BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

It is no longer particularly rare for women to be the main breadwinner—in the US a quarter of wives now earn more than their husbands—but what is rarer is for such a relationship to work. A book published last week by the journalist Farnoosh Torabi draws together data showing just how hard it is: high-earning women have difficulty finding a husband, and when they do, he is five times as likely to be unfaithful as other husbands. The woman will probably do more than her share of chores; though in the unusual event that he starts ironing and cooking, he is likely to end his marriage. Either way, divorce beckons. The majority of people, even very young couples, still seem to be in relationships where the man makes more. One fiercely clever young man says his equally clever feminist girlfriend has told him she could never marry a man who earned less as she didn' t fancy a life spent propping up his ego. One male colleague says his wife's habit of making a lot was a godsend for him as he loves money but is too lazy to make much himself. More commonly it comes when the man' s professional ego is not measured in money. Various men at the FT(Financiai Times) have wives earning a fortune in the city, freeing them to be relatively poorly paid hacks. Within the marriage there is the understanding that his career matters as much—if not more—than hers. In the same way, some female journalists support men who are musicians and designers, who love what they do, and (in the best cases) are also happy to take the lead in bringing up the children. The most interesting cases are when both started together in a similar industry but over the years the woman has overtaken the man. Most of these seem to end badly. But one successful male journalist explained how he had overcome the problem of having an even more successful wife. "It's the Piketty debate, isn't it? What matters most—inequality, or overall living standards?" In the interests of the latter, he has wisely refused to feel any resentment and instead declares himself utterly proud of his wife.

An international conference on global warming will be held in Beijing in December this year. The organization committee is now looking for volunteers who can provide language service, computer aid and at least one week of working for the conference. You're asked to write a letter to apply for this position. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not use your own name at the end of the notice. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address. (10 points)

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

Anonymity is not something which was invented with the Internet. Anonymity and pseudonymity has occurred throughout history. For example, William Shakespeare is probably a pseudonym, and the real name of this 【C1】______ author is not known and will probably never be known. Anonymity has been used for many purposes. A well-known person may use a pseudonym to write messages, where the person does not want people' s【C2】______of the real author【C3】______their perception of the message. Also other people may want to【C4】______certain information about themselves in order to achieve a more 【C5】______ evaluation of their messages. A case in point is that in history it has been【C6】______that women used male pseudonyms, and for Jews to use pseudonyms in societies where their 【C7】______ was persecuted. Anonymity is often used to protect the 【C8】______ of people, for example when reporting results of a scientific study, when describing individual cases. Many countries even have laws which protect anonymity in certain circumstances. For instance, a person may, in many countries, consult a priest, doctor or lawyer and【C9】______personal information which is protected. In some【C10】______, for example confession in catholic churches, the confession booth is specially【C11】______to allow people to consult a priest,【C12】______seeing him face to face. The anonymity in【C13】______situations is however not always 100%. If a person tells a lawyer that he plans a【C14】______crime, some countries allow or even【C15】______that the lawyer tell the【C16】______. The decision to do so is not easy, since people who tell a priest or a psychologist that they plan a crime, may often do this to【C17】______their feeling more than their real intention. Many countries have laws protecting the anonymity of tip-offs to newspapers. It is regarded as【C18】______that people can give tips to newspapers about abuse, even though they are dependent【C19】______the organization they are criticizing and do not dare reveal their real name. Advertisement in personal sections in newspapers are also always signed by a pseudonym for【C20】______reasons.

BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Canada'spremiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,together,toreducehealthcarecosts.They'reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhichispharmaceuticalcosts.AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare—tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts—recommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.Whatdoes"national"mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.But"national"doesn'thavetomeanthat."National"couldmeaninterprovincial—provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.Eitherway,onebenefitofa"national"organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince—oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince—negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.Ofcourse,thepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn'tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCoordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded.Predictably,andregrettably,Quebecrefusedtojoin.Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.That'sonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn'tgoneanywhere,whiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.

