In April, British researchers at University College London found that, rather than the recommended five, seven daily portions of fresh fruit and vegetables were the key to health. They【C1】______that seven daily portions of fresh fruit and vegetables or more could reduce the risk of cancer by 25 percent and of heart disease by 31 percent,【C2】______to people who consumed less than one portion a day. The study was【C3】______the eating habits of more than 65,000 people in England【C4】______2001 and 2008. But a new study into the field of【C5】______eating says the famous five-a-day recommendation made by the UN"s World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2003 should be fine. Researchers in China and the United States went through 16 published investigations into diet and health【C6】______more than 830,000 participants, who were【C7】______for periods ranging from four and a half years to 26 years. Every additional daily serving of fruit and vegetables reduced the【C8】______risk of premature death from all【C9】______by five percent, the scientists found.【C10】______the period of the studies, 56,000 of the participants died, researchers said. In the case of death from a heart attack or a stroke, each additional serving【C11】______risk by four percent. 【C12】______there was no evidence of an additional fall in risk beyond five portions, according to the【C13】______published online Tuesday by the British Medical Journal (BMJ). "We found a threshold of around five servings a day of fruit and vegetables, after which the risk of death did not reduce【C14】______," said the investigators, led by Frank Hu of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts. High consumption of fruit and vegetable did not translate into a【C15】______reduction in the risk of death from cancer, the study also found.【C16】______advising patients about the【C17】______of healthy eating, doctors should also push home the message about risks from obesity, inactivity, smoking and【C18】______drinking, said the paper. The London researchers【C19】______to being surprised by what they found and【C20】______the results may not be applicable to other countries.

As Valentine"s Day approaches, many single people begin to feel a little sorry for themselves. On a day【C1】______by couples, this can lead to feelings of【C2】______and loneliness, say researchers.【C3】______, don"t worry—they say it could【C4】______be good for you. "On the【C5】______of everyday life, it is understandable how something as personally【C6】______as loneliness could be regarded as a plague on human existence," John Cacioppoat and his fellow researchers at the University of Chicago write in the journal Cognition & Emotion. "Research【C7】______the past decade suggests a very different view of loneliness than suggested by personal experience, one in which loneliness【C8】______a variety of adaptive functions in【C9】______habitats." "Although it may feel like loneliness has no redeeming【C10】______, it promotes behavior change to increase the likelihood of the survival of one"s genes. The pain of loneliness served to【C11】______us to renew the connections we needed to ensure survival and to promote social trust, co-hesiveness, and collective action." However, there was also bad news—researchers found the "lonely" are viewed more negatively in terms of their psychosocial functioning and attractiveness. "In a social environment non-lonely people form a negative impression【C12】______lonely people, which then affects their behavior and【C13】______the lonely individual"s perceived isolated existence," the researchers wrote. "【C14】______, individuals rated opposite-gender partners who they expected to be lonely as less sociable, and【C15】______towards them in a less sociable【C16】______than they did toward partners they expected not to be-lonely." The team even say loneliness could be behind many sports fans decision to【C17】______their team. "The emergence of a collective connectedness factor underlying loneliness, therefore, suggests that we may have evolved the capacity for and motivation to form relationships not only with other individuals but also with groups (e.g., a Chicago Cubs or Boston Red Sox fan), with the【C18】______being the promotion of co-operation in【C19】______conditions (e.g., competition, warfare). The identification with and investments in the group, in turn, may increase the likelihood of the continuity of the group, its members, and their individual genetic【C20】______."

BSection III Writing/B

Directions: Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes draw much attention from the public; their age, income, family, marital status etc. often appear on tabloid press. Entertainment reporters rack their brains to seek more private information about them. In this section, you are asked to write an essay on public figures and their own privacy. You can provide specific reasons and examples to support your idea. You should write at least 150 words.

The coast of the state of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northernmost coastal city would measure about 225 miles. If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far. This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline. The term comes from the glacial activity of the ice age. At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier descended, however, it expended enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea. As the mountains sank, ocean water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land, forming a series of twisting inlets and lagoons of contorted grottos and nooks. The highest parts of the former mountain range, nearest the shore, remained as islands. Mt. Desert Island is one of the most famous of all the islands left behind by the glacier. Marine fossils found here were 225 feet above sea level, indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier. The 2,500-mile-long rocky and jagged coastline of Maine keeps watch over nearly two thousand islands. Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited, but many are home to thriving communities. Mt. Desert Island is one of the largest, most beautiful of the Maine coast islands. Measuring 16 miles by 12 miles, Mt. Desert was essentially formed as two distinct islands. It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a deep and narrow stretch of water, seven miles long. For years, Mt. Desert Island, particularly its major settlement, Bar Harbor, afforded summer homes for the wealthy. Recendy though, Bar Harbor has become a burgeoning arts community as well. But, the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Because the island sits on the boundary line between the temperate and sub-Arctic zones, the island supports the flora and fauna of both zones as well as beach, inland, and alpine plants. It also lies in a major bird migration lane and is a resting spot for many birds. The establishment of Acadia National Park in 1916 means that this natural reserve will be perpetually available to all people, not just the wealthy. Visitors to Acadia may receive nature instruction from the park naturalists as well as enjoy camping, hiking, cycling , and boating. Or they may choose to spend time at the archeological museum, learning about the Stone Age inhabitants of the island. The best view on Mt. Desert Island is from the top of Cadillac Mountain. This mountain rises 1,532 feet, making it the highest mountain on the Adantic seaboard. From the summit, you can gaze back toward the mainland or out over the Atlantic Ocean and contemplate the beauty created by a retreating glacier.

