In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words. 有的人认为政府应该在每个城镇设立免费的图书馆。但是另一些人认为这样做是浪费资金，因为公众可以利用家里的因特网来获得需要的信息，而不必去图书馆。你的看法如何?
Getting a proper amount of rest is absolutely essential for building your energy resources. If you frequently work far into the night or have a poor sleep, it stands to reason that you may start to feel a little run down. Though everybody is different, most people need at least seven to eight hours of sleep per night in order to function at their best. If you have been lacking energy, try going to bed earlier at night. If you can wake up feeling well-rested, it will be an indication that you are starting to get an appropriate amount of sleep at night. If you sleep more than eight hours every night but still don't feel energetic, you may actually be getting too much sleep. Once in a while, you are bound to have nights where you don't get an adequate amount of sleep. When your schedule permits you can also consider taking a short sleep during the day, for sometimes taking a nap is the perfect way to recharge your batteries.
Online shopping has become a fashion now. What are the advantages or disadvantages of online shopping? In this section, you are asked to write an essay on online shopping. You can provide specific reasons and examples to support your idea. You should write at least 150 words.
Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyouressay,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)
The BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) Forum was established in 2011, with the intention to support and encourage cooperation between the BRICS nations in commercial, political and cultural dimensions. The five member states of BRICS are nations with unique culture, different economic sizes, and social and economic developments. However, one thing the BRICS nations have in common is that each plays significant roles in their regional affairs. Chinese President Xi Jinping emphasized, multiple times in his keynote speech to the BRICS heads, as well as to the business and industrial leaders from the participation nations, that the BRICS highly value mutual respect, openness and tolerance, as well as mutual benefit, which, President Xi said he believes, is the cornerstone to the success of the cooperation among the BRICS nations in the past decade and will continue to be so in the foreseeable future cooperation among the BRICS nations, and cooperation between BRICS and other emerging market economies and developing economies.
Using tools doesn't make humans, dolphins, and crows smart. Rather, it's the stress and challenge of living with others—recognizing friend from foe, calculating who to deceive and who to befriend—that led these and other social creatures to evolve their cognitive skills. That's the gist of the social intelligence hypothesis, an idea that's been around since 1966. But does having to remember whose lice need picking actually improve other mental abilities, like figuring out how to open a locked box with a hunk of meat inside? A new study of four carnivores—two social and two solitary species—suggests that it does.
"They've taken an important issue and tested it in a simple but novel way," says Richard Byrne, an evolutionary psychologist at The University of St. Andrews in the United Kingdom, who was not involved in the study. "The results are clear;
The cognitive benefit from being a social carnivore does transfer" to a mental ability that has nothing to do with being social
, he says.
Other researchers think the results aren't as clear-cut. " It is important and a valuable stepping stone in our quest to understand how intelligence evolved, but like all studies, it is one piece of a larger puzzle," says Sarah Benson-Amram, a zoologist at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, whose recent comparative study of 39 species of carnivores reached the opposite conclusion.
Scientists devised the social intelligence hypothesis to explain the evolution of the human brain. They've found that most social species (from chimpanzees to social wasps) have relatively large brains and are cognitively sophisticated, adept at experiments designed to test their smarts. But some researchers argue that another factor—a challenging environment—may also stimulate cognitive evolution. If so, then more solitary species could also be large-brained and smart thanks to the ecological difficulties they face.
Other researchers concur, but with caveats. " They did find a nice link between sociality and success" on this task, says Evan MacLean, a comparative psychologist at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. But he wonders what type of cognition the ability to open a puzzle box actually demonstrates. " It may be reflective of trial and error learning, insight, or just of curiosity or interest in novel objects. "
The puzzle box is also not particularly " ecologically relevant," to the carnivores, notes primatolo-gist Frans de Waal at Emory University in Atlanta, who would like to see the animals tested on some type of predator-prey task. Still, it is " a good first step and a fresh approach to the intelligence of carnivores , a group we have neglected for too long. "
When Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin returned from the moon, their cargo included nearly fifty pounds of rock and soil, which were packed in an aluminum box with seals designed to maintain the lunar surface's low-pressure environment. But back at Johnson Space Center, in Houston, scientists discovered that the seals had been【C1】______—by moon dust. Lunar dust is fine, like a powder,【C2】______it cuts like glass. It's formed when shooting stars【C3】______on the moon's surface, heating its rocks and dirt and reducing them to fine particles. Since there's no wind or water to smooth【C4】______edges, the tiny grains are sharp and uneven, and【C5】______nearly everything. "The intruding【C6】______of lunar dust represents a more challenging engineering design issue, as well as a【C7】______issue for settlers, than does radiation," wrote Harrison Schmitt, an Apollo 17 astronaut, in his 2006 book, "Return to the Moon." The dust damaged space-suits and ate away layers of moon boots. Over the【C8】______of six Apollo missions, not one rock box【C9】______its vacuum seal. Dust followed the astronauts back into their ships, too. According to Schmitt, it smelled like gunpowder and made breathing【C10】______. No one knows precisely what the extremely small particles do to human lungs. The dust not only【C11】______the moon's surface, but floats up to sixty miles【C12】______it—as an outer part of its atmosphere, where particles【C13】______the moon by gravity, but are so thin that they【C14】______collide. In the nineteen-sixties, Surveyor probes filmed a glowing cloud floating just above the lunar surface during sunrise. Later, Apollo 17 astronaut Gene Cernan, while orbiting the moon, recorded a【C15】______phenomenon at the sharp line where lunar day meets night. Cernan【C16】______a series of pictures illustrating the changing【C17】______; streams of particles popped【C18】______the ground and hovered, and the resulting cloud came into sharper focus as the astronauts' orbiter approached daylight. Since there's no wind to form and【C19】______the clouds, their origin is something of a mystery. It's【C20】______that they're made of dust, but no one fully understands how or why they do their thing.
College doesn' t always prepare you for life after graduation. You are thrust into the world and tasked with the challenge of figuring out how to live on your own. Your early twenties are a time to take risks, try new things, and discover your passions. Don't worry so much about not having a concrete plan, and now is the time when you can experiment and find your true skills and interests. While making money immediately might seem important, your early twenties are one of the best times for exploring different career paths and planning out a roadmap for your future. Once you graduate college, you will no longer be surrounded by your peers at all hours of the day. Meeting new people is more challenging and requires more effort than it did during college. Because of this, it' s often good to remember that being friendly is the best way to meet new people. Take interest in the lives of your coworkers and people around you, and be willing to make new connections.
BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B
BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B
About 3 billion people live within 100 miles (160km) of the sea, a number that could double in the next decade as humans flock to coastal cities. The oceans produce $3 trillion of goods and services each year and untold【C1】______for the Earth's ecology. Life could not exist【C2】______these vast water reserves—and, if anything, they are becoming even more important to humans than before. Mining is about to begin under the seabed in the high seas. New summer shipping lanes are opening【C3】______the Arctic Ocean. The genetic resources of marine life promise a big【C4】______: the number of patents has been rising at 12% a year. But these developments are【C5】______compared with vaster forces reshaping the Earth, both on land and at sea It has long been clear that people are damaging the oceans—【C6】______the melting of the Arctic ice in summer and the death of marine lives. Now, the【C7】______of that damage are starting to be felt onshore. Thailand provides a【C8】______example. In the 1990s it cleared coastal plants to set up fish farms. Ocean storm surges in 2011, no longer【C9】______by the plants, rushed in to【C10】______the country's industrial heartland, causing billions of dollars of damage. More【C11】______is the global mismanagement of fish stocks. About 3 billion people get a fifth of their protein from fish, making it a more important protein source than beef.【C12】______a vicious cycle has developed as fish stocks decline and fishermen【C13】______to grab what they can of the remainder.【C14】______the Food and Agriculture Organization, a third of fish stocks in the oceans are over-exploited. People could be eating much better, were fishing stocks【C15】______managed. The forests are often called the lungs of the Earth, but the description better fits the oceans. They produce half the world's【C16】______of oxygen. At the moment, the oceans are moderating the【C17】______of global warming— though that may not【C18】______This cannot be good news,【C19】______scientists are still debating the likely consequences.【C20】______, the decades of damage imposed on the oceans are now damaging the environment on land.
Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.
You will graduate from university and intend to be a volunteer to go to Guizhou Province, southwest China. After reading the notice of recruitment, write a letter to president of your university to 1) express your wish to go to Guizhou province, 2) state your reasons, and 3) present your plans. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)
Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)
Suppose the Martial Art Association in your university wants to recruit new members. Write an ad to all students to 1) inform them of the advantages and requirements of being a member of the association, and 2) encourage them to participate. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "The Martial Art Association" instead.
BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B
BPart B/B
Are passwords outdated? It"s starting to seem like it. Everybody hates them, and nobody can remember all the ones they"ve【C1】______. These days a typical internet user has dozens of online accounts. If you really want to be safe, you need to have a different password for each one, and each password needs to be incredibly【C2】______, with a mix of capital letters,【C3】______, and numbers. Who can keep all that stuff in their head? Most people don"t【C4】______. Some just make up one password and use it everywhere while others might have a few passwords for different usages. Problem is that【C5】______one site gets attacked by hackers, they now have the password that you use elsewhere. In one recent attack on Sony, millions of accounts were exposed. Computer scientists realize the system is【C6】______and they"re looking for alternatives. But most【C7】______haven"t been very good. Fingerprint readers require special hardware, and smart cards can be lost or【C8】______. "We"ve tried【C9】______other approaches, but we end up back with passwords. They"re the least【C10】______in a series of bad options," says a security consultant. Markus Jakobsson, a veteran security researcher with a Ph.D. in computer science, has come up with something he calls "fastwords." Instead of【C11】______a meaningless and obscure password, you join three simple words that come from a【C12】______known only to you. If one day you were driving to work and【C13】______a frog that ended up flat, you might choose "frog work flat." Some【C14】______: You can enter the three words【C15】______any order ("flat frog work"), and the system【C16】______knows that you"re you. If you totally【C17】______, the fastword system will tell you one of the three words, which should enable you to remember the【C18】______idea and thus the three keywords. Jakobsson says one large service provider is evaluating the fast-words concept. Fastwords【C19】______a step in the right direction, 【C20】______it"s not the promised land. Someone, somehow, needs to come up with something completely different— and radically better—than what we have today.
With so much focus on children' s use of screens, it' s easy for parents to forget about their own screen use. "Teck is designed to really suck on you in," says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, " and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine. " Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who used devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention. Infants are wired to look at parents' faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device—it can be extremely disconcerting for the children. Radesky cites the " still face experiment" devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother' s attention. "Parents don't have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child' s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need," says Radesky. On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids' use of screens are born out of an " oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting" with their children: " It' s based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you' re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them. " Tronick believes that just because a child isn' t learning from the screen doesn' t mean there' s no value to it— particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which let them be more available to their child the rest of the time.
BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B