Directions： In this party, you are asked to write an essay according to the information below．You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2．(15 points) 如今，名人(celebrity)在大学里当客座教授或兼职教授的现象很普遍，对于这种现象，不同的人持有不同的看法，请表明你的观点。

Climate change is the greatest challenge facing humanity: drastic reduction of carbon emissions is vital if we are to avoid a catastrophe that devastates large parts of the world. Governments and businesses have been slow to act and individuals now need to take the lead. The Earth can absorb no more than 3 tons of carbon dioxide emissions each year for every person on the planet if we are to keep temperature and rainfall change within tolerable limits. Yet from cars and holiday flights to household appliances and the food on our plates, Western consumer lifestyles leave each of us responsible for over 12 tones of carbon dioxide a year—four times what the Earth can handle. Individual action is essential if we want to avoid climate chaos. How to Live a Low-Carbon Life shows how easy it is to take responsibility, providing the first comprehensive, one-stop reference guide to calculating your CO 2 emissions and reducing them to a sustainable 3 tons a year.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

On September 28th Tim Cook, Apple's chief executive, published an open letter apologising to customers for the shortcomings of the company's maps. Mr. Cook even directed users to alternative map apps, writing that they could be downloaded from Apple's App Store and that Google's and Nokia's maps were available as web apps. Apple's mobile maps used to be supplied by its friend-turned-archrival, Google. But this year Apple decided to put maps of its own into iOS 6, rather than be beholden to its foe . The new maps are built into the iPhone, which went on sale on September 21st. The Internet has been teeming with complaints about a lack of detail and a surfeit of errors. And unlike Google's maps, Apple's lack public-transport information. Maps are becoming important strategic terrain. They are more than an aid to getting from A to B. Apps based on location—to summon a taxi, say—need maps inside them. Digital maps can include countless layers of information, plus advertisements from which money can be made. There are thousands of indoor maps, too, of airports, department stores and so forth. Smart phones also act as sensors, reporting their whereabouts, which can be used to improve maps. According to comScore, a data firm, in August 95% of American iPhone owners and 83% of owners of smart phones with Google's Android operating system used a mobile map. Meanwhile, Apple seems to be relying on three things. The first is speedy improvement. (It is reportedly trying to hire ex-Googlers. ) The second is the embedding of useful content. Its new maps have spoken turn-by-turn driving directions, which Google's version for the iPhone did not, as well as reviews from Yelp, a local-listings company that offers pretty full coverage of eateries and bars in America but much less elsewhere. The third is the loyalty of Apple's fans. More than 5million iPhone 5s were sold in the first three days. Although some analysts had expected more, that still beat the previous version, the 4S, by 1 million. Under the late Steve Jobs Apple paid fanatical attention to detail, so it is remarkable that its maps should have come up so short. But polishing its hardware was one thing; the struggle with maps "has been the first really obvious head-butting of the wall," says Carolina Milanesi of Gartner, another research firm. In a market in which brands can fall fast, that is a rare luxury.

Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words. 如今许多大学生喜欢追求名牌；有一些人甚至为了追求名牌，毫不考虑家庭的经济负担。你如何看待这个问题?

Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy's vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ 60 percent of the workforce and expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2 000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past 6 years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200 000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own. Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor(大声的要求) for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor(欣赏) the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeepers and receptionists, too. According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to disappear in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3 000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs. Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm's health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You must tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant(停滞的) market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully pour more and more into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that means the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save. Frequent checks of your firm's vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer the new markets, add products or perhaps franchise(给予特权) your hot ideas.[A] sufficient preparation for his new business [B] the ups and downs of the transnational corporations[C] about 2 400 small enterprises alive[D] the number of workers[E] about 2 310 small enterprises alive[F] the careful thought about the small enterprises[G] the fate of the small businesses such as small plants and restaurants