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)

We've been hearing about it for years, but the bookless library has finally arrived, first appearing on college campuses. At Drexel University's new Library Learning Terrace, which opened just last month, there is not a bound【C1】______, just rows of computers and plenty of seating offering【C2】______to the Philadelphia university's 170 million【C3】______items. Scott Erdy, designer of the new library, says open,【C4】______space allows student and staff "knowledge transfer," a concept【C5】______by Danuta Nitecki, dean of Drexel's libraries. "We don't【C6】______house books, we house learning," she says. The trend began, naturally,【C7】______engineers, when Kansas State University's engineering library went primarily bookless several years ago. Last year, Stanford University【C8】______all but 10,000 printed books from its new engineering library, making more room【C9】______large tables and study areas. And the University of Texas a-bandoned print【C10】______electronic material when it opened its engineering library last year. But when books disappear, does a library lose its【C11】______? "The library is a social tent pole," says Michael Connelly, a best-selling author. "There are a lot of ideas under it.【C12】______the pole and the tent comes down." Connelly says that browsing through【C13】______books brings inspiration of the kind that led him from【C14】______his campus library's stacks straight to a writing【C15】______. "Can something like that happen in a bookless library? I'm not so sure," he says. From a design perspective, some architects also【C16】______the inevitable trend toward booklessness. Steven Holl, architect of Queens Library's new branch, in New York City, says books still provide character and are a nice counterpoint to technology. "A book【C17】______knowledge, and striking a balance in a library is a good thing." He says.【C18】______other designers, seem inspired by the challenge presented by a world going bookless. Others are hedging their bets that【C19】______the library isn't bookless now, someday it probably will be. To most people, it is best when paper and electronic【C20】______are both available.

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthecharts.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthecharts,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

Betting against an industry with addicts for customers carries obvious risks.【C1】______these are uncertain times for Big Tobacco. Electronic cigarettes, once dismissed as a novelty, now pose a serious【C2】______. E-cigarettes work by turning nicotine-filled liquid into vapour, which is then breathed in. A user is【C3】______said to be "vaping", not smoking. More important, he or she is not【C4】______all the toxic substances found in【C5】______smokes. In 2012 sales of e-cigarettes in America were between $300m and $500m, say analysts. That is【C6】______compared with the $80 billion-plus market for conventional cigarettes in the country. But e-cigarette sales doubled last year, and are expected to double again next year. Analysts believe sales of e-cigarettes could【C7】______sales of the normal sort within a decade. That may【C8】______how governments react. E-cigarettes are probably not good for you. One study showed that vaping【C9】______user's lung capacity.【C10】______a switch from smoking【C11】______vaping could improve public health, some say. E-cigarettes may help smokers quit more【C12】______than nicotine patches or gum. This notion has not been thoroughly tested, however, so governments are【C13】______. America has warned e-cigarette manufacturers not to make health claims. New tobacco guidelines in Europe would either tightly limit the nicotine content of e-cigarettes or【C14】______them to undergo clinical trials. None of this has stopped companies from【C15】______to consumers. In America and Britain advertisements for e-cigarettes have appeared on television—forbidden【C16】______for standard cigarettes. Craig Weiss, the head of NJOY, America's top-selling brand of e-cigarettes, swears to make traditional ones【C17】______. His ads crow: "Cigarettes, you've met your match." America's tobacco giants do not think he is blowing smoke. Last year Lorillard (the maker of brands such as Newport and Kent) bought Blu, an e-cigarette maker. NJOY is rumoured to be facing a【C18】______, perhaps by Altria (the maker of Marlboro). Foreign cigarette makers also have【C19】______in the industry, while other firms are working on their own vaporous offerings. E-cigarette executives dream of beating traditional cigarettes. But as they struggle with taxes, patents and red tape, they may come to【C20】______Big Tobacco's deep pockets.

