填空题 A significant portion of industry and transportation burns fossil fuels, such as gasoline. When these fuels burn, chemicals and particulate matter are released into the atmosphere. Although a vast number of substances contribute to air pollution, the most common air pollutants contain carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. 41 __________. Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide transform into sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere and come back to Earth in precipitation. Acid rain has made numerous lakes so acidic that they no longer support fish populations. 42 __________. Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people worldwide lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. Water pollution may come from point sources or nonpoint sources. Point sources discharge pollutants from specific locations, such as factories, sewage treatment plants, and oil tankers. The technology exists to monitor and regulate point sources of pollution, although in some areas this occurs only sporadically. Pollution from nonpoint sources occurs when rainfall or snowmelt moves over and through the ground. 43 __________. With almost 80 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if those bodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. However, raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of tile oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted, threatening marine wildlife. 44 __________. Water that collects beneath the ground is called groundwater. Worldwide, groundwater is 40 times more abundant than fresh water in streams and lakes. In the United States, approximately half the drinking water comes from groundwater. Although groundwater is a renewable resource, reserves replenish relatively slowly. Presently, groundwater in the United States is withdrawn approximately 4 times faster than it is naturally replaced. 45 __________. A. Beaches around the world close regularly, often because the surrounding waters contain high levels of bacteria from sewage disposal. B. These chemicals interact with one another and with ultraviolet radiation in sunlight in dangerous ways. Smog, usually found in urban areas with large numbers of automobiles, forms when nitrogen oxides react with hydrocarbons in the air to produce aldehydes and ketones. Smog can cause serious health problems. C. Acid rain is also responsible for the decline of many forest ecosystems worldwide, including Germany's Black Forest and forests throughout the eastern United States. D. In addition to groundwater depletion, scientists worry about groundwater contamination, which arises from leaking underground storage tanks, poorly designed industrial waste ponds, and seepage from the deep-well injection of hazardous wastes into underground geologic formations. E. The Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground reservoir stretching under eight states of the Great Plains, is drawn down at rates exceeding 100 times the replacement rate. Agricultural practices depending on this source of water need to change within a generation in order to save this groundwater source. F. As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries away pollutants, such as pesticides and fertilizers, depositing the pollutants into lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters, and even underground sources of drinking water. Pollution arising from nonpoint sources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes. G. By some estimates, on average, 25 percent of usable groundwater is contaminated, and in some areas as much as 75 percent is contaminated.

填空题[A]Lookandlistenandthinkaboutwhattheotherpersonsays,howtheysayitandwhattheydo.BeawareofyourselfaswellIfyourecognizeapauseinthewrongplaceoraphrasingthatimpliesweaknessthenimmediatelylookforawaytocountertheimpressionproduced.Thegameisnotlostuntiltheencounterisover.Manyofthesesignalsdonotrequireadeepstudyofpsychology.Theyrequireawareness,somecommonsensetorecognizemeaningandareadinesstodosomethingaboutthesignalsthataresentandreceived.[B]Recognitionofbodylanguagealsohelpstounderstandourownfeelings.Ifwefeelirritatedbysomeone,coulditbebecausetheyareleaningbackintheirchair,withheadslightlytiltedback(lookingdowntheirnosesatus),perhapswithhandstogethermakingashapelikeachurchsteeple,orwithhandsbehindtheirhead?Wemaybothbestandingupandtheotherpersonisholdingtheirjacketlapels,wagglingtheirthumbsatus.Theseareallgesturesofsuperiorityandmightexplainourannoyance.Understandingthis,wemaybeabletohandleitbetter.[C]Ifwecaninterpretthisinvoluntarycommentarythenournegotiatingpositionwillbestronger.Wecouldrecognizealie,whetherourargumentswerebeingacceptedorwhethertheotherpartywasunreceptiveandadjustourbehaviouraccordingly.[D]Manystudiesclaimtoshowthatover50percentofthemessagesweconveyarethroughgesture,expressionandposture.Thisisinadditiontothemessagesconveyedthroughtoneofvoice.Whetheritbebangingthetablewithourfists,directinganangrystareorlookingpuzzled,itishardtodenytheimportanceofthissideofcommunication.Theastutedealerisalwaysalivetobodylanguagebutdon'tconcentratesomuchonitthatyoudon'tpayattentiontowhatisactuallysaid.[E]Signalsdon'tappearsinglybutinclustersofseveralthatreinforceeachother.Don'trelyuponjustonegesturethatmaybemisinterpretedbuttakethewiderevidenceavailable.Wefrequentlysaythingswedon'tmeanandmeanthingswedon'tsay.Howeasyitistoimplythingswedon'tmean!Interpretationofthe"sub-text"ofcommunicationisinaccurate.Don'trelyuponwhatyouthinkisgoingonunderthesurfacewithoutcheckingyouinterpretation.[F]Someexpressionsandgesturesareparticulartospecificcultures,whileothersarecommontotheentirehumanrace,suchassmilingorthebaredteethofanger.Asmilecanbefaked,itcanmaskangerandaggression.However,thewaywestandandwhatwedowithourhandsishardertocontrol.Thereisanotherlayerofbodysignals,ofgreatersubtlety,suchasthenarrowingofeyes,theshapeofthesmileandeventhecontractionofthepupilsoftheeye,whichmayalsobetraytherealfeelingsofthesmilingnegotiator.Mostofthosegesturesareuniversal.[G]Typically,someonewhoislyingwillavoidyoureyeandmaylookdownwards.Theymaytouchtheirfacesaroundthemouthandhavethepalmsoftheirhandshiddenfromyou.Theotherpartymayadoptatoneofvoiceofgreatsincerityandlookyousteadilyintheeyeinordertoreinforcethedeceptionoftheirwords.Ifyoulookawayfromthatgazeyoumayseesignalstheyareunabletocontrol,whichgivethegameaway.[H]Weallrecognizealotunconsciously,whichishowwegetafeelingthatsomeoneislyingorthattheyarebored.Inlying,people'sexpressions,posturesandgesturesconveycontrarymessagestotheirwordsandweintuitivelyrecognizethedisparity.Tonegotiatemoreeffectively,besensitivetothesesignals,whetherbypayingmoreattentiontoyourfeelingsorbyconsciouslyobservingandthinkingaboutthegesturesandexpressionswesee.Order:

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. This is the story of a sturdy-American symbol which has now spread throughout most of the world. The symbol is not the dollar. It is not even Coca-Cola. It is a simple pair of pants called blue jeans, and what the pants symbolize is what Alexis de Tocqueville called "a manly and legitimate passion for equality ..." (2) Blue jeans are favored equally by bureaucrats and cowboys; bankers and deadbeats; fashion designers and beer drinkers. They draw no distinctions and recognize no classes; they are merely American. (3) 41. __________. (4) This ubiquitous American symbol was the invention of a Bavaraian-born Jew. His name was Levi Strauss. (5) He was born in Bad Ocheim, Germany, in 1829, and during the European political turmoil of 1848 decided to take his chances in New York, to which his two brothers already had emigrated. Upon arrival, Levi soon found that his two brothers had exaggerated their tales of an easy life in the land of the main chance. He found them pushing needles, thread, pots, pans, ribbons, yarn, scissors and buttons to housewives. (6) 42. __________. (7) It was the wrong kind of canvas for that purpose, but while talking with a miner down from the mother lode, he learned that pants-sturdy pants that would stand up to the rigors of the digging--were almost impossible to find. (8) Opportunity beckoned on the spot, Strauss measured the man's girth and inseam with a piece of string and, for six dollars in gold dust, had [the canvas] tailored into a pair of stiff but rugged pants. (9) 43. __________. (10) When Strauss ran out of canvas, he Wrote his two brothers to send more. He received instead a tough, brown cotton cloth made in Nimes, France. (11) Almost from the first, Strauss had his cloth dyed the distinctive indigo that gave blue jeans their name, but it was not until the 1870s that he added the copper rivets which have long since become a company trademark. (12) 44. __________. (13) For three decades thereafter the business remained profitable though small, with sales largely confined to the working people of the West-cowboys, lumberjacks, railroad workers, and the like. (14) Levi's jeans were first introduced to the East, apparently, during the dude-ranch craze of the 1930s, when vacationing Easterners returned and spread the word about the wonderful pants with rivets. (15) 45. __________. (16) The pants have become a tradition, and along the way have acquired a history of their own so much so that the company has opened a museum in San Francisco. For example, there is the particularly terrifying story of the careless construction worker who dangled fifty two stories above the street until rescued, his sole support the Levi's belt loop through which his rope was hooked. [A] The miner was