填空题(1) The maple smoke of autumn bonfires is incense to Canadians. Bestowing perfume for the nose, color for the eye, sweetness for the spring tongue, the sugar maple prompts this sharing of a favorite myth and original etymology of the word maple. (2) The maple looms large in Ojibwa folk tales. The time of year for sugaring-off is "in the Maple Moon." Among Ojibwa, the primordial female figure is Nokomis, a wise grandmother. (3) 41. ______________ (4) Knowing this was s pursuit to the death, Nokomis outsmarted the cold devils. She hid in a stand of maple trees, all red and orange and deep yellow. This maple grove grew beside a waterfall whose mist blurred the trees' outline. As they peered through the mist, slavering wendigos thought they saw a raging fire in which their prey was burning. (5) 42. ______________ (6) For their service in saving the earth mother's life, these maples were given a special gift: their water of life would be forever sweet, and Canadians would tap it for nourishment. (7) 43. ______________ (8) The contention that maple syrup is unique to North America is suspect, I believe. China has close to 10 species of maple, more than any country in the world. Canada has 10 native species. North America does happen to be home to the sugar maple, the species that produces the sweetest sap and the most abundant flow. (9) But are we to believe that in thousands of years of Chinese history, these inventive people never tapped a maple to taste its sap? I speculate that they did. (10) 44. ______________ (11) What is certain is the maple's holdfast on our national imagination. Is leaf was adopted as an emblem in New France as early as 1700, and in English Canada by the mid-19th century. In the fall of 1867, a Toronto schoolteacher named Alexander Muir was traipsing at street a the city, all squelchy underfoot from the soft felt of falling leaves, when a maple leaf alighted to his coat sleeve and stuck there. (12) The word "maple" is from "mapeltreow”, the Old English term for maple tree, with "mapl"--as its Proto-Germanic root, a compound in which the first "m" --is, I believe, the nearly worldwide "ma", one of the first human sounds, the pursing of a baby's lips as it prepares to suck milk from mother's breast. The "ma" root gives rise in many world languages to thousands of words like "mama", "mammary", "maia", and "Amazon." Here it would make "mapl-" mean "nourishing mother tree," that is, tree whose maple sap in nourishing. (13) 45. ______________[A] The second part of the compound, "apl-", is a variant of Indo-European able "fruit of any tree" and the origin of another English fruit word, apple. So the primitive analogy compares the liquid sap with another nourishing liquid, mother's milk.[B] In one tale about seasonal change, cannibal wendigos-creatures of evil-chased through the autumn countryside old Nokomis, who was a symbol for female fertility. Wendigos throve in icy cold. When they entered the bodies of humans, the human heart froze solid.[C] Here wendigos represent oncoming winter. They were hunting to kill and eat poor Nokomis, the warm embodiment of female fecundity who, like the summer, has grown old.[D] Could Proto-Americas who crossed the Bering land bridge to populate the Americas have brought with them a knowledge of maple syrup? Is there a very old Chinese phrase for maple syrup? Is maple syrup mentioned in Chinese literature? For a non-reader of Chinese, such questions are daunting but not impossible to answer.[E] Maple and its syrup flow sweetly into Canadian humor. Quebeckers have developed a special love for such a nutriment.[F] After it resisted several brushings-off, Muir joked to his walking companion that this would be "the maple leaf for ever!" At home that evening, he wrote a poem and set it to music, in celebration of Canada's Confederation. Muir's song, "The Maple Leaf Forever," was wildly popular and helped fasten the symbol firmly to Canada.[G] But it was only old Nokomis being hidden by the bright red leaves of her friends, the maples. And so, drooling ice and huffing frost, the wendigos left her and sought easier prey.

