In a sweeping change to how most of its 1,800 employees are paid, the Union Square Hospitality Group will eliminate tipping at Union Square Cafe and its 12 other restaurants by the end of next year, the company's chief executive, Danny Meyer, said on Wednesday. The move will affect New York City businesses. The first will be the Modern, inside the Museum of Modern Art, starting next month. The others will gradually follow. A small number of restaurants around the country have reduced or eliminated tipping in the last several years. Some put a surcharge on the bill, allowing the restaurants to set the pay for all their employees. Others, including Bruno Pizza, a new restaurant in the East Village, factor the cost of an hourly wage for servers into their menu prices. Union Square Hospitality Group will do the latter. The Modern will be the pilot restaurant, Mr. Meyer said, because its chef, Abram Bissell, has been agitating for higher pay to attract skilled cooks. The average hourly wage for kitchen employees at the restaurant is expected to rise to $15.25 from $11.75. Mr. Meyer said that restaurants such as his needed to stay competitive as the state moved to a $15 minimum wage for fast-food workers. If cooks' wages do not keep pace with the cost of living, he said, "it's not going to be sustainable to attract the culinary talent that the city needs to keep its edge." Mr. Meyer said he hoped to be able to raise pay for junior dining room managers and for cooks, dishwashers and other kitchen workers. The wage gap is one of several issues cited by restaurateurs who have deleted the tip line from checks. Some believe it is unfair for servers' pay to be affected by factors that have nothing to do with performance. A rash of class-action lawsuits over tipping irregularities, many of which have been settled for millions of dollars, is a mounting worry. Scott Rosenberg, an owner of Sushi Yasuda in Manhattan, said in an interview in 2013 that he had eliminated tipping so his restaurant could more closely follow the customs of Japan, where tipping is rare. He said he also hoped his customers would enjoy leaving the table without having to solve a math problem. While Drew Nieporent, who owns nine restaurants in New York City and one in London, said he doubted the average diner would accept an increase in prices. "Tipping is a way of life in this country," he said. "It may not be the perfect system, but it' s our system. It' s an American system."

Even before the opening ceremony, a record had been broken at Sochi: 12 new events, the most for any Olympics, were scheduled to make their debut . Since the first winter Olympics in 1924, the total has swelled from 16 to 98. Some of the latest batch, such as the women"s ski jump, are variations on existing events. Others will be less familiar to the mainly middle-aged audience. This is as the organisers intended. More than half of all Americans who watched the 2010 winter Olympics on NBC were over 50. Teenagers hardly tuned in. For the main sponsors, which included Coca-Cola and McDonald"s, as well as for broadcasters and advertisers, this was bad news. Teenagers, in particular, have a big influence on their families" spending habits. In 1948 the BBC offered 1,000 guineas($ 47 ,000 in today"s money)for the right to broadcast that year"s London summer games. The organisers, fearing this would be too much of a financial strain for the broadcaster, turned it down. That amateur spirit has long since gone the way of the tug-of-war event; global broadcasting rights have been the games" biggest revenue stream for the past 30 years. In London 2012 they hit $2.6 billion. When planning the Olympics, says Ian Henry of Loughborough University, organisers only recently started to think about how well a sport plays on television and with young people. They added snowboarding in 1998 and last year considered dropping one of the oldest summer Olympic sports, wrestling. It won a reprieve by cutting the number of rounds, making scoring snazzier and adding more women"s events. This year"s additions to a tournament were chosen partly because they attract lots of YouTube views and Twitter followers. They include the ski half-pipe; snowboard slope style and the luge team relay. It is all a far cry from curling, in which the team sweep the ice in front of a slowly moving stone—the thrill of which is nicely captured by the sport"s nickname; "chess on ice".

Write a letter to the president of your university to 1) suggest how to improve students" physical condition, and 2) include the details you think necessary, You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic of sleepiness in the nation. "I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting【C1】______sleep than they ought to." says Dr. David. 【C2】______people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be【C3】______with more rest. The beginning of our sleep deficit crisis can be【C4】______to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal【C5】______from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the【C6】______that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were【C7】______on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark." By the 1950s and 1960s, that sleep schedule had been reduced【C8】______, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. "People cheat on their sleep, and they don't even【C9】______they're doing it," says Dr. David. "They think they're okay because they can【C10】______on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally【C11】______." Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the【C12】______of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community【C13】______, many people consider sleep the least【C14】______item on the agenda. "In our society, you're considered【C15】______if you say you only need 5.5 hours' sleep. If you say you've got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack【C16】______and ambition." To assess the【C17】______of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects【C18】______a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We've found that if you're sleep-deprived, performance【C19】______," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is impaired,【C20】______are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."