In a famous lab trial, a chimp named Sultan put two interlocking sticks together and pulled down a bunch of bananas hanging just out of arm's reach. Nearly a century later, eager tourists have conducted their own version of the experiment. Equipped with the camera extender known as a selfie stick, they can now reach for flattering CinemaScope selfies wherever they go. Art museums have watched this development nervously, fearing damage to their collections or to visitors, as users swing their sticks. Now they are taking action. One by one, museums across the United States have been imposing bans on using selfie sticks for photographs inside galleries(adding them to existing rules on umbrellas, rucksacks, tripods and monopods), yet another example of how controlling overcrowding has become part of the museum mission. The Hirshhorn Museum in Washington prohibited the sticks this month, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston plans to impose a ban. In New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which has been studying the matter for some time, has just decided that it, too, will forbid selfie sticks. "From now on, you will be asked quietly to put it away," said Sree Sreenivasan, the chief digital officer at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. "It' s one thing to take a picture at arm' s length, but when it is three times arm' s length, you are invading someone else' s personal space." The personal space of other visitors is just one problem. The artwork is another. "We do not want to have to put all the art under glass," said Deborah Ziska, the chief of public information at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, which has been quietly enforcing a ban on selfie sticks but is in the process of adding it formally to its printed guidelines for visitors. Last but not least is the threat to the camera operator, intent on capturing the perfect shot and oblivious to the surroundings. "If people are not paying attention in the Temple of Dendur, they can end up in the water with the crocodile sculpture," Mr. Sreenivasan said. "We have so many balconies you could fall from, and stairs you can trip on."

Suppose you failed to finish an important task assigned by Professor Liu because of a severe illness. Write him a letter to 1) express your apology, 2) explain your reason, and 3) ask for more time to finish the task. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

Scientists have discovered a powerful antibiotic in the blood stream of giant pandas that can destroy bacteria The Chinese researchers discovered the【C1】______known as cathelicidin-AM, after【C2】______the panda's DNA. It's thought that the antibiotic is【C3】______by the bear's immune system in order to protect them from infections. The scientists found that cathelicidin-AM killed bacteria in less than an hour【C4】______other antibiotics took more than six hours. They now want to develop the substance as a new drug to fight superbugs. The【C5】______bears, of which there are just 1,600 in the wild, have become a symbol for conservation—and now there could be a new reason to try and protect them.【C6】______, scientists will not need to rely on the animal's unreliable breeding ability to【C7】______the new antibiotic, as they have been able to make it artificially in the lab by decoding the genes to produce a small molecule known as a peptide. Dr Xiuwen Yan, who led the research at the Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University in China told the Daily Telegraph: "It showed potential antimicrobial activities against wide【C8】______of microorganisms including bacteria, both standard and drug-resistant【C9】______. Under the pressure of increasing microorganisms【C10】______drug resistance against conventional antibiotics, there is【C11】______need to develop new type of antimicrobial agents. Gene-encoded antibiotics play an important role in immune system against【C12】______microorganisms. They cause much less drug resistance than conventional antibiotics." Panda populations have decreased【C13】______the destruction of their natural habitat and bamboo food【C14】______in China and south east Asia.【C15】______to increase their numbers, including efforts at Edinburgh Zoo with resident pandas Tian Tian and Yang Guang, have been【C16】______for the extreme difficulty in getting them to breed in captivity.【C17】______in the wild, pandas【C18】______to breed easily, as the females only come into season once a year. It has been【C19】______that the millions of pounds spent in using expensive artificial breeding techniques could be put to better use on other conservation projects. And this new discovery is likely to【C20】______the case to save the endangered creatures.

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies. We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. "So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism," Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define 'journalism' as 'a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.'" Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.

Suppose you hear that your friend Ken is ill Write him a letter to 1) comfort him, and 2) offer your help with his missed lessons. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

While we"ve known for some time about the many long-term benefits of exercise, new research shows aerobic exercise also may have considerable effects on aging and brain health in the short term. A new study says exercise can help older adults improve their memory and overall cognitive health as they【C1】______. Researchers at the Center for BrainHealth studied a group of 37 adults ages 57 to 75【C2】______inactive lifestyles. They were【C3】______two groups, one control group and one physically active group. The fitness group spent one hour a day, three times a week, either bicycling or jogging【C4】______the course of 12 weeks. Each participant was【C5】______before, after and halfway through the study on their overall brain【C6】______and the fitness level of heart and blood vessel. At all three checkpoints, the group that was physically active was found to have higher blood flow in the brain and also improved memory. Researchers【C7】______this to increased blood flow in certain regions of the brain concerning memory. "Science has shown that aging【C8】______mental efficiency and memory decline is the number one cognitive【C9】______of older adults," lead author Sandra Bond Chapman said in a statement. "This research shows the【C10】______benefit of aerobic exercise on a person"s memory and demonstrates that aerobic exercise can reduce both the biological and cognitive【C11】______of aging." There are hundreds of benefits of exercise at any age【C12】______. for older adults, the affects are especially astonishing. Another study in 2006 showed that exercise not only improved brain performance but【C13】______increased brain volume in older adults. Researchers say the best part about the【C14】______findings is that aerobic exercise is low-cost and accessible to anyone,【C15】______is packed with benefits. Exercise can help lower blood pressure, help【C16】______your hormone levels, and even shorten hot flashes. But to【C17】______maximum benefits from an exercise regime, Chapman says it"s important to also get plenty of mental stimulation. "To think we can【C18】______and improve the basic structure of the【C19】______brain through aerobic exercise and complex thinking should【C20】______us to challenge our thinking and get moving at any age," Chapman said.