填空题[A]Manyofthepartnershipsactasvirtualpharmaceuticalcompanies,bringingtogetherexpertisefromfarafield.TheDrugsforNeglectedDiseasesinitiative,forexample,hasdrawntogetherbasicresearchfromacademicsinVenezuela,moleculesfromJapaneseandFrenchdrugmakers,clinicaltrialsinEthiopiaandmanufacturingbyBrazilianfirms.[B]However,itisnotjustpoorcountriesthataremissingout.Forexample,thereisanurgentneedfornewantibioticsinindustrialisedcountriesasdrag-resistantbacteriaemerge.Yetantibioticdevelopment—oncethecornerstoneofthedrugindustry—hasfallenoutoffavourwithBigPharmafirmsbecauseofscientifichurdlesandregulatoryrequirements.[C]Afewbigdrugmakers,suchasGSKandNovartis,whichinheritedaninterestintropicaldiseasefromtheirparentfirms,havechosentoinvestinatleastearly-stageR&Dinmalaria,tuberculosisanddengue,withaviewtopartneringlateron.Theyaremotivatedmainlybyphilanthropy,butalsowanttopolishtheirimageandhopetoselltotravellersandtoarisingmiddleclassindevelopingcountries.[D]Askabigdrug-companybosswhyheisinthebusinessofmakingpharmaceuticals,andhewillsayhewantsto"addressunmetmedicalneeds".Butnotallmedicalneedsareequallyattractive.Mostofthe7,500-plusmedicinescurrentlyindevelopmentbybiotechandpharmaceuticalcompaniesareforchronicdiseasesoftherichworld.Atthesametime.someofhumanity'snastiestafflictionsgetlittleattention.Tropicaldiseases,suchassleepingsicknessorleishmaniasis,areaturn-offfordrugmakersbecausetheystrikemainlyinpoorcountriesandofferlittlehopeofanattractivereturnoninvestment.Ofthe1.500orsodrugslaunchedoverthepast30years,fewerthan20dealspecificallywithtropicaldisease.[E]Thequestionishowtogettheproductsoutofthepipelineandtothepeoplewhoneedthem.DevelopmentcostscanbelowerthaninBigPharma,inpartbecauseclinicaltrialsfordiseasessuchasmalariacanbesmaller,fasterandthereforecheapertorunthanfor.say,Alzheimer'sdisease.Evenso.ChristopherHentschelheadoftheMedicinesforMalariaVenture.reckonsitwillcostatleast$100tobringjustodeofitsproductstomarket,somuchmoremoneyisneeded.[F]Onewayofgettingattentionforneglecteddiseasesisforpatientstotakeaction.Forexample,theALSTherapyDevelopmentFoundation.startedbyJamesHeywood,whosebrotherwasstruckdownbythisneurodegenerativedisease,isusingitsmodestbudgettotesthundredsofcompoundsinmiceandmenmthehopeoffindingatreatmentforALS.[G]Anotherrouteistolaunchpublic-privatepartnerships.Drugcompaniescontributemolecules,manpowerandmachinestonot-for-profitgroupsthatco-ordinateproductdevelopment,fundedmainlybyprivatesourcessuchastheGatesFoundation,withsomegovernmentmoney.Therearenowabout20suchpartnerships,focusedondevelopingnewdrugs,vaccinesordiagnosticsforparticulardiseasesofthedevelopingworldthatwillmakethemaccessibletopoorpopulations.Order:

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Question 41--45, choose the most suitable one the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be hopeless. Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient, the doctor, and nature in these situations. Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain, those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be. 41 ______. What role should the doctor have? Doctors, when taking the Hippocratic oath, swear to preserve life at all costs, and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath. It is their responsibilities to heal the sick, and in the cases when healing is not possible, then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable. Doctors are trained never to hasten death. 42. ______ Doctors are also, by virtue of their humanness, capable of making mistakes. Doctors could quite possibly say, for instance, that a cancer patient was terminal, and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious. There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs. 43. ______ These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted-suicide question. For instance, patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions. Pain clouds judgment, and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny. Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment, so they shouldn't be held completely responsible for decisions related to it. Doctors are also fallible, and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur. 44. ______ I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service. If someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery, and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine that seems merciful rather than criminal. If we can agree to this, then I think we could also agree that having a doctor close by measuring the dosage and advising the family and friends is a reasonable request. 45. ______ Life is indeed precious, but an inevitable part of life is death, and it should be precious, too. If life has become an intolerable pain and intense suffering, then it seems that in order to preserve dignity and beauty, one should have the right to end her or his suffering quietly, surely, and with family and friends nearby. [A] If one simply withholds treatment, it may take the patient longer to die, and so he may suffer more than he would if more direct action were taken and a lethal injection given. [B] The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature. Life is precious. Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another's life. Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die. To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws, but to break divine laws as well. [C] Since doctors are trained to prolong life, they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide. [D] There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies, for example, nature. Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces. [E] Without the doctor’s previous treatment, the person would surely be dead already. Doctors have intervened for months or even years, so why not sanction this final, merciful intervention? [F] There is no single, objectively correct answer for everyone as to when, if at all, one’s life becomes all things considered a burden and unwanted. If self-determination is a fundamental value, then the great variability among people on this question makes it especially important that individuals control the manner, circumstances, and timing of their death and dying. [G] Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime, and they should be dealt with accordingly.