Suppose your friend Lucy asked you for some information about a successful interview. Write a letter to 1)give her some advice, and 2)express your best wishes. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.(10 points)

As a wise man once said, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isn't the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations, but a fact of Europe's new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, realestate developers and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the "irresistible momentum of individualism" over the last century. The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on Europeans private lives. Europe's new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe's shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today's tech-sawy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage twenty something professionals or widowed senior citizens. While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. Living alone was conceived to be negative—dark and cold, while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone. The booming economy means people are working harder than ever. And that doesn't leave much room for relationships. Pimpi Arroyo, a 35-year-old composer who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasn't got time to get lonely because he has too much work. "I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult." Only an Ideal Woman would make him change his lifestyle, he says. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called "The Single Woman and Prince Chaming" thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates, so relationships don't last long—if they start at all. Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbathes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says she'd never have wanted to do what her mother did—give up a career to raise a family. Instead, "I've always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life."

Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

Immigration stirs up strong enough fears to justify questionable measures of protection against it— from arrests at the doors of French schools to the border wall that separates the USA from Mexico. Economic research suggests that the intensity of these reactions seems completely disproportionate to immigration's real economic impact on the local population. David Card has shown that even massive waves of immigration don't result in lower salaries or fewer jobs for local people in the US. In a recent survey article, he concluded that the " new immigration" assimilates just as well as previous waves had, and that the wages and employment prospects of natives are not any lower in cities that received more migrants. Furthermore, Patricia Cortes also showed that an increase in the number of immigrants causes a price-drop in the sectors where they're concentrated.

BSection III Writing/B

BPart B/B

BPart B/B

Now that we are fairly sure that there are many Earth-like planets in the Galaxy, the time is ripe (or almost so) to wonder whether these new worlds do indeed have a high probability of hosting new forms of life. Currently, the best【C1】______on the existence of other planets comes from NASA"s【C2】______Kepler satellite, which has been mapping an area of the sky【C3】______some 150,000 stars. Scientists estimate that around 5 percent of planets in our galaxy have masses similar【C4】______Earth"s and, possibly, are within the habitable zone of their stars, meaning that【C5】______they hold water it has a high chance of being liquid.【C6】______there are about 200 billion stars in our galaxy alone, scientists estimate that there should be about 10 billion Earth-size planets. Not bad, especially if we【C7】______that to be Earth-size and within a habitable zone is all it takes for life to take hold in an【C8】______world. In practice, however, the situation is much more【C9】______, since it depends on what life is and how it appears in a planet,【C10】______on the planet"s detailed geological history. Here on Earth life appeared some 3.5 billion years ago.【C11】______that it may have been here as far【C12】______as 3.8 billion years ago remain tentative. For about the first three billion years, life on earth was【C13】______in the form of single-cell creatures. Only when Earth"s atmosphere was full of oxygen did more sophisticated organisms appear. 【C14】______its unusual atmosphere, Earth"s heavy, single moon, its magnetic field also did something else that allowed complex life to【C15】______on its surface.【C16】______these, Complex life would find it very hard to【C17】______and survive. The results from Kepler"s mission are encouraging and exciting. We have the【C18】______of confirming the existence of countless other worlds out there. Based on these findings, we should indeed【C19】______that other worlds would host some kind of simple life. However, as some scientists argued, Earth and its ability to host complex life will probably remain a【C20】______phenomenon in this and other galaxies.

On how the world has changed over the last 50 years, not all of it has been good. As you are looking for organic food information, you have obviously become aware that a better alternative exists and you are taking a critical look at the source and production practices of the companies producing the world's food supplies. The purpose of organic food information is to give you an understanding of what is going into your food. You will see that there are many benefits to organic food that you didn't know before. The basis behind knowing about organic food information is the fact that farmers are resorting to using artificial fertilizers and pesticides (杀虫剂) to control disease and insect attack in order to produce more crops to satisfy growing demand. These artificial fertilizers leave something poisonous in and on the fruit and vegetables we consume which in turn is absorbed and stored by our bodies. Even the quality of food has gone down in recent years. Today's fruits have nowhere near the Vitamin C levels they did at one time. However, with organic food information you learn that organic food has fifty percent more nutrients, minerals and vitamins than any other form of produce that has been grown under intensive farming. If you are eating non-organic produce you will have to eat more fruit in order to make up for this deficiency. But then the dangerous cycle continues since you will be eating more chemicals that are worse for your health than they are good for you. Another aspect of organic food information is the production of meat and poultry (家禽) . Most only consider produce when it comes to organic food information disregarding the antibiotics (抗生素) and hormones that are given to both cattle and poultry that are being force fed. Ask yourself what happens to all these antibiotics and hormones when the animal is killed, the remaining of these antibiotics and growth hormones reside in the meat which are then consumed, digested and stored in human bodies. There is no way that an animal that isn't kept in healthy conditions can produce healthy food for humans to eat. You have nothing to lose by trying organic product, not only will it be healthy for you but you will also be able to eat produce and meat the way they are supposed to be. You will likely be so impressed with the taste of organic fruit that you will never return to the mass-produced fruit again. While cost and availability can be a big issue for some, you can do a bit of research online and find a local store that stocks organic produce for a reasonable price.