With the popularity of the Internet, more and more people do shopping online. Serial returner refers to someone who regularly orders more than they need and sends some of the items back. Three in ten shoppers deliberately over-purchase and subsequently return unwanted items, with one in five admitting to ordering multiple versions of the same item to make up their mind at home— safe in the knowledge they can choose from the ever-growing number of ways to quickly and easily send items back. Shoppers have also come to expect good value regardless of whether they're making a purchase or a return. Six in ten say a retailer' s returns policy impacts their decision to make a purchase online, and almost half of these would not order an item if they had to fund the cost of sending it back from their own pocket. Serial returners said they would send back fewer purchases if businesses were to standardize clothing and shoe sizes.

Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that' s perpetually half full. But that' s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn' t recommend. "Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality," says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best. Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down — say, after giving a bad lecture — he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn' t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn' t matter.

Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)describethechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150word.

Suppose your cousin Ann will finish the high school course this month. She is undecided whether to take a college course or to accept a job. Write her an email to 1) give her your advice, and 2) encourage her. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

Suppose you want to study at a foreign university. Write a letter to 1)ask about its accommodation and fees, and 2)what qualifications one needs for acceptance. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.(10 points)

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

The U.S. system of higher education is widely considered the world's best. A college education【C1】______substantial benefits—about $20,000 per year【C2】______extra earnings over the course of a lifetime.【C3】______. according to a recent survey, 57 percent of Americans think higher education is not a good value,【C4】______they know how much it boosts earning power. And with the cost of many state universities【C5】______. the perceptions that college is too expensive for most people are【C6】______. Clearly, higher education officials must think harder about affordability—including not only more scholarship money but also lower costs and higher【C7】______One promising idea is the three-year degree which enables students to spend【C8】______. And they would have an extra year of work to pay the costs of education. There are many【C9】______approaches to the three-year degree: Schools can make it easier for students to【C10】______college credit earned in high school; they can fashion programs that【C11】______nearly four years of credits into three years, making use of summer and online learning; they can consider a more focused and streamlined curriculum. What all such【C12】______assume is that universities and colleges could make more intensive use of resources that often lie idle for much of the year under the【C13】______pattern. But up to now, only a handful of schools offered three-year degree【C14】______. Colleges and universities prefer to【C15】______the four-year model because of powerful economic incentives. Most won't offer a three-year option【C16】______those incentives change. That may be starting to happen: The recent budget proposal by Ohio Governor John Kasich requires the state's public univer sities to prepare【C17】______to offer three-year undergraduate degrees. It probably will take successful innovation by one or more large state systems to【C18】______change nationwide. Perhaps federal aid to universities or the schools' participation in the student loan program could be partly conditioned on offering a three-year degree option. Today's students have the ability to acquire and【C19】______knowledge faster than any previous generation,【C20】______technology. Higher education needs to catch up.

Players of FarmVille, an online game, raise virtual chickens on an imaginary farm. Yet they are happy to swap real money for virtual money to buy virtual farm tools. And investors are likely to pay more than chicken feed for shares in Zynga, the firm that makes FarmVille and other online games. Zynga is expected to file soon for an initial public offering (IPO). Analysts predict that the firm will be valued at between $ 15 billion and $ 20 billion. That is about as much as the world's two biggest videogame makers (Electronic Arts and Activision Blizzard) combined. More than 271m people play Zynga's games at least once a month, and the firm said in March that it expects to make a profit this year of $ 630m on revenues of $ 1.8 billion. So its business is more real than those of some other online firms. But it is not something a sober investor would bet the farm on. Users may tire of virtual vegetables and online Mafia Wars (another popular Zynga's game). Rivals are straining to grab Zynga' s players. Electronic Arts, Playdom and Wooga have only about 30m monthly active users each, but they may catch up. What is more, Zynga depends on two other firms, Amazon and Facebook, like the cabbage crop depends on the rain. Although it operates data centers of its own, it outsources much of its computing to Amazon Web Services, the cloud-computing arm of the online shopping giant. More importantly, most users play Zynga's games on Facebook. In September the social network pushed Zynga into using its virtual currency, called "Facebook Credits", so Facebook gets 30% of what Zynga's users spend. With Zynga gearing up for its IPO, the question now is which other tech start-up is next in line to go public. With Groupon, an online coupon service, also about to float, the supply of hot stocks is running low. But Silicon Valley venture capitalists are busy replenishing the pool. On June 24th it emerged that Foursquare, a location-based service, had raised $50m, a deal which values it at $ 600m. Foursquare lets users electronically "check in" at bars and restaurants so their friends can join them—and the people who owe them money can avoid them. A few days later investors pumped $ 100m into Square, a mobile-payments start-up, valuing it at $ 1 billion. Neither firm has ever turned a profit.