填空题[A]ThegoldstandardcollapsedinthewakeofWorldWarI.Wartimefinancingwithunbackedpapercurrencyledtowidespreadinflation.Europeannationstriedtoresumethegoldstandardinthe1920s,butthegoldsupplywasinsufficientandinelastic.AferociousmonetarysqueezeandcompetitionacrosscountriesforlimitedgoldreservesfollowedandcontributedtotheGreatDepression.AfterWorldWarII,nationsadoptedthedollar-exchangestandard.TheU.S.dollarwasbackedbygoldat$35perounce,whiletherestoftheworld'scurrencieswerebackedbydollars.Theglobalmoneystockcouldexpandthroughdollarreserves.[B]Thisspecialroleofthedollarintheinternationalmonetarysystemhascontributedtotheglobalscaleofthecurrentcrisis,whichisrootedinacombinationofoverlyexpansionarymonetarypoliciesbytheFederalReserveandlaxfinancialregulations.Easymoneyfedanunprecedentedsurgeinbankcredits,firstintheU.S.andthenelsewhere,asinternationalbanksfundedthemselvesintheU.S.moneymarkets.Asbankloansflowedintoothereconomies,manyforeigncentralbanksintervenedtomaintaincurrencystabilitywiththedollar.ThesurgeintheU.S.moneysupplywasthusmatchedbyasurgeinthemoneysuppliesofcountrieslinkedtotheU.S.dollar.Theresultwasatemporaryworldwidecreditbubble,followedbyawaveofloandefaults,fallinghousingprices,bankinglossesandadramatictighteningofbanklending.[C]ThePeople'sBankofChinajoltedthefinancialworldinMarchwithaproposalforanewglobalmonetaryarrangement.TheproposalinitiallyattractedattentionmostlyforitssignalofChina'srisingglobaleconomicpower,butitscontentalsohasmuchtocommendit.[D]TheU.S.responsetotheChineseproposalwasrevealing.TreasurySecretaryTimothyGeithnerinitiallydescribedhimselfasopentoexploringtheidea;hiscandorquicklycausedthedollartoweakeninvalueIwhichitneedstodoforthegoodoftheU.S.economy.Thatweakening,however,ledGeithnertoreversehimselfwithinminutesbyunderscoringthattheU.S.dollarwouldremaintheworld'sreservecurrencyfortheforeseeablefuture.[E]Chinahasnowproposedthattheworldmovetoamoresymmetricalmonetarysystem,inwhichnationspegtheircurrenciestoarepresentativebasketofothersratherthantothedollaralone.The"specialdrawingrights"oftheInternationalMonetaryFundissuchabasketoffourcurrencies(thedollar,pound,yenandeuro),althoughtheChineserightlysuggestthatitshouldberebasedtoreflectabroaderrangeofthem,includingChina'syuan.U.S.monetarypolicywouldaccordinglyloseitsexcessiveglobalinfluenceovermoneysuppliesandcreditconditions.Onaverage,thedollarshoulddepreciateagainstAsiancurrenciestoencouragemoreU.S.netexportstoAsia.TheeuroshouldprobablystrengthenagainstthedollarbutweakenagainstAsiancurrencies.[F]Acenturyagoalmostalltheworld'scurrencieswerelinkedtogoldandmostoftheresttosilver.Currencieswerereadilyinterchangeable,goldanchoredexchangeratesandthephysicalSupplyofgoldstabilizedthemoneysupplyoverthelongterm.[G]Geithner'sfirstreactionwasright.TheChineseproposalrequiresstudybutseemsconsistentwiththelong-termshifttoamorebalancedworldeconomyinwhichtheU.S.playsamonetaryrolemorecoequalwithEuropeandAsia.Nochangeofglobalmonetarysystemwillhappenabruptly,butthechangesaheadarenotunderthesolecontroloftheU.S.WewillprobablymoveovertimetoaworldofgreatermonetarycooperationwithinAsia,arisingrolefortheChineseyuan,andgreatersymmetryinoverallworldmonetaryandfinancialrelations.[H]PresidentRichardNixondelinkedthedollarfromgoldin1971(tooffsettheU.S.'sexpansionarymonetarypoliciesintheVietnamera),andmajorcurrenciesbegantofloatagainstoneanotherinvalue.Butmostglobaltradeandfinancialtransactionsremaineddollar-denominated,asdidmostforeignexchangereservesheldbytheworld'scentralbanks.Theexchangeratesofmanycurrenciesalsoremainedtightlytiedtothedollar.