After the dotcom boom of the 1990s, the world is about to experience a boom in dots. Over 1,000 new generic top-level domain names(gTLDs)are set to join the 22 existing ones, such as. com and . org, and the 280 country-specific ones, such as . uk, that now grace the end of web addresses. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN), the nonprofit organisation that manages the web"s address book, reckons this will boost competition and innovation. It will also increase the cost to businesses of protecting their brands. Some of the new gTLDs, such as . guru and . sexy, will flatter owners" egos. Others, such as . clothing and . photography, will be used by firms to tout their wares. Among the first to go live, on February 4th, was ".web" written in Arabic script. That made history: until now all generic top-level domains have been written in Latin lettering, meaning internet users with Arabic keyboards had to wrestle with ALT, CTRL and the like to type the last few letters of most websites" names. Other gTLDs in scripts such as Chinese and Russian will follow in the coming months. Firms including Apple, Ford and IWC, a watchmaker, have already applied to register their names as gTLDs. That will allow them to ensure they are not used by crooks or cybersquatters. Google, Amazon and others have applied for numerous gTLDs, including . app and . kindle, presumably because they want to use them and think they can make money by selling the right to use "second-level" domains(for example, economist, app), typically for $ 10—50 a year. Firms may also be keen to buy certain second-level domains to stop them falling into the wrong hands. Donuts, a company that has lodged hundreds of applications for gTLDs, has . wtfand . sucks on its list. But there are costs to owning a gTLD. Firms must pay $ 185 ,000 to ICANN when applying for one, plus $ 25 ,000 for each year they use it. Deciding which ones to splash out on is tricky. New domains including . biz and . mobi have been added in the past, but have failed to put a dent in the wildly popular . com. The avalanche of new domains may also confuse web users, who often get to their destinations via search engines rather than by typing web addresses into browsers. Greater choice and competition should eventually bring them benefits. But the transition may be . complicated.

Just as each wedding creates potential business for divorce lawyers, so each engagement gives insurers a chance to drum up business. Future spouses, says Alan Tuvin of Travelers, an insurer, may wish to protect themselves against something going wrong on the wedding day. It is unlikely that your intended wife will leave on horseback, as Julia Roberts did in "Runaway Bride", and most insurers wouldn' t cover that anyway. But you never know what might happen. Mr. Tuvin launched the firm' s wedding-insurance business; he and his wife were its first clients. A typical American wedding costs 25,000 or so. This has fallen a bit over the past quarter-century but still seems lavish given how tight American belts are these days. Weddings are pricey because the rich are more likely to marry than the poor, and the average age of newlyweds has gone up, so couples are more prosperous when they eventually tie the knot. High prices, and the fact that many venues require couples to take out liability insurance, feed demand for wedding insurance. A fifth of couples buy it, says the Wedding Report, a trade publication. Wedding insurance began in Britain: Cornhill, an insurer, wrote its first policy in 1988. But there were few takers. The idea only took off once transplanted to America. In the early days, says Mr. Nuccio of Robert Nuccio of Wedsure, an surer, there were incidents of couples faking engagements to collect a payout. Since then, most policies have a clause that excludes "change of heart". Wedsure does insure against cold feet, but its policy will pay out only if the wedding is cancelled more than 12 months before it is due to take place, thereby guarding against fiances phoning the broker once the relationship is already on the rocks. This does not mean policies are useless. Common causes of payouts include the venue or caterers going bust after having taken a big deposit. Extreme weather, a spouse being deployed by the armed forces and an absent priest can all trigger payouts. Most policies will pay to re-stage the photos if the photographer fails to turn up or disappears with the pictures. For some, even a small risk of something going wrong on a day that has been planned for months is worth paying to avoid. Who says romance is dead?

