Suppose your friend Mike"s father passed away yesterday. Mike is in deep sorrow. Write him an email to 1) comfort him, and 2) express condolence. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

Universities are in a seemingly self-contradictory position. As Stefan Collini points out in his book, these ancient【C1】______have never been so numerous or so important They receive more public money than they ever did. They are praised as the【C2】______of economic growth and technological advance.【C3】______they are frequently defensive and troubled, attacked by politicians and【C4】______a clear sense of purpose and direction. Mr Collini, professor of the University of Cambridge, is eager to rebuild their【C5】______. Universities, he says, "【C6】______a home for attempts to extend and deepen human understanding in ways which are,【C7】______, disciplined and free." It is the side-effects of this activity that public debate has seized【C8】______: the impact on the student's capacity for understanding, or on a country's development of new technologies.【C9】______these are not the core purpose of a university. In making his case, Mr Collini rejects the definition of Clark Kerr, the president of the University of California, who【C10】______a university as "a series of individual faculty entrepreneurs held together by a common resentment over parking".【C11】______he goes back to Cardinal Newman. Newman has a way with words: "A university training is the great ordinary means to a great but ordinary end; it aims at raising the intellectual tone of society... It is the education which gives a man a clear,【C12】______view of his own【C13】______and judgments, a truth in developing them, an eloquence in【C14】______them and a force in urging them." Mr Collini is moved by Newman's insistence that a liberal education is not about what students learn or what skills they【C15】______but "the perspective they have on the place of their knowledge in a wider【C16】______of human understanding". Universities will always feel the【C17】______between the intellectual purity that Mr Collini demands and the【C18】______business of picking and preparing the future middle class.【C19】______these two roles is the mark of a great university. Indeed, the stress created by these【C20】______roles is what helps even the most ordinary academic retain some independence of thought and intellectual energy.

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Some historians say that the most important contribution of Dwight Eisenhower's presidency (总统任期) in the 1950s was the U. S. interstate highway system. It was a【C1】______ project, easily surpassing the scale of such previous human【C2】______ as the Panama Canal. Eisenhower's interstate highways【C3】______ the nation together in new ways and【C4】______ major economic growth by making commerce less【C5】______ Today, an information superhighway has been built—an electronic network that【C6】______ libraries, corporations, government agencies and【C7】______ . This electronic superhighway is called the Internet,【C8】______ it is the backbone (主干) of the World Wide Web. The Internet had its【C9】______ in a 1969 U. S. Defense Department computer network called ARPAnet, which【C10】______ Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The Pentagon built the network for military contractors and universities doing military research to【C11】______ information. In 1983 the National Science Foundation (NSF) ,【C12】______ mission is to promote science, took over. This new NSF network【C13】______ more and more institutional users, many of【C14】______ had their own internal networks. For example, most universities that【C15】______ the NSF network had intra-campus computer networks. The NSF network【C16】______ became a connector for thousands of other networks.【C17】______ a backbone system that interconnects networks, Internet was a name that fit. So we can see that the Internet is the wired infrastructure (基础设施) on which web【C18】______ move. It began as a military communication system, which expanded into a government-funded【C19】______ research network. Today, the Internet is a user-financed system tying institutions of many sorts together【C20】______ an " information superhighway".

[A] What to do as a student[B] Various definitions of plagiarism[C] Ideas should always be sourced[D] Ignorance can be forgiven[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft[F] The consequences of plagiarism[G] Acknowledgement should substitute plagiarism Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person's ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism (抄袭) is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one's ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is "the wrongful appropriation(盗用) or purloining (偷窃) , and publication as one's own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another. " 【R1】______ The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion (开除) from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources. 【R2】______ Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars' ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire(可怕的) consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students' inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention. 【R3】______ Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer's inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt(被免除……的) from being severely punished. 【R4】______Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although "there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them," the writer cannot plead (为……辩护) ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged. 【R5】______ The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention. The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.