填空题Among the celebrated pantheon of Hollywood royalty, few are as well-respected and universally adored as Gregory Peck. For more than fifty years, he has been a major presence in the theater, on television, and most importantly, on the big screen. (41)________________________As General MacArthur, Melville's Captain Ahab, and Atticus Finch, he has presented audiences with compelling stories of strength and masculinity. Eldred Gregory Peck was born on April 5,1916, in La Jolla, California. By the time he was six, his parents had divorced. For a number of years he lived with his maternal grandmother, but at the age of ten was sent to St. John's Military Academy in Los Angeles. The four years he spent there were important in forming his sense of personal discipline. After the Academy, he returned to live with his father, a local pharmacist, and to attend public high school. (42)________________________ There, his abilities were almost immediately recognized. In 1942, Peck made his debut on Broadway with The Morning Star. Though many of his early plays were doomed to short runs, it seemed clear that Peck was destined for something bigger. In 1944 that "something bigger" arrived in the form of his first two Hollywood roles, as Vladimir in Days of Glory and Father Francis Chisholm in The Keys of the Kingdom. (43)________________________This early success provided him the rare opportunity of working with the best directors in Hollywood. Over the next three years he appeared in Alfred Hitchcock's Spellbound (1945), King Vidor's Duel in the Sun (1946), and Elia Kazan's Gentleman's Agreement (1947). Despite concerns over public acceptance of the last one, a meditation on American anti Semitism, it surprised many by winning an Oscar for Best Picture and a nomination for Best Actor. This success seemed not only a validation of Peck's abilities as an artist but of his moral convictions as well. (44)________________________Tough and caring, he was the quintessential mid-century American man—the good-looking romantic lead across from Audrey Hepburn as well as the rugged World War Ⅱ bomber commander. For many, the actor and the characters he portrayed were inseparable; the authority of his passionate yet firm demeanor was attractive to post-war Americans who longed for a more stable time. (45)________________________ While continuing to act on television and in Hollywood throughout the 1980sand 1990s, Peck has focused much of his energy on spending time with his wife, children, and grandchildren. For Peck, life as a father and as a public figure have been inseparable; he was simultaneously a major voice against the Vietnam war, while remaining a patriotic supporter of his son who was fighting there. If years of breathing life into characters such as Captain Keith Mallory and General MacArthur taught him anything, it was that life during wartime was profoundly complex; and rarely has there been a time free from war or struggle. In his more than fifty films, Peck has continually attempted to investigate these complex struggles, and in doing so has created a library of stories that shed light on human possibility and social reality. [A] Though an amiable and fun-loving man at home, Peck's stern presence made him one of the screen's great patriarchs. [B] For many, Peck is a symbol of the American man at his best—a pillar of moral courage and a constant defender of traditional values. [C] During the 1960s and 1970s, Peck continued to challenge himself as an actor, appearing in thrillers, war films, westerns and in his best known film, To Kill A Mockingbird (1962). Based on the book by Harper Lee, To Kill A Mockingbird addresses problems of racism and moral justice in personal and powerful ways. As Atticus Finch, a lawyer in a small Southern town, Peck created a character that remains a great example of an individual's struggle for humanity within deeply inhumane conditions. It seems clear however, that the reason for Peck's constant assertion that To Kill A Mockingbird is his best ( and favorite) film, was the film's attention to the lives of children and the importance of family. [D] Gregory Peck passed away on June 12th, 2003, at the age of 87. [E] While Days of Glory was coolly received, his role as the taciturn Scottish missionary in The Keys of the Kingdom was a resounding triumph and brought him his first Oscar nomination for Best Actor. [F] After graduating, Peck enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley. Greatly influenced by his father's desires for him to be a doctor, Peck began as a premed student. By the time he was a senior, however, he found his real interests to be in writing and acting. Peck soon realized that he had a natural gift as both an expressive actor and a storyteller. After graduating, in 1939, he changed his name from Eldred to Gregory and moved to New York.[G] At 85, Peck turned his attention back to where he got his start, the stage. He traveled the country visiting small play houses and colleges, speaking about his life and experiences as a father, a celebrity, and as an actor.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a text about Programs, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Though hardly as unwelcome as death or taxes, college entrance exams are just as inevitable and almost as dreaded by high school students. As the testing dates loom for juniors and seniors for the SAT (formerly called the Scholastic Assessment Test) and the American College Test, or ACT, most students are looking for an edge, any edge, in the competition. And as the number of homes with computers continues to rise, test publishers and software developers have been quick to recognize a growing niche. With the market for test preparation materials at all levels estimated at $540 million annually, they have jumped on the tech bandwagon to produce computerized tutorials that promise to boost scores. (41){{B}}"We believe that it's important for a student to be prepared to take the tests," notes Don Powers, a research scientist at the Educational Testing Service in Princeton, N. J. , the organization that administers the SAT for the College Board.