorythatentertainswithoutenrichingissuperficialandescapist.Thestorythatenricheswithoutentertainingissimplydull.Thestorythatdoesbothisadelight.[F]ThatistheonlysurewaytoimprovethemoralcontentofAmerica'sentertainment.[G]Despitequestionsofthemotivationbehindthem,theattacksbythePresidentandtheVicePresidentonthemoralcontentoftelevisionentertainmenthavefoundanechointhechambersoftheAmericansoul.Manywhorejectthemessengersstillacceptthemessage.TheydonotlikethemoraltoneofAmericanTV.Inoursocietyonlythehumanfamilysurpassestelevisioninitscapacitytocommunicatevalues,providerolemodels,formconsciencesandmotivatehumanbehavior.Feweducator,churchleadersorpoliticianspossessthemoralinfluenceofthosewhocreatethenation'sentertainment.Order: