Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking(偷懒) , you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance (不满). But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys (僧帽猴). They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber(黄瓜). However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation(愤怒) , it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

AtthePolishClubinGlasgow,ScotsandPolessocializeeasily.ManyofthecustomersinitsrestaurantareScottish,eagertotryPolishfoodbeforegoingthereonholiday,says16-year-oldMari-a,whomovedtoScotlandeightyearsagoandworksintheclubpart-timeasawaitress.She,bycontrast,hasnodesiretoreturn.Scotland'swelcomehasbeenwarm.Itsgovernmentwantsittobewarmerstill.Scotland'sleadershavelongmaintainedthattheyneedimmigrantsmorethantherestofBritaindoes,bothtoboostthecountry'ssparsepopulationandtoalleviateskillsshortages.Between1981and2003Scotland'spopulationdeclined.MostofthepopulationgrowththatScotlandhasseensincethenhasbeenthankstomigrants,largelyfromoutsideBritain.ScotsarehavingfewerchildrenandageingmorerapidlythanotherBritons;oncurrenttrendstheScottishpopulationwillswellbyjust4%by2062comparedwith23%forBritainasawhole,accordingtotheInstituteforFiscalStudies.Theonlygroupexpectedtogrowistheoldestone.IfScotsvoteforindependence,anationalistgovernmentpromisestoencourageimmigration.Itwouldofferincentivesformigrantswillingtomovetofar-flungspots.Itwouldeasethenationwiderequirementthatimmigrantsmustearnaparticularsalarytogainresidencytoreflectthelowercostoflivingthere.Studentswouldbeabletostayaftergraduatingandworkforseveralyears.Turningtheseaspirationsintoaworkableimmigrationpolicywouldbetricky.ThoughanxioustojointheEU,Scotland'sgovernmentislesskeenontheSchengentravelzone,whichallowsnon-EUcitizenstotravelonasinglevisa.ItwantstoremainpartoftheCommonTravelArea,liketheRepublicofIreland,whichimposesminimalbordercontrols.RobertWright,aneconomistatStrath-clydeUniversitywhohasadvisedthegovernmentondemography,isunconvincedthispick-and-mixapproachtoEUmembershipwouldwork.AndthiswouldbeoneofmanystrainsonScotland'srelationshipwiththerestofBritain.Differentimmigrationpoliciesintwocountriesthatsharealandbordercouldresultinstrictercontrols,includingpassportchecksbetweenthem.HumzaYousaf,Scotland'sministerforexternalaffairsandinternationaldevelopment,deniestheywouldbenecessary.Scotlandwouldhavebordermanagement,hestresses,notborderguards.ButsomeEnglishpoliticiansmaydisagree.Ifthenationalistslosetheindependencevote,LondoncouldbemindedtodevolvefurtherpowerstoScotland,perhapsincludingoverimmigration.MrWrightarguesthereisscopeformoreregionaldiversity.InCanada,immigrationrequirementsareeasedifpeopleagreetoliveinlesspopularprovinces.ScotsaresomewhatlessresistanttoimmigrationthanotherBritons.Some58%wantfewermigrantsinScotland.Fully75%ofEnglishandWelshpeoplewantfewerintheircountries,saysareportbytheMigrationObservatoryattheUniversityofOxford.AndScotsaremoresanguine.Just21%identifyimmigrationasoneofthemostimportantissuesfacingthecountry,lowerthantheBritishaverageof33%,accordingtoIpsosMORI,apollster.ThatequanimitystemsinpartfromthefactthatmigrantsinScotlandarenotespeciallycommon.Morethanhalfofits"foreign"residentscomefromotherpartsofBritain.Attitudestoimmigrantstendtobesoftestwherenewcomersarescarce,asinScotland,orverynumerous,asinLondon.Theyhardeninbetweenthoseextremes.IneasternEngland,forexample,whereeasternEuropeansareincreasinglynumerous,38%fumeaboutimmigration.IfScotlandmanagestoenticemoreforeigners,itwillenterthisdifficultmiddleterritory.ThewarmScottishwelcomecouldcool.

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

The price of a bitcoin topped $900 last week, an enormous surge in value that arrived amidst Congressional hearings where top U.S. financial regulators took a surprisingly optimistic view of digital currency. Just 10 months ago, a bitcoin only sold for $13. The【C1】______increase was big news across the【C2】______, from Washington to Tokyo to China, and it left many asking themselves: "What on earth is a bitcoin?" It's a good question. Bitcoin is a digital currency, meaning it's money controlled and stored entirely by computers【C3】______across the internet, and this money is finding its way to more and more people and businesses around the world.【C4】______it's much more than that, and many people—【C5】______the sharpest of internet【C6】______as well as seasoned economists—are still【C7】______to come to terms【C8】______its many identities. Bitcoin isn't just a currency, like dollars or euros or yen. It's a way of making【C9】______, like PayPal or the Visa credit card network. It lets you hold money, but it also lets you spend it and【C10】______it and move it from place to place, almost as cheaply and easily as you'd send an email. As the press so often points out, bitcoin lets you do all this without【C11】______your identity. But at the same time, it's a system that operates【C12】______in the public view. All bitcoin【C13】______are recorded online for anyone to see, lending a certain transparency to the system, a transparency that can drive a new【C14】______in the economy. Bitcoin is much more than a money service. It's a re-imagining of【C15】______finance, something that【C16】______barriers between countries and frees currency from the control of federal governments. Bitcoin is controlled by open source software that operates according to the【C17】______of mathematics—and by the people who collectively supervise this software. The software【C18】______on thousands of machines around the world, but it can be changed It's just that a majority of those supervising the software must【C19】______to the change.【C20】______, bitcoin is kind of like the internet, but for money.

[A] Learn How to Recognize Your Soul Mate[B] Take Religion Seriously[C] Consider Marrying Young[D] Learn to Read Regularly[E] Watch "Groundhog Day" Repeatedly[F] Eventually Stop Fretting about Fame and Fortune[G] Cultivate the Habit of Watching Movies A few years ago, I took it upon myself to start writing tips for the young staff where I work about how to avoid doing things that would make their supervisors write them off. At that point, I had to deal with a reality: When it comes to a life filled with deep and lasting satisfactions, most of the cliches are true. How could I make them sound fresh to a new generation? Here's how I tried. 【R1】______ The age of marriage for college graduates has been increasing for decades, and this cultural shift has been a good thing. But should you assume that marriage is still out of the question when you're 25? I'm not suggesting that you decide ahead of time that you will get married in your 20s. I'm just pointing out that you shouldn't exclude the possibility. If you get married in your 20s, it is likely to be a startup. What are the advantages of a startup marriage? For one thing, you will both have memories of your life together when it was all still up in the air. You'll have fun remembering the years when you went from being scared newcomers to the point at which you realized you were going to make it. 【R2】______ Marry someone with similar tastes and preferences. Which tastes and preferences? The ones that will affect life almost every day. It is absolutely crucial that you really, really like your spouse. You hear it all the time from people who are in great marriages: "I'm married to my best friend." They are being literal. A good working definition of "soul mate" is "your closest friend, to whom you are also sexually attracted." 【R3】______ One of my assumptions about you is that you are ambitious—meaning that you hope to become famous, rich or both, and intend to devote intense energy over the next few decades to pursuing those dreams. That is as it should be. But suppose you arrive at age 40, and you enjoy your work, have found your soul mate, are raising a couple of terrific kids—and recognize that you will probably never become either rich or famous. At that point, it is important to know fame and wealth do accomplish something: They cure ambition anxiety. But that's all. It isn't much. 【R4】______ Start by jarring yourself out of unreflective atheism or agnosticism. A good way to do that is to read about contemporary cosmology. That reading won't lead you to religion, but it may stop you from being unreflective. Start reading religious literature. The past hundred years have produced excellent and accessible work, much of it written by people who came to adulthood as uninvolved in religion as you are. 【R5】______ Without the slightest bit of preaching, The movie "Groundhog Day" shows the bumpy, unplanned evolution of his protagonist from a jerk to a fully realized human being—a person who has learned to experience deep, lasting and justified satisfaction with life even though he has only one day to work with. You could learn the same truths by studying Aristotle's "Ethics" carefully, but watching "Groundhog Day" repeatedly is a lot more fun.

On America"s Gulf coast, massive industrial facilities stand idle. Miles of twisting stainless-steel pipes and huge storage tanks gleam uselessly in the sun. They are a reminder of the hundreds of billions of dollars that America has invested in terminals for handling imports of liquefied natural gas(LNG). Thanks to the boom in domestic shale gas, those imports are no longer needed. America produces nearly as much gas as it consumes, and will soon produce far more. So the obvious thing to do with those idle terminals is to re-engineer them to handle exports. Instead of receiving shiploads of liquefied gas and re-gasifying it, they should be taking American gas, liquefying it and loading it onto tankers. Converting these plants will not be cheap—each one will cost at least $ 5 billion. But the potential rewards are much larger. In America gas sells for around $ 3.40 per million British thermal units(mBTU). In Europe it costs around $ 12. In gas-poor Asia, spot cargoes change hands for as much as $ 20 per mBTU. Since it costs roughly $ 5 per mBTU to liquefy the stuff, ship it and turn it back into gas, America could be making a fortune from gas exports. To the extent that such exports displaced dirty coal, they would also help curb global warming. Most of America"s two dozen LNG import terminals have applied for export licences. Yet only one, Sabine Pass in Louisiana, has actually started retooling its kit. Gas from there will start flowing onto global markets by the end of 2015. Why has every other terminal been so slow to seize this opportunity? Converting a plant is not easy: firms must build now upon row of expensive fridges, known as "liquefaction trains" , to get gas moving in the opposite direction. But the real hold-up is political. No LNG facility besides Sabine has yet received permission to export. American law requires the Department of Energy to determine whether gas exports are in the public interest, and President Barack Obama"s administration is in no hurry to make up its mind.

Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)describethediagram,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

In the old days parents followed a simple rule: spare the rod and spoil the child. These days less violent forms of discipline are favoured. Supernanny, a television toddler-tamer, recommends the "naughty step" , to which ill-behaved naughty children are temporarily banished. Yet even this is too harsh, some psychologists say. But advocates of "positive discipline" say "naughty step" does nothing to encourage one to solve problems(and thus build character). Some even suggest it may be psychologically damaging. Positive discipline, which is becoming a fad in America, aims to teach children self-control and empathy. Rather than screaming at them to pick up the toys they have thrown on the floor, parents or teachers ask them to suggest their own way of tackling the problem. Adults are encouraged to think harder about the causes of bad behaviour. Families meet regularly to discuss all of the above. The Ravenswood School in Chicago has embraced positive discipline. When children quarrel, they are allowed to pick an option from a "wheel of choice" poster. These include "share and take turns" , "balloon breath" and a spell in the "calm-down corner". In one classroom this has a tiny chair, some fairy lights and an inviting box of picture books. Positive discipline is not new; Jane Nelson, a family consultant and child-care guru , first published a book with that title in 1981. No reliable statistics show how many parents or schools use it, but the Positive Discipline Association, a non-profit that ran 18 training workshops in 2005, found itself running 51 in 2010. Doubters fear that positive really means permissive. Not so, says Maria Vannucci of the Adler School of Professional Psychology in Chicago. The goal is to connect with a child, rather than simply barking " Shut up!" or " Go to your room!" For example, a child who is getting underfoot in the kitchen may need to feel involved and be given something to do, such as rolling pastry or folding napkins. One who has given up on his homework may need to have the task broken down. A toddler who hits another may not know why he is angry; he may be removed or told: " Use your gentle hands. " Bribes are out: positive disciplinarians fear they may prevent a child from developing pride in a job well done.