{{/B}} "It's important to know how to take the test so that you won't get a score that's lower than you deserve." But, he adds, "none of the rigorous scientific evidence that we have seen supports these promises" to raise test scores. (42) {{B}}Several points, however, do weigh in favor of software as opposed to traditional test-preparation.{{/B}} Cost is a big one. (43) {{B}}Convenience is another, as the College Board points out in touting its new sofware.{{/B}}Afew points to remember when evaluating various test-prep software packages: (44) {{B}}The exams, though they may seem mystical to the test taker, are not magic and certainly not random.{{/B}} There is little variation in the strategies the programs use to boost test scores because there is little variation in how the test are developed. Largely, what differentiates one program from another is the computer interface, which can make the software more—or less—user-friendly, and such features as automated tracking of student progress. (45){{B}} A crash course with test prep software is never an alternative to careful, long-term preparation for taking the exams.{{/B}} Some students are better equipped to respond to the self-paced, self-motivated approach software offers than others, Powers notes. Although parents may be in the market for what they consider "serious" study aids, their children, who are the ones taking the tests, may appreciate the programs that offer a little humor. Finally, as programs frequently point out, the SAT and ACT, while important to college admissions officers, are only one element of a successful college application. [A] A test prep course with a live instructor can cost as much as $700. Test-prep software costs $30 to $80. [B] Most of the programs, in fact, emphasize the importance of "guessing strategies" and eliminating unlikely answers to improve scores. [C] Unlike many programs, this one can give you a quick, easy and comfortable way to achieve a high score. [D] "I would rather use the program than take a preparation course, because I could do this on my own time and in my own home," notes one student in the College Board materials. [E] Although at least one of the test programs asks you how long you have to prepare to take the examination in order to customize the learnign curve, all recommend spending a period of weeks, not hours, using the software. [F] But though many programs offer money-back guarantees, professional test writers tend to scoff at those claims.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. A. Physical Changes B. Low Self-Esteem C. Conflicts with parents D. Emerging Independence and Search for Identity E. Emotional Turbulence F. Interest in the Opposite Sex G. Peer Pressure and Conformity The transition to adulthood is difficult. Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence—typically between the ages of 9 and 13—and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them. Fears and anxieties can be put to rest by simply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs. The main issues that arise during adolescence are: {{U}} 1 {{/U}}______ A child's self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them, that they're not as good as other people, that they are failures, losers, ugly or unintelligent. {{U}} 2 {{/U}}______ Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great, it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed. In other cases, teens may act the opposite—loud and angry —in an effort to compensate for feelings of self-consciousness and inferiority. As alarming as these bodily changes can be, adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their peers. Late maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwrardness. {{U}} 3 {{/U}}______ Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence. Fears become more frightening, pleasures become more exciting, irritations become more distressing and frustrations become more intolerable. Every experience appears king-sized during adolescence. Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may become seriously depressed and/or engage in self-destructive behavior. Often, the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deep-rooted shift in attitude and behavior. Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help. They include repeated school absences, slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances, hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and reclusiveness. {{U}} 4 {{/U}}______ There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers. This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles; it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong. {{U}} 5 {{/U}}______ Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents. This tension is a normal part of growing up — and for parents, a normal part of the letting-go process. Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs. This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs. Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents, discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity. Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents, awareness and communication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.

