In a sweeping change to how most of its 1,800 employees are paid, the Union Square Hospitality Group will eliminate tipping at Union Square Cafe and its 12 other restaurants by the end of next year, the company's chief executive, Danny Meyer, said on Wednesday. The move will affect New York City businesses. The first will be the Modern, inside the Museum of Modern Art, starting next month. The others will gradually follow. A small number of restaurants around the country have reduced or eliminated tipping in the last several years. Some put a surcharge on the bill, allowing the restaurants to set the pay for all their employees. Others, including Bruno Pizza, a new restaurant in the East Village, factor the cost of an hourly wage for servers into their menu prices. Union Square Hospitality Group will do the latter. The Modern will be the pilot restaurant, Mr. Meyer said, because its chef, Abram Bissell, has been agitating for higher pay to attract skilled cooks. The average hourly wage for kitchen employees at the restaurant is expected to rise to $15.25 from $11.75. Mr. Meyer said that restaurants such as his needed to stay competitive as the state moved to a $15 minimum wage for fast-food workers. If cooks' wages do not keep pace with the cost of living, he said, "it' s not going to be sustainable to attract the culinary talent that the city needs to keep its edge." Mr. Meyer said he hoped to be able to raise pay for junior dining room managers and for cooks, dishwashers and other kitchen workers. The wage gap is one of several issues cited by restaurateurs who have deleted the tip line from checks. Some believe it is unfair for servers' pay to be affected by factors that have nothing to do with performance. A rash of class-action lawsuits over tipping irregularities, many of which have been settled for millions of dollars, is a mounting worry. Scott Rosenberg, an owner of Sushi Yasuda in Manhattan, said in an interview in 2013 that he had eliminated tipping so his restaurant could more closely follow the customs of Japan, where tipping is rare. He said he also hoped his customers would enjoy leaving the table without having to solve a math problem. While Drew Nieporent, who owns nine restaurants in New York City and one in London, said he doubted the average diner would accept an increase in prices. "Tipping is a way of life in this country," he said. "It may not be the perfect system, but it's our system. It's an American system."

A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. Something has gone terribly【C1】______with our once proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key【C2】______is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability. Accountability isn"t hard to【C3】______. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and【C4】______for their consequences. Of the many【C5】______that hold civilization together—honesty, kindness, and so on—accountability may be the most important. My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who【C6】______, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves.【C7】______as every policeman knows, external controls on people"s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and【C8】______. 【C9】______, there are still communities—smaller towns, usually—where schools maintain【C10】______and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: "In this family certain things are not【C11】______—they simply are not done! " Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these【C12】______restraints are loosening. The main cause of this breakdown is a radical shift in【C13】______. Thirty years ago, if a crime was【C14】______society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking【C15】______. it"s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn"t teach him to read, by the church that【C16】______to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn"t provide a【C17】______home. I don"t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to【C18】______in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything. We【C19】______America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one【C20】______it.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Cigarette smoking is a health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States to warrant appropriate remedial action. It was 50 years ago this month that America"s surgeon-general sounded that warning, marking the beginning of the end of cigarette manufacturing—and of smoking itself— as a respectable activity. Some 20m Americans have died from the habit since then. But advertising restrictions, smoking bans and stigma have had their effect: the proportion of American adults who smoke has dropped from 43% to 18% ; smoking rates among teenagers are at a record low. In many other countries the trends are similar. The current surgeon-general, Boris Lushniak, marked the half-century with a report on January 17th, declaring smoking even deadlier than previously thought. He added diabetes, colorectal cancer and other ailments to the list of ills it causes, and promised "end-game strategies" to stamp out cigarettes altogether. Were that to happen America"s three big tobacco firms, Altria, Reynolds and Lorillard, could be snuffed out , too. Public health officials plot the same fate for multinationals that supply other markets. The hit list includes Philip Morris International(PMI), which along with Altria makes Marlboro, the top-selling global brand; Japan Tobacco; and British American Tobacco and Imperial Tobacco of Britain. They are a hardy group, unlikely to be frightened. But the methods they have used to withstand a half-century of battering by regulators may be losing power. In the rich world, where the economy is stagnant, smokers are trading down to cheaper puffs. The regulatory climate in developing countries is becoming more hostile. New technologies such as e-cigarettes promise to deliver nicotine less riskily. Big tobacco firms may master them, but it would be a radical shift, similar to converting the car industry from internal-combustion engines to battery power. David Adelman of Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, does not " see anything that"s reversing the conventional tobacco business model. " But the model needs adjustment. Some reasons for Mr Adelman"s confidence are sound. Advertising bans and the industry"s status prevent would-be competitors. When cigarette-makers raise prices, smokers cough up. Global consumption keeps rising, thanks largely to population growth in poorer countries. The cigarette giants indulge investors with big dividends atnd share buy-backs; they have flocked to tobacco share.