Even before economist Howard Davies thinking where to put extra airport capacity in Britain, rejecting the idea of building a big new hub in the Thames Estuary, the backlash had begun. Boris Johnson, the mayor of London and an enthusiastic supporter of the Thames plan, spluttered in advance, then branded the decision "shortsighted". NIMBYs opposing the expansion of Heathrow and Gatwick groaned, knowing that the remaining options all involve building or extending runways at one of those airports. Sir Howard's final recommendation is sure to run into heavy fire. To make matters worse, he and his team must hazard a guess about the future of air travel. Heathrow and Gatwick are both full, or close to it, and want to expand. But the two airports presently serve quite different parts of the market. Some 37% of passengers at Heathrow transfer between flights. Nearly a third of its customers are on business. By contrast, only 13% of Gatwick's customers are business travellers. Most are going on holiday. Just 7% transfer there—a proportion that has fallen by half over the past decade. Heathrow's shiny new Terminal 2, which opened in June, is full of expensive shops and restaurants run by Michelin-starred cooks to entice rich passengers. At Gatwick, recent improvements reflect its popularity with holiday goers: a wider lane at security gate has been set aside for families, while an area in the southern terminal is now reserved for elderly passengers, with comfortable seats and a small duty-free shop. The airports' managers also hold entirely different views about the way the airline industry will develop, and its place in the broader economy. Much of the argument for expanding Heathrow rests on the idea that hub airports are, and will remain, vital. Without further expansion, boosters argue, fewer flights to distant places such as Wuhan and Xiamen will be available to businessmen. If the capacity plight persists, domestic flights are more likely to be delayed or cancelled. European airports will pick up those passengers instead. "That's our GDP leaking out," says Jon Proudlove, the general manager of air-traffic control at Heathrow. Not surprisingly, Gatwick takes a different view. Over the past ten years the growth of low-cost airlines has been explosive, points out Sir Roy McNulty, chairman of the Gatwick group. People are travelling in different ways, with more "self-connecting" to keep costs down. Although connections with emerging markets are important, Europe and North America will remain Britain's largest trading partners, he argues. London will be a destination in its own right.

If you want to succeed, you have to be passionate【C1】______your work. It has to be true. 【C2】______speakers around the globe say so. The prestigious consulting firm Deloitte quantified it in a report that said, "Up to 87. 7 percent of America's workforce is not able to contribute【C3】______their full potential because they don't have enthusiasm for their work. " Enthusiasm for your work intensifies focus, provides the drive to persist when challenges【C4】______, and enables creativity. It is also important to remember【C5】______passion can fade and relationships with too much of it early on can result【C6】______disillusionment. You see this at work when a formerly "passionate" employee becomes jaded and cynical because things just aren't as they used to be in the past. If you are fortunate to work every day at a career or job about which you are passionate,【C7】______yourself lucky. The reality is, according to the Deloitte study, there【C8】______that many people who are enthusiastic about what they do. You can't easily toss the dispassionate masses aside and hire all new people who are in love with what you do. 【C9】______, some jobs and industries just don't elicit passion. Many companies need people to perform jobs that never appear on anyone's most desirable list. They are often physically challenging, somewhat monotonous, and provide low wages. They may have limited【C10】______for advancement, and they exist in industries that are profitable but not sexy. One of my manufacturing clients perfectly【C11】______this description, and despite the difficult environment , people show【C12】______and do a great job every day. They aren't particularly crazy about their jobs, but they are driven by an immense pride in their performance. A positive【C13】______of pride is grounded in humility. It establishes and maintains a reputation for excellence. Pride doesn't【C14】______shortcuts, and most important, it maintains high standards when passion for the job has diminished. At the【C15】______of the day, you can't ignore the impact of passion. Virtually【C16】______raises their hands when I ask seminar participants if they would do their ideal jobs for less than one percent of what they make today. We should, however, pay more attention【C17】______pride. Pride speaks to character, and character is an excellent indicator of the quality and commitment of the work. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said: "If a man is called to be a street sweeper, he should sweep streets【C18】______as Michelangelo painted, or Beethoven composed music, or Shakespeare wrote poetry. He should sweep streets so well that all the hosts of heaven and earth will【C19】______to say, here lived a great street sweeper who did his job well. " Most assume that Dr. King was talking about the importance of passion【C20】______of the status of your position. Perhaps, however, we missed the real message about having personal pride in your performance.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchartonpeople'sperceptionofshoppingwebsites.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)