填空题 41)__________. But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fix solution that will not alleviate the traffic problem in the long run. Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style construction program. 42) __________. Proponents of this advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television, radio communication, ramp metering, variable message singing, and other smart-highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic. Pathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a "smart corridor", is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement. Closed circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communications linked to properly equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours. 43) __________. "Electronics on the highway addresses just one aspect of the Problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently", explains Michael Rennet, senior researcher at the World watch Institute. "It doesn't deal with the central problem of too many cars for roads that can't be built fast enough. It sends people the wrong message: They start thinking 'Yes, there used to be a traffic congestion problem, but that's been solved now because we have an advanced high-tech system in place. '" Larson agrees and adds, 44) "__________". Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented with include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highway. 45) __________.[A] Smart highways are just one of the tools that we will use to deal with our traffic problems. It's not the solution itself, just part of the package. There are different strategies.[B] It seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years. There has to be a big change.[C] It's taking advantage of the technology you use in your everyday lives and putting it to work on highways.[D] Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture. To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S. cities have simply built more roads.[E] The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system.[F] Smart highways that will allow a driver to program a destination on a dashboard computer, then sit back and enjoy the ride.[G] Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock. Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem.

填空题[A] What have they found? [B] Is it true that laughing can make us healthier? [C] So why do people laugh so much? [D] What makes you laugh? [E] How did you come to research it? [F] So what's it for?Why are you interested in laughter? It's a universal phenomenon, and one of the most common things we do. We laugh many times a day, for many different reasons, but rarely think about it, and seldom consciously control it. We know so little about the different kinds and functions of laughter, and my interest really starts there. Why do we do it? What can laughter teach us about our positive emotions and social behaviour? There's so much we don't know about how the brain contributes to emotion and I think we can get at understanding this by studying laughter. 41. Only 10 or 20 per cent of laughing is a response to humour. Most of the time it's a message we send to other people—communicating joyful disposition, a willingness to bond and so on. It occupies a special place in social interaction and is a fascinating feature of our biology, with motor, emotional and cognitive components. Scientists study all kinds of emotions and behaviour, but few focus on this most basic ingredient. Laughter gives us a clue that we have powerful systems in our brain which respond to pleasure, happiness and joy. It's also involved in events such as release of fear. 42. My professional focus has always been on emotional behaviour. I spent many years investigating the neural basis of fear in rats, and came to laughter via that route. When I was working with rats, I noticed that when they were alone, in an exposed environment, they were scared and quite uncomfortable. Back in a cage with others, they seemed much happier. It looked as if they played with one another—real rough-and-tumble—and I wondered whether they were also laughing. The neurobiologist Jaak Panksepp had shown that juvenile rats make short vocalisations, pitched too high for humans to hear, during rough-and- tumble play. He thinks these are similar to laughter. This made me wonder about the roots of laughter. 43. Everything humans do has a function, and laughing is no exception. Its function is surely communication. We need to build social structures in order to live well in our society and evolution has selected laughter as a useful device for promoting social communication. In other words, it must have a survival advantage for the species. 44. The brain scans are usually done while people are responding to humorous material. You see brainwave activity spread from the sensory processing area of the occipital lobe, the bit at the back of the brain that processes Visual signals, to the brain's frontal lobe. It seems that the frontal lobe is involved in recognising things as funny. The left side of the frontal lobe analyses the words and structure of jokes while the right side does the intellectual analyses required to "get" jokes. Finally, activity spreads to the motor areas of the brain controlling the physical task of laughing. We also know about these complex pathways involved in laughter from neurological illness and injury. Sometimes after brain damage, tumours, stroke or brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease, people get "stonefaced syndrome" and can't laugh. 45. I laugh a lot when I watch amateur videos of children, because they're so natural. I'm sure they're not forcing anything funny to happen. I don't particularly laugh hard at jokes, but rather at situations. I also love old comedy movies such as Laurel and Hardy and an extremely ticklish. After starting to study laughter in depth, I began to laugh and smile more in social situations, those involving either closeness or hostility. Laughter really creates a bridge between people, disarms them, and facilitates amicable behaviour.