BSection III Writing/B

If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor." If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.

College students are more stressed out than ever before—at least according to the latest findings of a large, national survey that has been conducted annually for the last 25 years. The survey includes more than 200,000 students【C1】______nearly 300 colleges and asks them to【C2】______how their own mental health【C3】______their classmates' —for example, is it "above average" or in the "highest 10%"? This【C4】______unusual methodology typically results in the statistical Lake Woebegon effect in which most people【C5】______to overestimate themselves in relation to others (it refers to the fictional Lake Woebegon, where "all the women are strong, all the men are good-looking and all the children are above average").【C6】______the most recent results indicate that fewer and fewer freshmen feel like they are in top form in terms of【C7】______stress. So what's going on? Obviously, the economy and high unemployment might【C8】______the increase in stress. A much more precise large study recently found that empathy【C9】______college students had declined 40% since 2000—and since caring relationships are【C10】______to mental (and physical) health, a decline in empathy could also produce a decline in mental health and coping. My final point brings us back to my earlier post on a Stanford study that looked at the psychological【C11】______of comparing ourselves to others. It found that the way people are incline to【C12】______their negative emotions while broadcasting their happy ones makes the rest of us feel somehow "less than"—【C13】______all our friends and neighbors have better lives than we【C14】______ This【C15】______, too, might tie into why the new survey, "The American Freshman: National Norms, Fall 2011," found that students are feeling less【C16】______about their level of emotional and mental stability. If all the students around you are desperately trying to【C17】______a happy face—and you【C18】______that face as a true reflection of their【C19】______selves, even as you work to hide your own【C20】______—well, it's not surprising that so many students might be getting a bit strained.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

It is a fact universally accepted that Britons dislike immigration. Sure enough, when travel restrictions on Romanians and Bulgarians(imposed when their countries joined the EU)were lifted on January 1st, newspapers and politicians fretted. Two MPs even took it upon themselves to meet a morning flight from Bucharest and quiz its passengers. Yet a report published on January 2nd by Ip-sos MORI, a polling firm, shows attitudes to be more varied. A widening gap divides those born before 1965 from younger folk. Although immigrants are often said to deprive younger Britons of entry-level jobs and housing, members of Generation Y(born in 1980 or later)and Generation X(born between 1966 and 1979)are ambivalent towards them. By contrast, the baby boomers(born between 1945 and 1965)and the old, who benefit most from cheap carers and cleaners, counterintuitively think immigrants a drag. Age influences opinion more strongly than social class does. This makes Britain an oddity. Ipsos MORI conducted the same study in Germany, and found the views of the young and the old to be converging. According to Robert Ford of the University of Manchester, the gap between the old and the young is larger in Britain than in America, France or Spain, too. Different life experiences explain why. When baby boomers were in their politically formative teens and early 20s, Britain was a pretty homogeneous place; before the mid-1970s it was closer to the Commonwealth than to continental Europe. That generation grew up doubtful about diversity. East European immigrants, who began arriving in large numbers in the mid-2000s, doubly offend them. Bobby Duffy of Ipsos MORI, who has conducted focus groups with members of this generation , reports that the prospect of retirement makes people worry about their children"s chances. For Generation X, mass immigration, European integration and multiculturalism are part of the furniture. They grew up in a more individualistic Britain; which, says Mr Ford, explains their relative distaste for authority, homogeneity and flag-waving. This, like university attendance(more common among this group than their parents), tends to make people more tolerant of different races and nationalities. Thus Generation X"s experiences are closer to those of Generation Y than to the baby boomers—a fact reflected in Ipsos MORI"s findings.