The Food and Drug Administration said Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U. S. food supply. The focus of the FDA investigation is pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: One is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow. The other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster. There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they don't get into the food supply. The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois will face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sells to processing plants. Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500 000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs. Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning area of scientific research. "This is a small incident, but it's incident like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence," says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. "We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to whom we export are going to look at this. " The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn't inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn't were sold to the pig broker. "Any pig who's tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market, "says Charles Zukoski, vice chancellor for research. But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university's agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. "The University of Illinois failed to check with FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food." The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.

If you have high blood pressure, you're in good【C1】______. Hypertension affects 67 million Americans, including nearly two-thirds of people over age 60. But it isn't an inevitable part of the aging【C2】______It's better to think of it as【C3】______sodium poisoning. And, there's a way to prevent the problem—and to save many, many lives. A lifetime of【C4】______too much sodium (mostly in the form of table salt) raises blood pressure, and high blood pressure kills and disables people by【C5】______strokes and heart attacks. In the United States, according to best estimates,【C6】______sodium is killing between 40,000 and 90,000 people and running up to $20 billion in medical costs a year. Americans on average【C7】______about 3,300 milligrams of sodium per day, but experts recommend less than 2,300 milligrams—and less than 1,500 milligrams for people over age 50, black people, or those who already have hypertension, diabetes or kidney disease, which【C8】______a majority of American adults. Either【C9】______is far below where most Americans are now. The reason that nearly everyone eats【C10】______too much sodium is that our food is loaded with it, and often where we don't【C11】______or expect it. Of course ham and canned soup are full of salt, but so are many foods that are【C12】______: A blueberry cake can have more than double the salt of a serving of potato chips.【C13】______healthy-sounding food can pack【C14】______sodium loads. Many restaurant main courses have far more sodium than is recommended for an【C15】______day. Doctors warn people with high blood pressure to go on a low-salt diet, but that's virtually impossible in today's world,【C16】______nearly 80 percent of the sodium that Americans eat comes in【C17】______and restaurant food. You can't take it out. And【C18】______everyone, not just people with hypertension【C19】______over food labels, should be taking in less sodium. The only way to prevent millions of Americans from developing high blood pressure is for companies and restaurants to stop loading up their food with sodium. It's not easy,【C20】______it isn't impossible either.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

The Big Mac index is built on the idea of purchasing-power parity, the theory that in the long run currencies will converge until the same amount of money buys the same amount of goods and services in every country. A Big Mac currently costs $ 5.06 in America but just 10. 75 lira ($ 2.75) in Turkey , implying that the lira is undervalued. However, other currencies are even cheaper. In Big Mac terms, the Mexican peso is undervalued by 55. 9% against the greenback. Last week it also hit a record low as Mr Trump restated some of his campaign threats against Mexico. The peso has lost a tenth of its value against the dollar since November. Of big countries, only Russia offers a cheaper Big Mac, in dollar terms, even though the rouble has strengthened over the past year. The euro zone is also prey to political uncertainty. Elections are scheduled this year in the Netherlands, France and Germany, and possible in Italy. The euro recently fell to its lowest level since 2003. Britain's Brexit vote has had an even bigger effect on the pound, which has fallen to $ 1. 21, a 31-year low. According to the Big Mac index, the euro and the pound are undervalued against the dollar by 19.7% and 26. 3%, respectively. One of the drawbacks of the Big Mac index is that it takes no account of labour costs. It should surprise no one that a Big Mac costs less in Shanghai than it does in San Francisco, since Chinese workers earn far less than their American counterparts. So in a slightly more sophisticated version of the Big Mac index, we take account of a country's average income. Historically, this adjustment has tended to raise currencies' valuations against the dollar, so emerging-market currencies tend to look more reasonably priced. The Chinese yuan, for example, is 44% undervalued against the dollar according to our baseline Big Mac index, but only 7% according to the adjusted one. The deluxe Big Mac index has typically made rich-world currencies look more expensive. Because western Europeans have higher costs of living and lower incomes than Americans, the euro has traded at around a 25% premium against the dollar in income-adjusted burger terms since the euro's inception. But what once seemed to be a constant truth of burgernomics is true no longer. So strong is the dollar that even the adjusted Big Mac index finds the euro undervalued. The dollar is now trading at a 14-year high in trade-weighted terms. Emerging-world economies may struggle to pay off dollar-denominated debts. American firms may find themselves at a disadvantage against foreign competition. And American tourists will get more burgers for their buck in Europe.