填空题[A]Bycontrast,somewhatmorethan25percentoftheearth'spopulationcanbefoundintheindustrializedsocieties.Theyleadmodernlives.Theyareproductsofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,moldedbymechanizationandmasseducation,broughtupwithlingeringmemoriesoftheirowncountry'sagriculturalpast.Theyare,ineffect,thepeopleofthepresent.[B]Theremaining2or3percentoftheworld'spopulation,however,arenolongerpeopleofeitherthepastorthepresent.Forwithinthemaincentersoftechnologicalandculturalchange,inSantaMonica,CaliforniaandCambridge,Massachusetts,inNewYorkandLondon,andTokyo,aremillionsofmenandwomenwhocanalreadybesaidtobelivingthewayoflifeofthefuture.Trend-makersoftenwithoutbeingawareofit,livetodayasmillionswilllivetomorrow.Andwhiletheyaccountforonlyafewpercentoftheglobalpopulationtoday,theyarealreadyfromaninternationalnationofthefutureinourmidst.Theyaretheadvancedagentsofman,theearliestcitizensoftheworldwidesuper-industrialsocietynowinthethroesofbirth.[C]Itis,infact,nottoomuchtosaythatthepaceoflifedrawsalinethroughhumanity,dividingusintocamps,triggeringhittermisunderstandingbetweenparentandchild,betweenMadisonAvenueandMainStreet,betweenmenandwomen,betweenAmericanandEuropean,betweenEastandWest.[D]Whatmakesthemdifferentfromtherestofmankind?Certainly,theyarericher,bettereducated,moremobilethanthemajorityofthehumanrace.Theyalsolivelonger.Butwhatspecificallymarksthepeopleofthefutureisthefactthattheyarealreadycaughtupinanew,stepped-uppaceoflife.They"livefaster"thanthepeoplearoundthem.[E]Theinhabitantsoftheeartharedividednotonlybyrace,nation,religionorideology,butalso,inasense,bytheirpositionintime.Examiningthepresentpopulationoftheglobe,wefindatinygroupwhostilllive,huntingandfood-foraging,asmendidmillenniaago.Others,thevastmajorityofmankind,dependnotonbear-huntingorberry-picking,butonagriculture.Theylive,inmanyrespects,astheirancestorsdidcenturiesago.Thesetwogroupstakentogethercomposeperhaps70percentofalllivinghumanbeings.Theyarethepeopleofthepast.[F]Somepeoplearedeeplyattractedtothishighlyacceleratedpaceoflife—goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitaboutandfeelinganxious,tenseoruncomfortablewhenthepaceslows.Theywantdesperatelytobe"wheretheactionis.'JamesA.Wilsonhasfound,forexample,thattheattractionforafastpaceoflifeisoneofthehiddenmotivatingforcesbehindthemuch-publicized"brain-drain"—themassmigrationofEuropeanscientistsandengineerswhomigratedtotheU.S.andCanada.Heconcludedthatitwasnohighersalariesorbetterresearchfacilitiesalone,butalsothequickertempothatlurethem.Themigrants,hewrites,"arenotputoffbywhattheyindicatedasthefasterpace'ofNorthAmerica;ifanything,theyappeartopreferthispacetoothers."[G]Thepaceoflifeisfrequentlycommentedonbyordinarypeople.Yet,oddlyenough,ithasreceivedalmostnoattentionfromeitherpsychologistsorsociologists.Thisisagapinginadequacyinthebehavioralsciences,forthepaceoflifeprofoundlyinfluencesbehavior,evokingstrongandcontrastingreactionsfromdifferentpeople.Notes：gaping是gape的现在分词；gapevi.裂开。nottoomuch一点也不多，一点也不过分。MadisonAvenue麦迪逊街(纽约一条街道的名字。美国主要广告公司、公共关系事务所集中于此。常用以表示此等公司之作风、做法等。)。MainStreet实利主义社会。food-foraging觅食的。millennium千年。trend-maker(＝trend-setter)领导新潮的人。inthethroesof为……而苦干、搏斗。becaughtupin陷入。goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitabout远远没有阻碍它的诞生。brain-drain(高科技)人才流动(从欧洲到美洲)。Order:

填空题Today there is widespread agreement that multinational corporations will have an important effect on international relations and world economy. But there is little agreement on exactly what that effect will be. There are two groups of those who see them as benevolent and those who see them as evil. Among those who see multinational corporations as benevolent, many emphasize their importance in helping reduce the gap between rich countries and poor ones. These business giants are referred to as "engines of development" because it is claimed that they do more to improve the economic life in less developed countries than all governmental foreign aid programs have ever done. By setting up factories abroad, they provide jobs; by equipping these factories with the latest machines and equipment, they make available the most modern technology. (1) . In fact, they do better on their own. It may have been necessary in the mid-nineteen century for Admiral Perry to threaten the Japanese with naval bombardment if they did not allow western countries to trade with them. Such threats would make no sense today. (2) . The leaders of multinational corporations see patriotism as old-fashioned, the nation-state obsolete, and war in pursuit of national glory downright foolish. They believe that the multinational corporation is "a modern concept evolved to meet the requirements of modern age", while the nation-state is "still rooted in archaic concepts unsympathetic to the need of our complex world." (3) . "I think," an official of General Electric once said, "getting General Electric everywhere in the world is the biggest thing we can do for world peace." These proponents of the multinational corporations come by and large from the business world. There are, however, many critics among academic students of multinational corporations who regard them as a sinister force. They have produced detailed studies to prove that the benefits of multinational corporations are mostly illusory. To the claim that multinational corporations provide jobs, they point out that this is at the cost of jobs in other countries. To the claim that multinational corporations transfer technology, they reply: (1) often the equipment shipped overseas is out of date; (2) their technology is often unsuitable for many of the less developed countries where labor is plentiful and therefore cheap. (4) . Therefore, they maintain that instead of being the "engines of development", the multinational corporations are actually "engines of impoverishment". These critics do not deny that consumption of the products of these corporations has risen in countries around the world. (5) . Therefore, although these corporations may breakdown national frontiers they strengthen class distinctions, widening the gap between the rich and the poor, creating greater social injustice and instability. A. The long, expensive American war in Vietnam did not bring new opportunities in Southeast Asia for the multinational corporations. The decision of the Nixon administration to improve relations with China was more profitable to them. B. The fact that both American teenagers and Mexican peasants are drinking Coca Cola does not mean that the life of the Mexican peasants is getting better due to the multinational corporations. C. They therefore characterize themselves as hard-headed people who are helping to bring about a more cooperative system or world order by breaking down national, geographical, political, economic and ideological barriers. D. One study actually showed that multinational corporations do not invest capital from wealthy countries, but prefer to finance their operations from the local economy. In other words, they are simply transferring wealth from poorer countries to richer ones. E. According to these critics, states will soon realize that they have lost their control over issues such as taxation, employment and even the stability of their own currency. F. But they point out that this so-called "Global Shopping Center" is available only to a very small portion of the local population. G. Because goods are now produced within the less developed countries, there is less need for them to import from abroad, and their balance of payments will improve. Multinational corporations today do not need their countries to provide military force to open foreign countries to their investment, products and sales.