delighted with the result, word got around about "those pants of Levi's", and Strauss was in business. The company has been in business very since. [B] As a kind of joke, Davis took the pants to a blacksmith and had the pockets riveted; once again, the idea worked so well that word got around; in 1873 Strauss appropriated and patented the gimmick--and hired Davis as a regional manager. [C] By this time, Strauss had taken both his brothers and two brothers-in-law into the company and was ready for his third San Francisco store. Over the ensuing years the company prospered locally, and by the time of his death in 1902, Strauss had become a man of prominence in California. [D] For two years he was a lowly peddler, hauling some 180 pounds of sundries door-to-door to eke out a marginal living. When a married sister in San Francisco offered to pay his way West in 1850, he jumped at the opportunity, taking with him bolts of canvas he hoped to sell for tenting. [E] Another boost came in World War Ⅱ, when blue jeans were declared an essential commodity and were sold 0nly to people engaged in defense work. From a company with fifteen salespeople, two plants, and almost no business east of the Mississippi in 1946, the organization grew in thirty years to include a sales force of more than twenty-two thousand, with plants and offices in thirty-five countries. [F] They adapt themselves to any sort of idiosyncratic use; women slit them at the inseams and convert them into long skirts, men chop them off above the knees and turn them into something to be worn while challenging the surf. Decorations and ornamentations abound. [G] Yet they are sought after almost everywhere in the world-including Russia, where authorities recently broke up a teen-aged gang that was selling them on the black market for two hundred dollars a pair.

填空题Today there is widespread agreement that multinational corporations will have an important effect on international relations and world economy. But there is little agreement on exactly what that effect will be. There are two groups of those who see them as benevolent and those who see them as evil. Among those who see multinational corporations as benevolent, many emphasize their importance in helping reduce the gap between rich countries and poor ones. These business giants are referred to as "engines of development", because it is claimed that they do more to improve the economic life in less developed countries than all governmental foreign aid programs have ever done. By setting up factories abroad, they provide jobs; by equipping these factories with the latest machines and equipment, they make available the most modern technology. (41) . Multinational corporations today do not need their countries to provide military force to open foreign countries to their investment, products and sales. In fact, they do better on their own. It may have been necessary in the mid-nineteen century for Admiral Perry to threaten the Japanese with naval bombardment if they did not allow western countries to trade with them. Such threats would make no sense today. (42) . The decision of the Nixon administration to improve relations with China was more profitable to them. The leaders of multinational corporations see patriotism as old-fashioned, the nation-state obsolete, and war in pursuit of national glory downright foolish. They believe that the multinational corporation is "a modern concept evolved to meet the requirements of modern age", while the nation-state is "still rooted in archaic concepts unsympathetic to the need of our complex world". (43) "I think," an official of General Electric once said, "getting General Electric into China and the Soviet Union is the biggest thing we can do for world peace." These proponents of the multinational corporations come by and large from the business world. There are however, many critics among academic students of multinational corporations who regard them as a sinister force. They have produced detailed studies to prove that the benefits of multinational corporations are mostly illusory. To the claim that multinational corporations provide jobs, they point out that this is at the cost of jobs in other countries. To the claim that multinational corporations transfer technology, they reply: a) often the equipment shipped overseas is out of date: b) their technology is often unsuitable for many of the less developed countries where labor is plentiful and therefore cheap. (44) . Therefore, they maintain that instead of being the "engines of development", the multinational corporations are actually "engines of impoverishment". These critics do not deny that consumption of the products of these corporations has risen in countries around the world. (45) . Therefore, although