When Paul Gorski, the founder of an organization called EdChange, visits colleges and universities to advise them on campus diversity, he has come to see a pattern. Initially, schools are enthusiastic,【C1】______their full commitment to ensuring their campuses are【C2】______of racial, religious, and gender bias. They【C3】______participate in surveys that measure students"【C4】______of cross-cultural relations on campus. They【C5】______international dinners, sponsor diversity days, and spend weeks writing and refining diversity statements. 【C6】______when Gorski begins to suggest the work that he believes really【C7】______, for example, reevaluating policies, reallocating budgets, and【C8】______challenging the current situations—they stop returning his phone calls. They【C9】______someone new, and they start again. Since student bodies turn over so quickly, it always looks as if the school is making an effort,【C10】______they"re actually just staying in the same place. It"s true that many colleges and universities make【C11】______efforts to recruit racially, ethnically, and religiously diverse student bodies with the【C12】______of creating an integrated campus where diversity is truly【C13】______for students, preparing them to work in a global economy and a society with different cultures. Some are【C14】______willing to fight affirmative-action【C15】______in the highest courts to get there. But, as Gorski"s experience indicates, some seem to forget that the admissions office is just the beginning of the struggle【C16】______an integrated campus. Of course it"s hard for a university or college to purposefully【C17】______problems that they"re not aware of. Biases and resentments are often suppressed below the【C18】______invisible to all but those directly affected. Gorski says that in 14 years on the job, his surveys have always revealed unresolved issues involving race and diversity— typically there"s a profound difference between the understandings held by different【C19】______, with students of color reporting that racism is still a problem, while white students and higher-level officials【C20】______that there"s anything wrong. "Diversity day is for white people to learn about people of color," Gorski says. "Generally speaking, people of color don"t need organized opportunities to learn about white people."

Anonymity is not something which was invented with the Internet. Anonymity and pseudonymity has occurred throughout history. For example, William Shakespeare is probably a pseudonym, and the real name of this【C1】______ author is not known and will probably never be known. Anonymity has been used for many purposes. A well-known person may use a pseudonym to write messages, where the person does not want people's【C2】______ of the real author【C3】______ their perception of the message. Also other people may want to【C4】______ certain information about themselves in order to achieve a more【C5】______ evaluation of their messages. A case in point is that in history it has been【C6】______ that women used male pseudonyms, and for Jews to use pseudonyms in societies where their【C7】______ was persecuted. Anonymity is often used to protect the【C8】______ of people, for example when reporting results of a scientific study, when describing individual cases. Many countries even have laws which protect anonymity in certain circumstances. For instance, a person may, in many countries, consult a priest, doctor or lawyer and【C9】______ personal information which is protected. In some【C10】______, for example confession in catholic churches, the confession booth is specially【C11】______ to allow people to consult a priest,【C12】______ seeing him face to face. The anonymity in【C13】______ situations is however not always 100%. If a person tells a lawyer that he plans a【C14】______ crime, some countries allow or even【C15】______ that the lawyer tell the【C16】______. The decision to do so is not easy, since people who tell a priest or a psychologist that they plan a crime, may often do this to【C17】______ their feeling more than their real intention. Many countries have laws protecting the anonymity of tip-offs to newspapers. It is regarded as【C18】______ that people can give tips to newspapers about abuse, even though they are dependent【C19】______ the organization they are criticizing and do not dare reveal their real name. Advertisement in personal sections in newspapers are also always signed by a pseudonym for【C20】______ reasons.