A pretty pot plant might make an unemotional work space feel more personal. But new research has revealed that office plants do so much more as they can help staff be more creative and productive, which could ultimately【C1】______promotion. At work,【C2】______houseplants have been proven to aid concentration, increase productivity and【C3】______staff well-being by 47 per cent, according to a study undertaken at this year"s Chelsea Flower Show. The results showed that【C4】______staff to make design decisions in a workspace【C5】______with office plants can increase creativity by 45 per cent and improve productivity by 38 per cent. The researchers believe their findings demonstrate that plants are not unnecessary【C6】______of business environments and add【C7】______to other studies, which indicate plants increase psychological comfort and business【C8】______. Psychologist Dr Craig Knight said: "We have previously shown that designing your own workspace improves health, happiness and productivity. It was time to go a step【C9】______and see whether the principle can also【C10】______creativity and indeed whether the very act of designing the workspace can be used effectively. The results indicate that plants, in a well-designed and personalized office environment can increase business effectiveness【C11】______improved staff productivity and creativity. This gives company managers a real【C12】______to share control of office space with their staff and create meaningful, less【C13】______and more grown up space." Plants have previously been proven to have【C14】______effects in hospitals, where patients with pot plants close by said they experienced less pain, anxiety and tiredness,【C15】______houses with plant-filled rooms【C16】______between 50 and 60 per cent fewer bacteria than other rooms【C17】______plants. Monique Kemperman from The Joy of Plants, said: "Scientific studies have demonstrated that we can see a【C18】______improvement in air quality alone, just by【C19】______a few common houseplants around a room." The organization wants to encourage everyone in the UK to add a houseplant to their home and office and claims it will make a "【C20】______" impact to people"s quality of life on a daily basis.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

Suppose you ordered a hair dryer online at the cost of $22, but only received an empty package box. Something must be wrong. Write ft letter to 1) complain about it, and 2) ask for a refund or another delivery. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

How best to solve the pollution problems of a city sunk so deep within sulfurous clouds that it was described as hell on earth? Simply answered: Relocate all urban smoke-creating industry and encircle the metropolis of London with sweetly scented flowers and elegant hedges. In fact, as Christine L. Corton, a Cambridge scholar, reveals in her new book, London Fog, this fragrant anti-smoke scheme was the brainchild of John Evelyn, the 17th-century diarist. King Charles II was said to be much pleased with Evelyn' s idea, and a bill against the smoky nuisance was duly drafted. Then nothing was done. Nobody at the time, and nobody right up to the middle of the 20th century, was willing to put public health above business interests. And yet it's a surprise to discover how beloved a feature of London life these multicolored fogs became. A painter, Claude Monet, fleeing besieged Paris in 1870, fell in love with London's vaporous, mutating clouds. He looked upon the familiar mist as his reliable collaborator. Visitors from abroad may have delighted in the fog, but homegrown artists lit candles and vainly scrubbed the grime from their gloom-filled studio windows. "Give us light!" Frederic Leighton pleaded to the guests at a Lord Mayor' s banquet in 1882, begging them to have pity on the poor painter. The more serious side of Corton' s book documents how business has taken precedence over humanity where London' s history of pollution is concerned. A prevailing westerly wind meant that those dwelling to the east were always at most risk. Those who could afford it lived elsewhere. The east was abandoned to the underclass. Lord Palmerston spoke up for choking East Enders in the 1850s, pointing a finger at the interests of the furnace owners. A bill was passed, but there was little change. Eventually, another connection was established: between London' s perpetual veil of smog and its citizens' cozily smoldering grates. Sadly, popular World War I songs like "Keep the Home Fires Burning" didn't do much to encourage the adoption of smokeless fuel. It wasn 't until what came to be known as the "Great Killer Fog" of 1952 that the casualty rate became impossible to ignore and the British press finally took up the cause. It was left to a Member of Parliament to steer the Clean Air Act into law in 1956. Within a few years, even as the war against pollution was still in its infancy, the dreaded fog began to fade. Corton's book combines meticulous social history with a wealth of eccentric detail. Thus we learn that London's ubiquitous plane trees were chosen for their shiny, fog-resistant foliage. It's discoveries like these that make reading London Fog such an unusual and enlightening experience.

Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionlessness would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear; people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist; in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, bonds among members of groups; society's economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since earning $ 10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $ 10, there would be no incentive to work.