Writeanessaybasedonthediagram.Inyourwriting,youshould1)describethediagram,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. " We don' t make anything anymore," he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line. Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing. But there is also a different way to look at the data. Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every year. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay. For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers—and upward pressure on wages. "They' re harder to find and they have job offers," says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, " They may be coming[into the workforce], but they' ve been plucked by other industries that are also doing as well as manufacturing," Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture. At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keeps a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $ 13 an hour that rises to $ 17 after two years. At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he' s trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It' s his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. "I love working with tools. I love creating," he says. But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennial "remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession," says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan. These concerns aren' t misplaced; Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2015. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels. " The gap is between the jobs that take no skills and those that require a lot of skill," says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. "There' re enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don' t need to have much skill. It' s that gap in between, and that' s where the problem is. " Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. "Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives," she says. [A]says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves working with tools. [B]points out that there are enough people to fill the jobs that don' t need much skill. [C]points out that the US doesn't manufacture anything anymore. [D]believes that it is important to keep a close eye on the age of his workers. [E]says that for factory owners, workers are harder to find because of stiff competition. [F]points out that a work/life balance can attract young people into manufacturing. [G]says that the manufacturing recession is to blame for the lay—off the young people' s parents.

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowinggraph.Inyouressay,youshould1)interpretthegraphand2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is【C1】______and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and【C2】______certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two【C3】______schools of thought on the matter have【C4】______. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of【C5】______between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often【C6】______as "nature v. nurture". Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are【C7】______determined by biological and【C8】______factors. That our environment has【C9】______, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory【C10】______that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely【C11】______by our instincts. Proponents of the "nurture" theory, or,【C12】______they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts【C13】______determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely【C14】______by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite【C15】______; they maintain that, like machines, humans【C16】______to environmental stimuli as the【C17】______of their behavior. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some "nature" proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. Behaviorists,【C18】______, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental【C19】______that whites enjoy. Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the【C20】______to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes.

It took some time to figure out just the right shopping complex, off just the right highway interchange and just the right distance from Seoul, that could accommodate a 624,000-square-foot store—that is to say, one more than three times the size of the average Wal-Mart Supercenter. It took more time to solve certain mysteries, like how big to make the store' s children' s section in a country where kids are often given ample space in the family living quarters. It took more time to figure out how to showcase kitchens that incorporate kimchi refrigerators, a uniquely Korean appliance— and even more time to untangle nuances of the market, like the South Korean' s preference for metal chopsticks. In all, it took about six years for Ikea to unveil its inaugural store in South Korea, in Gwangmyeong, starting from the first scouting trip. The lag was typically Ikean. But six years? "The more global, the more complex it gets," replies Mikael Palmquist, the regional manager of retail for Asia Pacific. "We need to get these things right or we will never be taken seriously." Today the Gwangmyeong store, which is the company's largest in the world by shopping area, is on track to become one of Ikea 's top-performing outlets for 2015. The success is hardly a fluke . Ikea, it seems, is a genius at selling Ikea—flat packing, transporting, and reassembling its quirky Swedish styling all across the planet. The furniture and furnishings brand is in more countries than Wal-Mart and Carrefour. China, where Ikea has eight of its 10 biggest stores, is the company' s fastest-growing market. An outlet in Morocco is coming soon, and there are hints that Brazil may not be far off. Meanwhile, Ikea is going meatballs out in India, where it plans to invest about $2 billion over a decade to open 10 stores. Getting it right in emerging markets like China and India, where Ikea is well-positioned to capitalize on a growing middle class, is a key factor in its goal of hitting €50 billion in sales by 2020. That's up from ￠28.7 billion in its fiscal 2014 and almost double its 2005 sales level. Today the Ikea Group has 318 stores, not including the brand' s some four dozen franchised locations; it' s aiming for around 500 by 2020.

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)describethechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on the presidential candidates and how they'll change America. Rightly so. But selfishly, I'm more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, not just for this country, but for me as an African-American woman. As the potential First Lady, she would have the world's attention. And that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the type of African-American woman they so rarely see. Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. The prevailing theory seems to be that we're all hot-tempered single mothers who can't keep a man. Even in the world of make-believe, black women still can't escape the stereotype of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic (酗酒的) mothers. These images have helped define the way all black women are viewed, including Michelle Obama. Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simply to be herself. It won't be easy. Because few mainstream publications have done in-depth features on regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, what we think and what we face on a regular basis. For better or worse, Michelle will represent us all. Just as she will have her critics, she will also have millions of fans who usually have little interest in the First Lady. Many African-American blogs have written about what they' d like to see Michelle bring to the White House—mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family. Michelle will have to work to please everyone—an impossible task. But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise (沉着), confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image that' s been around for far too long.