BSection III Writing/B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

Suppose you are a professor, and your student Gloria has applied for a part-time job. Write her a recommendation to 1) introduce her, and 2) recommend her. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Professor Li" instead. Do not write your address.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

The more parents talk to their children, the faster those children"s vocabularies grow and the better their intelligence develops. That might seem blindingly obvious, but it took until 1995 for science to show just how early in life the difference begins to matter. In that year Betty Hart and Todd Risley of the University of Kansas published the results of a decade-long study in which they had looked at how, and how much, 42 families in Kansas City conversed at home. Dr Hart and Dr Risley found a close correlation between the number of words a child"s parents had spoken to him by the time he was three and his academic success at the age of nine. At three, children born into professional families had heard 30m more words than those from a poorer background. This observation has profound implications for policies about babies and their parents. It suggests that sending children to "pre-school"(nurseries or kindergartens)at the age of four—a favoured step among policymakers—comes too late to compensate for educational shortcomings at home. Happily, understanding of how children"s vocabularies develop is growing, as several presentations at this year"s meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS)showed. One of the most striking revelations came from Anne Fernald of Stanford University, who has found that the disparity starts at the tender age of 18 months, when most toddlers speak only a dozen words, those from disadvantaged families are several months behind other, more favoured children. Indeed, Dr Fernald thinks the differentiation starts at birth. She measures how quickly toddlers process language by sitting them on their mothers" laps and showing them two images; a dog and a ball, say. A recorded voice tells the toddler to look at the ball while a camera records his reaction. This lets Dr Fernald note the moment the child"s gaze begins shifting towards the correct image. At 18 months, toddlers from better-off backgrounds can identify the correct object in 750 milliseconds—200 milliseconds faster than those from poorer families. This, says Dr Fernald, is a huge difference.

Suppose there was a terrible earthquake in Taiwan last week and people there suffered a lot. Write a letter to your schoolmates to 1) tell them the bad news, and 2) appeal them to donate money to the disaster-stricken area. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "The Student Union" instead. Do not write your address.

Imagine a world in which we are assigned a number that indicates how influential we are. This number would help determine【C1】______you receive a job, a hotel-room upgrade or free samples at the supermarket. If your influence score is【C2】______, you don"t get the promotion, the suite or the cookies without charge. This is not science fiction. It"s happening to millions of social network users. If you have a Facebook, Twitter or LinkedIn account, you are already being【C3】______—or will be soon. Companies【C4】______names like Klout, Peerlndex and Twitter Grader are in the【C5】______of scoring millions, eventually billions, of people on their【C6】______of influence. Yet the companies are not simply looking at the number of【C7】______or friends you"ve gathered.【C8】______, they are beginning to measure influence in more【C9】______ways, and posting their judgments—in the form of a score— online. To some, it"s an inspiring tool—one that"s【C10】______the democratization of influence. No longer must you be a public【C11】______, a politician or a media personality to be【C12】______influential. Social scoring can also help build a personal brand. To critics, social scoring is a brave new technoworld, where your rating could help【C13】______how well you are treated by everyone with whom you【C14】______. Influence scores typically range from 1 to 100. On Klout, the dominant player in this space, the average score is in the high teens. A score in the 40s【C15】______a strong following. A 100, on the other hand, means you"re Justin Bieber. On Peerlndex, the average score is 19. A(n)【C16】______100, the company says, is "god-like." Companies are still improving their methodologies—examining through data and【C17】______other networking sites. Industry professionals say it"s important to focus your digital presence on one or two areas of interest. Don"t be a generalist. Most importantly: be passionate, knowledgeable and trustworthy. 【C18】______, scoring is subjective and, for now, imperfect: most analytics companies rely heavily on a user"s Twitter and Facebook【C19】______, leaving out other online activities, like blogging or posting YouTube videos.【C20】______influence in the offline world—it doesn"t count.

Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2014. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States—we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy. The United States does have one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much as 12 weeks' unpaid leave for care of a newborn or dealing with a family medical problem. Despite the modesty of the benefit, the Chamber of Commerce and other business groups fought it bitterly, describing it as " government-run personnel management" and a "dangerous precedent". In fact, every step of the way, as (usually) Democratic leaders have tried to introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed. As Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues, justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that, in some sense, society must pay for. In her book No Exit; What Parents Owe Their Children and What Society Owes Parents, she argues that parents are burdened in many ways in their lives; there is "no exit" when it comes to children. "Society expects—and needs—parents to provide their children with continuity of care, meaning the intensive, intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual, emotional and moral capabilities. And society expects—and needs— parents to persist in their roles for 18 years, or longer if needed." While most parents do this out of love, there are public penalties for not providing care. What parents do, in other words, is of deep concern to the state, for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society. The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children' welfare, yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes. To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting; really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue (不断积累) to the whole of society as today's children become tomorrow's productive citizenry(公民). In fact, by some estimates, the value of parental investments in children, investments of time and money (including lost wages) , is equal to 20-30% of gross domestic product. If these investments generate huge social benefits—as they clearly do—the benefits of providing more social support for the family should be that much clearer.

As I type these lines, my daughter, Harriet, who is 14, is on her iPhone skipping among no fewer than eight social media sites. My son, Penn, who is 15, will be asleep for hours yet. He was 【C1】______ all night with a friend playing two video games, in a jag fueled by his favorite foodlike【C2】______ . I like that my kids are comfortable and alert in the wired world. But increasingly I am【C3】______ for them. It' s more【C4】______ every day that screens have gradually stolen them from themselves. My wife, Cree, and I have【C5】______ them to drift quite distantly into the online world, and we fear our casualness has been a 【C6】______. Each summer Cree and I resolve to【C7】______ things back. This is【C8】______ we draft rules for a new school year, strictures like: no laptops in bedrooms during the week; homework before screen time; no electronics after 10 p.m.. These rules invariably begin to【C9】______ by Day 3. By Day 4, there is pleading, and the discreet slamming of doors. By Day 8, no one is sure what the【C10】______ are anymore. We're back where we started, and plump with fear. This year it【C11】______ to me we needed help. So I sat down with a new book that【C12】______ assistance, and understanding. It is The Big Disconnect: Protecting Childhood and Family Relationships in the Digital Age, whose primary【C13】______, Catherine Steiner-Adair, is a clinical psychologist who teaches at Harvard Medical School. Her book is【C14】______ on thousands of interviews, and it can be eloquent about the need to ration our children's computer time. Here the author has pinned me. I like to think I' m a good father, perhaps even casually【C15】______ in my better moments, 【C16】______ there is zero doubt that, without my iPhone in my palm, I feel I lose something since I'm fairly【C17】______.I must change my life a bit. Cree and I are still hammering out our kids' computer rules. We are trying to【C18】______ in mind that we're not our kids' best friends; we're their【C19】______. And we are【C20】______ if there's an app for fortitude.

If you watched a certain swimmer's Rio Games debut on Sunday night, when he propelled the United States 4×100-meter relay team to a gold medal, you know the answer: Michael Phelps. While it may look like the athletes have been in a bar fight, the purple dots actually are signs of "cupping," an ancient Chinese healing practice that is experiencing an Olympic moment. In cupping, practitioners of the healing technique—or sometimes the athletes themselves— place specialized cups on the skin. Then they use either heat or an air pump to create suction between the cup and the skin, pulling the skin slightly up and away from the underlying muscles. The suction typically lasts for only a few minutes, but it's enough time to cause the capillaries just beneath the surface to rupture, creating the circular, eye-catching bruises that have been so visible on Phelps as well as members of the United States men's gymnastics team. Physiologically, cupping is thought to draw blood to the affected area, reducing soreness and speeding healing of overworked muscles. Athletes who use it swear by it, saying it keeps them injury free and speeds recovery. Phelps posted an Instagram photo showing himself stretched on a table as his Olympic swimming teammate Allison Schmitt placed several cups along the back of his thighs. "Thanks for my cupping today!" he wrote. While there's no question that many athletes, coaches and trainers believe in the treatment, there's not much science to determine whether cupping offers a real physiological benefit or whether the athletes simply are enjoying a placebo effect. "A placebo effect is present in all treatments, and I am sure that it is substantial in the case of cupping as well," said Leonid Kalichman, a senior lecturer at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel. "A patient can feel the treatment and has marks after it, and this can contribute to a placebo effect." One 2012 study of 61 people with chronic neck pain compared cupping to a technique called progressive muscle relaxation, or PMR, during which a patient deliberately tenses his muscles and then focuses on relaxing them. About half the patients used cupping while the other half used PMR. Both patient groups reported similar reductions in pain after 12 weeks of treatment. Notably, the patients who had used cupping scored higher on measurements of well-being and felt less pain when pressure was applied to the area. Even so, the researchers noted that more study is needed to determine the potential benefits of cupping.

BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B

Air pollution killed about seven million people last year, making it the world"s single biggest environmental health risk, the World Health Organisation (WHO) says. The【C1】______a doubling of previous estimates, means one in eight of all global deaths were linked to polluted air. This means air pollution has【C2】______poor diet, high blood pressure and tobacco smoke as the leading【C3】______of preventable death worldwide. It also shows how【C4】______pollution inside and outside of people"s homes could save millions of lives in future. Air pollution deaths are most【C5】______from heart disease, strokes or lung disease. It is also linked to deaths from lung cancer and【C6】______breathing infections. "The evidence【C7】______the need for concerted action to clean up the air we all breathe," said Maria Neira, an official from WHO. "The risks from air pollution are now far greater than previously thought or understood, particularly for heart disease and strokes." Poor and middle-income countries in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region had the largest number of air pollution-related deaths, with 3.3 million deaths linked to indoor air pollution and 2.6 million deaths to outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution is mostly caused by cooking【C8】______coal, wood stoves. The WHO estimates that around 2.9 billion people worldwide live in homes using wood or coal as their【C9】______cooking fuel. Outdoors, air is mainly polluted by transport, power generation, industrial and agricultural emissions and residential【C10】______and cooking. Research suggests outdoor air pollution【C11】______levels have risen significantly in some parts of the world, particularly in【C12】______countries with large populations【C13】______rapid industrialization. Carlos Dora, a WHO public health expert, called on governments and health【C14】______to act on the evidence and【C15】______policies to reduce air pollution, which【C16】______would improve health and reduce humans"【C17】______on climate change. "Excessive air pollution is often a by-product of unsustainable policies in【C18】______such as transport, energy, waste management and industry, " he said. "In most cases, healthier【C19】______will also be more economical in the long term due to healthcare cost savings as well as climate【C20】______."

Suppose there will be some basketball matches against Yale University on your campus. Write a poster to 1) inform all students of the matches in your university on behalf of the Student Union, and 2) encourage them to participate. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "The Student Union" instead.

The family is the center of most traditional Asians' lives. Many people worry about their families' welfare, reputation, and honor. Asian families are often【C1】______, including several generations related by【C2】______or marriage living in the same home. An Asian person's misdeeds are not blamed just on the individual but also on the family—including the dead【C3】______. Traditional Chinese, among many other Asians, respect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty【C4】______them. Children repay their parents'【C5】______by being successful and supporting them in old age. This is accepted as a【C6】______part of life in China.【C7】______, taking care of the aged parents is often viewed as a tremendous【C8】______in the United States, where aging and family support are not【C9】______highly.【C10】______, in the youth-oriented United States, growing old is seen as a bad thing and many old people do not receive respect. Pilipinos, the most Americanized of the Asians, are【C11】______extremely family-oriented. They are【C12】______to helping their children and will sacrifice greatly for their children to get an education.【C13】______, the children are devoted to their parents, who often live nearby. Grown children who leave the country for economic reasons【C14】______send large parts of their income home to their parents. The Vietnamese family【C15】______people currently【C16】______as well as the spirits of the dead and of the as-yet unborn. Any【C17】______or actions are done from family considerations, not individual desires. People's behavior is judged【C18】______whether it brings shame or pride to the family. The Vietnamese do not particularly believe in self-reliance; in this way, they are the【C19】______of people in the United States. Many Vietnamese think that their actions in this life will influence their【C20】______in the next life.