A study of how older teenagers use social media has found that Facebook is "not just on the slide, it is basically dead and buried" and is being replaced by simpler social networks such as Twitter and Snapchat. Young people now see the site as "uncool" and keep their【C1】______live purely to stay in touch with older【C2】______among whom it remains popular. Daniel Miller, who worked on the research, wrote: "Mostly they feel embarrassed even to be【C3】______with it." This year marked the start of what looks likely to be a【C4】______decline of what had been the most popular social networking sites. Young people are turning away in crowds and【C5】______other social networks instead,【C6】______the worst people of all, their parents, continue to use the service. "Where【C7】______parents worried about their children joining Facebook, the children now say it is their family that insists they stay there to【C8】______about their lives. Parents have worked【C9】______how to use the site and see it【C10】______a way for the family to remain connected【C11】______, the young are moving on to cooler things. What appears to be the most important factor in a young person's【C12】______to leave Facebook was【C13】______that your mum sends you a friend request." A study observed 16- to 18-year-olds in eight countries for 15 months and found that Facebook use was in decline. Instead, young people are turning to simpler services like Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat and WhatsApp which Professor Miller【C14】______were "no match" for Facebook【C15】______functionality. "Most of the school children in our survey【C16】______that in many ways, Facebook is technically better than Twitter or Instagram. It is more【C17】______, better for photo albums, organising parties and more【C18】______for observing people's relationships," said Professor Miller, adding that "efficient isn't always best" in【C19】______young users. WhatsApp has overtaken Facebook as the number one way to send messages, say the researchers, while Snapchat has gained in popularity in recent months by allowing users to send images which "self-destruct" after a short period on the recipients phone in order to maintain【C20】______.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingpiechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)

Directions: Many parents admit that there is the generation gap between them and their children. How can we eliminate the gap? In this section, you are asked to write an essay on one way to eliminate the generation gap. You can provide specific reasons and examples to support your idea. You should write at least 150 words.

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthedrawing.Inyourwriting,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages【C1】______our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have【C2】______long-term consequences. There has been a lot of research【C3】______how we deal with the future.【C4】______, the famous marshmallow studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist【C5】______is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that【C6】______they do not eat that marshmallow and wait for the experimenter to come back, they will get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future【C7】______became more successful young adults. Chen's recent findings suggest that an unlikely【C8】______, language, strongly influences our future-oriented【C9】______Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future【C10】______other languages can only weakly tell them apart. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better【C11】______for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to【C12】______their health. The way these people conceive the future is similar【C13】______the way they conceive the present. As a result, the future does not feel very【C14】______and it is easier for them to act【C15】______their future interests. Chen analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. The analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement【C16】______smoke less, exercise more, and【C17】______be healthier in older age. Language also has an impact on countries' national savings rates. Chen's research shows that language【C18】______our future-related thoughts. And the research also points at the possibility that the way we talk about the future can shape our mindsets. Language can【C19】______the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have significant【C20】______on our judgments and decisions.

Directions:Inthispart,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingtable.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthetableand2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,WriteyouressayonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes draw much attention from the public; their age, income, family, marital status etc. often appear on tabloid press. Entertainment reporters rack their brains to seek more private information about them. In this section, you are asked to write an essay on public figures and their own privacy. You can provide specific reasons and examples to support your idea. You should write at least 150 words.

BSection III Writing/B

Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words. 大学里有很多选修课可供选择。学生可以根据他们自己的需要来选择这些课程。你是怎样选择选修课的?

BSection III Writing/B

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

Any sufficiently advanced technology, noted Arthur C. Clarke, a British science-fiction writer, is indistinguishable from magic. The fast-emerging technology of voice computing proves his【C1】______Using it is just like casting a spell: say a few words into the air, and a nearby device can【C2】______your wish. The Amazon Echo, a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa, can【C3】______music tracks and radio stations, tell jokes, answer trivia questions and control smart【C4】______; even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4% of American households. Voice assistants are【C5】______in smartphones, too: Apple's Siri【C6】______over 2 billion commands a week, and 20% of Google【C7】______on Android powered handsets in America are input by voice. Dictating e-mails and text messages now works【C8】______enough to be useful. Why type when you can talk? This is a huge shift. Simple【C9】______it may seem, voice has the power to transform computing, by providing a natural means of interaction. Windows, icons and menus, and then touchscreens, were welcomed as more【C10】______ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard【C11】______But being able to talk to computers【C12】______the need for the abstraction of a "user interface" at all.【C13】______mobile phones were more than existing phones without wires, and cars were more than carriages without horses, so computers without screens and keyboards have the【C14】______to be more useful and powerful than people can imagine today. Voice will not wholly【C15】______other forms of input and output. Sometimes it will remain more【C16】______to converse with a machine by typing rather than talking. But voice is destined to【C17】______a growing share of people's interactions with the technology around them, from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assistants in corporate call-centres.【C18】______, to reach its full potential, the technology requires【C19】______breakthroughs—and a resolution of the【C20】______questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.

Sometimes it is interpersonal skills rather than professional skills that really count in your career. Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good listener, to be sensitive toward others' needs, to take criticism well. People with skill in social relations admit their mistakes and take their share of blame which is a mature and responsible way to handle an error. That's why many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while people of great talent are being laid off. Sensitive in their dealings with others, they are well liked everywhere. People with poor interpersonal skills have trouble taking criticism. When confronted with a mistake they let their ego get in the way. They deny responsibility and became moody or angry. They mark themselves as "pricky".

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

BSection III Writing/B