these corporations may breakdown national frontiers they strengthen class distinctions, widening the gap between the rich and the poor, creating greater social injustice and instability. A. The long, expensive American war in Viet Nam did not bring new opportunities in Southeast Asia for the multinational corporations. B. The fact that both American teenagers and Mexican peasants are drinking Coca Cola does not mean that the life of the Mexican peasants is getting better due to the multinational corporations. C. They therefore characterize themselves as hard-headed people who are helping to bring about a more co-operative system or world order by breaking down national, geographical, political, economic and ideological barriers. D. One study actually showed that multinational corporations do not invest capital from wealthy countries, but prefer to finance their operations from the local economy. In other words, they are simply transferring wealth from poorer countries to richer ones. E. According to these critics, states will soon realize that they have lost their control over issues such as taxation, employment and even the stability of their own currency. F. But they point out that this so-called "Global Shopping Center" is available only to a very small portion of the local population. G. Because goods are now produced within the less developed countries, there is less need for them to import from abroad, and their balance of payments will improve.

填空题[A] The Need for Science [B] The Methods of Science [C] The Challenge of Unsolved Problems [D] The Specific Features of the Laws of Science [E] The Steps in Establishing a Scientific Theory [F] The Rapid Increase of Scientific Knowledge It is the business of the scientist to accumulate knowledge about the universe and all that is in it, and to find, if he is able, common factors which underlie and account for the facts that he knows. He chooses, when he can, the method of the "controlled experiment". 41. ______ In the course of his inquiries the scientist may find what he thinks is one common explanation for an increasing number of facts. The explanation, if it seems consistently to fit the various facts, is called a hypothesis. If a hypothesis continues to stand the test of numerous experiments and remains unshaken, it becomes a law. 42. ______ The "laws" of science differ from the "laws" of a country in two ways. First, a scientific law is liable at any time to need modifying. This happens when a fact is discovered which seems to contradict what the "law" would lead one to expect. The "law" may, in fact, have to be abandoned altogether. Second, a scientific "law" says, "This is likely to be the explanation", or "This accounts for the facts as far as we know them". But the "law" of the country says, "You must... " or "You must not... " The scientific "law" has no moral force; it is not binding on human behavior nor approved or opposed by human conscience. 43. ______ The evidence as to the vastness of the universe and the complexity of its arrangements continues to grow at an amazing rate. The gap between what we know and all that can he known seems not to diminish, but rather to increase with every new discovery. Fresh unexplored regions are forever opening out. The rapidity of the growth of scientific knowledge, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, is apt to give students and teachers the impression that no sooner is a problem stated than the answer is forthcoming. A more detailed study of the history of science corrects the impression that fundamental discoveries are made with dramatic suddenness. Even in our present age no less than fifty years separate the discovery of radioactivity from the explosion of the first atomic bomb. The teacher, giving his brief accounts of scientific discovery, is apt to forget the long periods of misunderstanding, of false hypotheses and general uncertainty, which almost invariably precede the clear statement of scientific truth. 44. ______ The vast mass of information which scientists have gained has provided the answer to the fundamental questions which, through the centuries, have puzzled and sometimes tortured the human mind. There are many such questions. The study of parasites has provided evidence that organisms which could be self-supporting have become parasites, but hardly any light has been shed on the problem of why they should have done so. What enables an organism to respond to the poisonous secretions of harmful bacteria and organize its resources to defend its life? 45. ______ To raise the standard of living in any country, two things are required, scientific knowledge, and a population sufficiently educated to understand how to apply it. Without the latter, the expected benefits will not come.