If you"ve got an ear for languages, a skill of coding or a steady hand and don"t faint at the sight of blood then your career looks rewarding and stable—translator, web developer and surgeon have been named as the three best jobs in the UK Job search engine Adzuna analyzed more than 2,000 job【C1】______to identify these three as the most highly rated positions,【C2】______a combination of factors including their high levels of job security, pay and income growth potential. But at the other end of the【C3】______miner, tourist guide and builder"s laborer are the bottom-rated roles because of their high-pressure deadlines, long hours and low salaries. Adzuna used deadlines, competitiveness and physical and【C4】______risk to rate the most pressurized jobs, giving additional weight to levels of【C5】______physical danger. Taking the heaviest toll on the【C6】______are working as a doctor, pilot, journalist and fireman. Flora Lowther, head of research at the job search engine, said: "Listing every【C7】______vacancy in the UK and studying the behavior of millions of monthly job seekers, gives us a unique【C8】______into employee satisfaction levels and perceptions in today"s job market. Job seekers should be taking【C9】______of this research when thinking about their next career move." Not【C10】______in our increasingly wired world, web developer comes out on top as the most【C11】______job after considering factors including promotion potential, income growth and job security. The career also【C12】______from a lack of competition, employer demand, rising wages and excellent working environments【C13】______it to the top of the pile. What"s more, roles in IT and engineering are【C14】______by workers to offer the best prospects. Ms Lowther added: "The tech market now【C15】______better than other sectors such as finance and engineering【C16】______job availability. However,what【C17】______growth is a lack of talent." 【C18】______at the other end of the spectrum, Adzuna"s research found that the growth of technology had a negative impact【C19】______more traditional roles. Jobs like travel agents, postmen, supermarket cashier and factory workers are becoming increasingly【C20】______in today"s employment market"

Conventional traffic engineering assumes that given no increase in vehicles, more roads mean less congestion. So when planners in Seoul tore down a six-lane highway a few years ago and replaced it with a five-mile-long park, many transportation professionals were surprised to learn that the city's traffic flow had actually improved, instead of worsening. It was like an inverse of Braess's paradox. Mathematician Dietrich Braess of Ruhr University Bochum in Germany states that in a network in which all the moving entities rationally seek the most efficient route, adding extra capacity can actually reduce the network's overall efficiency. The Seoul project inverts this dynamic; closing a highway—that is, reducing network capacity—improves the system's effectiveness. Although Braess's paradox was first identified in the 1960s and is rooted in 1920s economic theory, the concept never gained enough attention in the automobile-oriented U.S. But in the 21st century, economic and environmental problems are bringing new scrutiny to the idea that limiting spaces for cars may move more people more efficiently. A key to this counterintuitive approach to traffic design lies in manipulating the inherent self-interest of all drivers. A case in point is "The Price of Anarchy in Transportation Networks," published last September in Physical Review Letters by Michael Gastner, a computer scientist at the Santa Fe Institute, and his colleagues. Using hypothetical and real-world road networks, they explain that drivers seeking the shortest route to a given destination eventually reach what is known as the Nash equilibrium, in which no single driver can do any better by changing his or her strategy unilaterally . The problem is that the Nash equilibrium is less efficient than the equilibrium reached when drivers act unselfishly—that is, when they coordinate their movements to benefit the entire group. The "price of anarchy" is a measure of the inefficiency caused by selfish drivers. Analyzing a commute from Harvard Square to Boston Common, the researchers found that the price can be high—selfish drivers typically waste 30 percent more time than they would under "socially optimal" conditions. The solution hinges on Braess's paradox, Gastner says. "Selfish drivers can be led to a better solution if you remove some of the network links, in part because closing roads makes it more difficult for individual drivers to choose the best (and most selfish) route."

Everyone knows that the first rule of driving is never taking your eyes off the road. Teen drivers【C1】______being careful, but they tend to start multitasking after just a few months behind the wheel, according to research published Tuesday. And【C2】______older drivers can handle eating or talking to passengers, which【C3】______up the new drivers, dialing a cell phone increased the risk of accidents among young and【C4】______drivers alike. This isn't great news, since it's well【C5】______that distracted driving is a leading cause of accidents among all drivers. It makes sense that young drivers will start testing their limits after a few months behind the wheel, according to Bruce Simons-Morton, a behavioral scientist. "You increase the difficulty of a task until you make an【C6】______," Simons-Morton says. "It seems like a very natural thing but still it's very【C7】______, because good driving ability and safety judgment develops【C8】______a very long period of time." Within six months of getting their licenses, young drivers in this study -started texting, eating and【C9】______the radio while driving as much as their more skilled【C10】______But it takes thousands of hours of【C11】______to get good at driving, according to Simons-Morton. That disconnect may help【C12】______the high accident rates among teenage drivers. The researchers compared data from two small studies—one tracked 42【C13】______licensed young drivers and the other looked at 100 drivers with more experience . All the participants had sensors and cameras【C14】______in their cars. The researchers used the sensors to track when drivers got into accidents or close calls. The videos were then used to see what the drivers were doing just before the accidents【C15】______. Because the researchers wanted to focus on the【C16】______of distracted driving, they【C17】______crashes caused by drunk driving and ones that were clearly caused by other drivers. Since the number of people in this study was small, Simons-Morton says the results will have to be【C18】______by other research. A couple of bigger studies already【C19】______the works, might make things clearer. But Simons-Morton says this is the first totally【C20】______look at teen driver distraction.

Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him an email to(1)tell him about your living habits, and(2)ask for advice about living there.

A young woman goes to university and earns a degree in religious and women"s studies. In the process she piles up some $ 100,000 in student-loan debt. Upon graduation, she cannot find a job in her field and struggles to pay her bills. An example of unwise decision-making perhaps, but is it also proof of a long-debated bubble in American higher education? It is for Glenn Reynolds, the productive blogger, law professor and author of a new book, " The New School". With tuition costs rising much faster than inflation, Americans are taking on record amounts of debt over $ 1 trillion by 2013—to fund their education. Many are finding that their job prospects do not justify the investment. Whereas a university degree once meant automatic entry into the middle class, it now comes with no such guarantee. But is higher education as bad a deal as Mr Reynolds makes it out to be? "Some people are graduating with debts of $ 100,000 or more," he says, "sometimes much more. " Most are not, though. The average graduate holds student-loan debt of $ 29,400, a number not found in this book. College Board, a non-profit organisation, finds that the median earnings of university graduates emerging from four-year courses and without a further degree, such as a master"s, are 65% higher over their lifetimes than those of high-school graduates. Short on numbers, the book contributes little to the bubble debate. But Mr Reynolds puts forward criticism of American universities that will ring true to anyone who has attended one recently. Universities can help people make money in three ways: by teaching them skills, giving them credentials that employers want and providing access to a valuable social network. Some studies have shown that university students fail to learn much of anything. Acquiring skills, of course, can be quite expensive. Prices should not continue going up forever, so new thinking is needed. The web provides one way forward, and although Mr Reynolds is doubtful about the ability of colleges to reinvent themselves, some are catching on. Take the Georgia Institute of Technology, which has joined up with Udacity, an online educator, to offer a master"s degree in computer science for $ 7,000. "It"s a real, accredited degree," says Mr Reynolds, "just like the ones that cost six times as much if earned on campus. "

You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list[A]to[G]for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]Work passively so that the company can make you leave early with a compensation. [B]Determine how you will live during early retirement. [C]Start making as much money as you can. [D]Look for passive income. [E]Figure out how much you need to save in order to retire early. [F]Work out a plan to cut expenses after early retirement. [G]Figure out how much you will realistically spend in retirement. Most people think about retirement in some sense. You may be one of the "average" people looking for retirement at 65, or you may be someone who is aiming to retire early. Early retirement may not be for everyone: it usually means that you have to go to some form of extreme in order to reach it. You may have to work long hours, cut your expenses a good amount, or even both. However, I've never heard a complaint from those who retire early. Also, there are many websites that talk a lot about early retirement that you may want to read if you are serious about having this goal. 【R1】______ You need to really think about how you want to spend your retirement in order to determine how you will reach early retirement. Will you be traveling the world? Will you move to a cheaper foreign country? Will you have children? Will you have grandchildren? How will you pay for anything medical that arises? 【R2】______ For some reason, most think that they will spend less when they are in retirement. However, that is not always the case. You will have more free time and therefore will have more time to possibly spend money. Also, you will have to start paying for your own health insurance if it is currently being covered by your employer. The cost of this may shock you if you are not used to it. 【R3】______ Of course, the big factor of whether or not you can retire early is whether you actually have enough retirement funds. You need to figure out exactly how much you need to retire and how you can stretch that amount for decades to come. For example, if you want to retire in 10 years at the age of 35, you need to figure out exactly how much you need to survive in order to stretch your retirement funds for almost another 50 or 60 years. 【R4】______ One way to reach early retirement is to make as much money as you realistically can. Definitely do not engage in anything illegal, but try to get as many promotions and pay raises as you can. Work hard and know what your next step to reach that next pay level is. This is where certain people aren't interested in early retirement. Do you want a lifelong job that you love? Or do you want a job that will allow you to retire early? Usually it will be hard to have both. There are many fields that you may be interested in to make more money. You can go into engineering, sales, certain financial sector jobs and more. Or you could work a day job and earn extra income on the side as well. 【R5】______ If your goal is early retirement and you no longer want to work, you may want to look into making monthly income through passive sources. This way you are still bringing in money each month, but all that is required from you is occasional maintenance. Ideas for passive income include rental properties, investing in dividend-paying stocks, and more.

In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words. 在考试中作弊，这在大学时有发生，对学生和社会都有害。我们应如何杜绝这一现象?

For a child, happiness has a magical quality. I remember making hide-outs in newly cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods,getting a speaking part in the school play. For adults, happiness is complicated. As far as I am concerned, happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment". The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It' s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health. While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn't about what happens to us; it' s about how we perceive what happens to us. It' s the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a set-back as a challenge. It' s not wishing for what we don' t have, but enjoying what we do possess.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

WriteanessaybasedonthechartInyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B