It is a well-known fact that there are constant conflicts among different groups of people, and that people tend to blame their misfortunes on some outside other groups for their misfortunes. What are the causes of group prejudice? There seems to be little doubt that one of the principal causes of prejudice is fear: in particular the fear that the interests of our own group are going to be endangered by the actions of another. This is less likely to be the case in a stable, relatively unchanging society in which the members of different social and occupational groups know what to expect of each other, and know what to expect for themselves. In times of rapid social and economic change, however, new occupations and new social roles appear, and people start looking jealously at each other to see whether their own group is being left behind.

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

BSection III Writing/B

There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Suppose Christmas is around the corner, and you think of Professor Liu, a teacher who taught you a lot when you were at university. Write him a greeting card to 1) recall the days you spent together, and 2) express your best wishes to him. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.

Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Mostpeoplecanidentifytheirtoppriorityatwork.Generally,itwillbethepartofthejobthatismostproductivefortheiremployer:foramergerandacquisitionsbanker,itcouldbelandingabigdealforaclient;foralorrydriver,thepunctualdeliveryofanimportantconsignment;forahospitaldoctorornurse,givingvitaltreatmenttoapatient.Buteveryjobisringedwithsecondarytasks—theroutinebutcriticalstuffcoveredbycodesandguidelines.Ifsuchchoresareneglected,theconsequencesmayundermineoverallsuccess.Newresearchsuggeststiredworkersindemandingjobsstartgivingupdoingthosesmall,butvital,tasksremarkablyquickly.PeterThiel,theentrepreneur,wroteintheFTlastweekthatcomputers"excelatefficientdataprocessingbutstruggletomakebasicjudgments".Inotherwords,humansarenotredundant.Buttheflesh-and-bloodworkerswhoremainnowhavegreaterresponsibilityformoreimportanttasks.Ifcompaniespilemoreworkontothem,thesewearyemployeescouldinadvertentlyplungethemintodisaster.Itisatruismthatatiredworkerislessproductivethanafreshone.ButresearchersatWhartonbusinessschoolshaveshownthatcompliancewithroutinetaskscanfallawaywithinoneheavyshift.Theirstudy'sfocuswashandhygiene,healthcare'smundanebutpowerfulweaponagainstcross-infection.Suchistheimportanceofsanitisation—whendonethoroughly,itcanreduceinfectionbytheMRSA"superbug"by95percent—thathospitalshavestartedtomonitorcompliance,usingelectronictagsinsanitisersandworkers'badges.Eachtimeamemberofstaffskipsthesanitiser,theomissionislogged.TheextraordinarilyrichanonymisedinformationfromsuchasystemisatreasuretroveforbigdataresearcherssuchasWharton'sKatherineMilkman.Analysing13.8million"uniquehandhygieneopportunities"formorethan4,000staffat35hospitals,sheandherco-authorsfoundthatovera12-hourshiftcompliancebyanaveragestaffmemberfellby8.5percentagepoints.Laxhandwashing,theysuggest,couldbecosting$25billionannuallyintreatmentofunnecessaryinfectionintheUS—andleadingto70,000needlessdeaths.AsProf.Milkmanexplainedtomelastweek,thefactthatintenseworkmakesithardertodolessimportanttaskscouldhaveprofoundimplicationsinotherwalksoflife.Thestudypointsoutthat"thesedeviationsposeathreattothewellbeingoforganizations,employeesandclients,becausesuchviolationscanreducethequalityofproductsproducedandservicesprovidedaswellascreatinganunsafeworkenvironment".Suddenly,itisalittleclearerwhytheexhaustedM&Abankerskipspartsoftheethicalcodeherbankinsistson,orwhythetiredlorrydriverjumpsthelightstomakeittothedepotontime.Theworkcouldoffercluesabouthowtomakesurethesteeplejackalwayscheckshisharness,evenonthefinalascentoftheskyscraper,andthewearyjournalistreadsthroughherstoryforpossibleerrorsondeadline.

Not too many decades ago it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people's natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the "obvious" is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else. Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different stifle of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers. These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community's population size and its social heterogeneity. For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drags, etc. Large-city urbanites are also more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a cosmopolitan outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so-called undesirables. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size.

Suppose you want to apply for a part-time job in your university as a teaching assistant. Write a self-recommendation letter to 1) apply for the job, and 2) earn a chance of an interview for yourself You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

You are going to take part in MBA exam. Write a letter of inquiry to the dean of Management School to inquire about: 1)the subjects to be examed; 2)the number of students to be enrolled; 3)other things you should pay attention to. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.(10 points)

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B